scholarly journals On the Nature of the French Verbal Forms in the Code-Switching of Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah Speakers of French

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Contact Phenomenon ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Linguistic Transfer

Code-Switching is a process of bilingualism that involves the alternation of two languages in the course of a single conversation as a result of language contact phenomenon. This paper is about the conjugation of the verbal forms in the switches of bilingual Songhay-French, Bamanankan-French and Fulfulde-French speakers as pointed out in several studies by I. Abdoulaye (2013, 2016), M. Minkailou and I. Abdoulaye (2016, 2018), I. Abdoulaye and M. Minkailou (2017, 2019). The main objective of the present paper is to describe the verbal paradigm in the switches of these three different groups of francophone speakers according to the existing theories and models on Code-Switching and Code-Mixing constraints. Based on the Matrix Language Frame Model of C. Myers-Scotton (1993a, b), the paper aims at proposing and analysing a francophone alternative of grammatical constraint in code switching. The study uses secondary data collected from the research works cited above in which spontaneous and fresh conversations have been recorded, transcribed and translated into English in an oral corpus. The population of these three different investigations is heterogeneous consisting of bilingual Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah civil servants and university students. Examining the nature of the switches, the study purposely focuses on the intra-sentential code-switching, in which the participants alternate the two codes, inserting words from French into their respective native languages. Analysing the inflected forms of the French verbs embedded in Songhay, Bamanankan or Fulfulde codes, the study has revealed that all the switched verbs belong to the same verb form, the French past participle of the three verb groups (first, second and third). So, the study has concluded that this way of conjugating verbs in Code-Switching is typical to francophone second language leaners. This approach in Code-Switching that the authors are proposing as the Francophone Model of Switching Verbs is a result of linguistic transfer of L2 learners of French.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Code-Mixing And Code-Switching Used By Maudy Ayunda In Perspektif Metro TV

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mac Aditiawarman ◽  
Husnul Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Speech Content ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research focused on the analysis of the types of code-mixing and code-switching between Maudy Ayunda and Robert in the interview in Perspektif Metro TV on Monday 30th December 2019. The researcher applied sociolinguistic theory, especially the theories on types and reasons of code-mixing and code-switching proposed by Hoffman (1991) and how many codes in their utterances based on Myers-Scotton theory (2006). This research applied the descriptive qualitative method. After analyzing the data, there are 71 cases of code-mixing and 68 cases of code-switching. For the types of code-mixing, there is 63 intra-sentential, 15 intra-lexical and 3 involving a change in pronunciation. For types of code-switching, there is 64 inter-sentential, and 4 are established with the previous speaker. For the reasons of code-mixing/code-switching, the researcher found 31 data of talking about a particular topic, 1 data of quoting somebody else, 2 being emphatic about something, 6 of repetition used for classification and 1 of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor. For the matrix in code-mixing, Indonesian 82% as matrix language and English 18% as an embedded language, and in code-switching, Indonesian 54% as matrix language and English 46%as an embedded language.

Code-Switching as a Reflection of Contact-Induced Change

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-214
Author(s):  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The Other ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Lexical Change ◽  
Theory Of Language

Code-switching is often studied in purely synchronic terms, as recorded speech is analyzed for patterns of language mixing. Though this has yielded numerous useful theoretical advances, it has also shielded the code-switching literature from serious engagement with the phenomenon of language change, even from the subtype of change caused by language contact. There is also the additional practice of limiting the study of code-mixing and code-switching to lexical mixing. On the other side of the fence, meanwhile, discussions of contact-induced language change tend to be limited to morphological and syntactic phenomena. This chapter breaks through this stalemate, and argues that a usage-based approach to language change actually demands integration of these perspectives. Code-switching should be seen as a reflection of lexical change. It is for this reason that a synchronic distinction between loanwords and code-switching makes no sense, since the terms refer to the diachronic and synchronic planes, respectively, of the same phenomenon. In the chapter, the author interprets the code-switching literature from this theoretical viewpoint, and explores what both the literature on code-switching and that on contact-induced change stand to gain from linking their empirical findings to a usage-based theory of language change that allocates proper attention to synchrony and diachrony, and unites lexical and structural change in the same framework.

scholarly journals Codes Switching and Codes Mixing of Sellers and Buyers in Traditional Markets: Case Study of Market Kampong Asembagus Situbondo

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Muta’allim ◽  
Nawawi ◽  
Fahmi Reza Alfani ◽  
Abdul Azizul Ghaffar ◽  
Ali Wafi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Speech Code ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Market

The process of buying and selling communication in Asembagus Traditional Market often experiences language contact because the sellers and buyers come from several ethnicities who have different languages ​​and cultures. This study aims to determine the form of code-switching and code-mixing speech between sellers and buyers in Asembagus Market, Situbondo. The method used in data collection is the engaging listening method with the technique of recording, taking notes, interviews and descriptive qualitative approaches. The results showed that there were 12 forms of code switching speech and 10 speech code mixtures between sellers and buyers at Asembagus Situbondo Market Kampong. Master more than one language and speakers try to build an atmosphere of speech with mixed languages, while the functions of code-switching and code-mixing speech used by sellers and buyers at Pasar Kampong are to adjust the social context and to smooth and build the communication process of bargaining, transactions, and interactions.

