How will new