scholarly journals Structural Analysis of Persian-English Reverse Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Hamzeh Moradi ◽  
Jianbo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Switching Mode ◽  
Communicative Strategy

Code-switching and code-mixing are considered dynamic conversational phenomena in interpersonal interactions, that is an alteration between two or more languages, dialectal variants, language registers, and it is an effective communicative strategy which Persian-English bilinguals consider a genuine thing in their ordinary speech practice. The focus of the present study is on the structural analysis of reverse code-switching between Persian and English that are known to be referred to two typologically different languages. Participants of the present research, all late bilinguals, reported on frequent use of code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) in everyday language practice. CS/CM is quite normal and frequent among Iranian bilinguals, especially in informal settings where bilingual speakers can freely switch between their languages. Furthermore, the results revealed that Iranian bilinguals switch from English to Persian and in verso mostly at the lexical and the phrasal levels (intrasentential switching mode), but less frequently at the clausal or the sentence level (intersentential switching mode). The research states that there are some restrictions on inserting English verbs into the Persian syntactic frame: the Persian language is thought to be the matrix language and the preverbal part comes from English as the embedded language, such incongruity between the morphosyntactic structure and the verbal system of the Persian and English languages impose some constraints on the occurrence of switching codes between the pair of the languages under study.

scholarly journals Code Switching in Sigapokna Language Uttered by Minangkabau People in Sigapokna, Mentawai

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Marno Marno ◽  
Raflis Raflis ◽  
Fetri Reni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Form ◽  
Research Techniques ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Mind

This research contains the title "Code Switching in Sigapokna language changed by Minangkabau people in Sigapokna" viewed from a structuralism perspective, this research discusses language contact occurring in bilingual or multilingual communities, because in this society it uses more than one language. The occurrence of language code switching in Sigapokna is due to the mixing of two languages ​​between the Sigapokna language and the Minangkabau language, native speakers of the Minangkabau people who settled in Sigapokna. Limited to some basic ideas related to observation into three questions as follows: (1) What is the form of code switching in the Sigapokna language, (2) What is the Sigapokna matrix in Minangkabau speakers, (3) What are the causes of code switching in the Sigapokna language. used is from Nababan about sociolinguistics used to answer the purpose of this research. For data analysis methods, the research used is a qualitative and quantitative approach. This approach emphasizes the meaning and understanding of the mind, reasoning, definitions of certain situations (in some contexts), more to examine matters relating to daily life such as the culture of an area. The purpose of research is usually related to practical matters. Data analysis is also a process of simplifying data into forms that are easier to read and interpret to look for broader meanings and implications from the results of research over language codes in Sigapokna. Data collection techniques in this research, to get the data and information needed, researchers used literature research techniques. In literature studies, researchers use techniques that are played with interviews and record data, materials, or references related to the problem and purpose of the research. Using library research techniques in finding data relevant to the subject of analysis. From the data collected amounted to 563. Data in the Minangkabau language form was mixed with 280 and the language while in the Sigapokna language form was 283. From the collection, the matrix language was 280/283×100% of the Minangkabau language. Sigapokna language is mixed with Minangkabau 283 so, it can be concluded that the mixed Sigapokna language is 283/280 × 100%. The occurrence of language contacts or code switching depends on the location or where someone lives. If someone is in an area with different languages ​​and cultures, there will automatically be a code transfer between the speaker, the speech partner and the speech partner in order to avoid a misunderstanding. From the conclusion of the code switching data above, native Minangkabau speakers are more dominant using the Sigapokna language.

Bimodaal Codewisselen

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Beppie van den Bogaerde
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
The Matrix

In this article, the authors combine the insights from two linguistic sub disciplines: language contact and sign language linguistics. After a short introduction about some possible outcomes of language contact the choice for code switching and an analysis along the lines of Myers-Scottons Matrix Language model is made. First, the characteristics of bimodal language contact are discussed, and then the dataset is presented: a bimodal corpus by a deaf mother and her hearing son Jonas at the ages of approximately 3;0 and 6;0. Analyses show that a large part of the utterances is code blended, this means simultaneously signed and spoken. Even after a closer reanalysis it turns out to be difficult in many instances to decide what the matrix language is, although in many instances it is NGT.

scholarly journals "Fluent dysfluency" as Congruent Lexicalization: A Special Case of Radical Code-Mixing

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Bilingual Communities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Special Case

AbstractCode-switching among bilinguals has been typologically classified into three categories e.g. by Muysken (2000): alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization as usually defined not only requires that the languages in contact be structurally congruent, but also presupposes a high level of bilingual competence, as well relatively equal prestige and no tradition of overt language separation. The present study presents data from several communities in which Spanish is in contact with languages increasingly less cognate: Portuguese, Italian, and English, respectively. The data are drawn from "fluently dysfluent" speakers, meaning that they use their L2 frequently and speak it without hesitation, but with much involuntary intrusion of their L1; these dysfluent bilinguals rely on their interlocutors' passive competence in the speakers' L1, and in so doing exhibit code-switching which fits the typological pattern of congruent lexicalization. A componential analysis of several dysfluent bilingual communities results in the suggestion that the definition of congruent lexicalization be expanded to include the special case of fluently dysfluent bilingualism, a situation that arises in several language contact environments.

Borrowing As A Tool To Fill The Ideological Thoughts: The Role Of Code-Mixing In An American Brat By Bapsi Sidhwa And The Escape By Qaisra Shiraz

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (II) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Native People ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Bapsi Sidhwa ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language And Literature

This research article highlights the temperament, inference, scope, and motives of code-mixing in Pakistani English works. One novel from Pakistani English novels namely, An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa, and one short story namely, The Escape by Qaisra Shehraz are being selected as an illustration of this reading. In this novel and short story, the writers have already dealt with the characteristics of postcolonialism. English language and literature pierced into the privileged civilizations of the sub-continent, after the end of British Imperialism. Pakistani writers in English are the best interpreter of the post-colonial communal language. In this study, I have hit upon code-mixing in English works written by Pakistani authors to a bigger echelon. These works are paragons of arts and the unbelievable mixture of rhetorical and fictitious study. In these works, the writers have not abased the confined diversities. They have tinted the value of Pakistani English in order to achieve the chatty desires of native people. These borrowings from the native languages are used to fill the lexical fissures of ideological thoughts. The reason of these borrowings is not to represent the English as a substandard assortment. Through the utilization of native words, we conclude that the significance of native languages has been tinted to question mark the dialect as well. The words of daily use also have an area of research for English people without having any substitute in English. That’s why in English literature innovative practices and ideas of code-mixing have been employed.

Borrowing As A Tool To Fill The Ideological Thoughts: The Role Of Code-Mixing In An American Brat By Bapsi Sidhwa And The Escape By Qaisra Shiraz

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Native People ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Bapsi Sidhwa ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language And Literature

This research article highlights the temperament, inference, scope, and motives of code-mixing in Pakistani English works. One novel from Pakistani English novels namely, An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa, and one short story namely, The Escape by Qaisra Shehraz are being selected as an illustration of this reading. In this novel and short story, the writers have already dealt with the characteristics of postcolonialism. English language and literature pierced into the privileged civilizations of the sub-continent, after the end of British Imperialism. Pakistani writers in English are the best interpreter of the post-colonial communal language. In this study, I have hit upon code-mixing in English works written by Pakistani authors to a bigger echelon. These works are paragons of arts and the unbelievable mixture of rhetorical and fictitious study. In these works, the writers have not abased the confined diversities. They have tinted the value of Pakistani English in order to achieve the chatty desires of native people. These borrowings from the native languages are used to fill the lexical fissures of ideological thoughts. The reason for these borrowings is not to represent the English as a substandard assortment. Through the utilization of native words, we conclude that the significance of native languages has been tinted to question mark the dialect as well. The words of daily use also have an area of research for English people without having any substitute in English. That’s why in English literature innovative practices and ideas of code-mixing have been employed.

scholarly journals Analisis Kepuasan Pelanggan dalam Membeli Buah-buahan Segar di Moena Fresh Bali

2018 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
PUTU OKA WARDIKA ◽  
RATNA KOMALA DEWI ◽  
NI WAYAN PUTU ARTINI
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Satisfaction Index ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Data Analysis Methods

Analysis Customer Satisfaction in Buying Fresh Fruits in Moena Fresh Bali Increased consumption of fruits in the country have an impact on the growth of fruitsales in Indonesia. This increase causes the appearance of stiff competition in thebusiness of fruits. Moena Fresh Bali as one of the companies that sell fresh fruitsmust innovate or improve the shortage so that the consumers do not turn to otherproducts. Consumer behavior may help explain how consumers obtain satisfaction.The purpose of this research is to determine satisfaction of Moena Fresh Baliconsumers and to find out actions to increase customer satisfaction of Moena Fresh.The location of the research was conducted at four Moena Fresh outlets as it wasconsidered to represent consumers in every sub-district in Denpasar City. Thenumber of respondents was as many as 50 respondents and the sampling wasconducted by using accidental sampling. Types of data collected include quantitativeand qualitative data which were sourced from primary and secondary data. Methodsof data collection were by using interview techniques, observation, anddocumentation. Data analysis methods used were descriptive analysis, ImportancePerformance Analysis and Customer Satisfaction Index. Based on the results ofresearch, the calculation of CSI to the attributes of Moena Fresh Bali was 77.6% i.e.it meets the criteria of satisfaction. Based on the Matrix of Importance Performance,product attributes are classified into four quadrants and actions to improve customersatisfaction are through the improvement of attributes that become the main priority,namely the attributes of advertising / promotion, price, and discounts. The studysuggests that Moena Fresh Bali should perform printed and electronic publicationsand set competitive prices to maintain its customers.

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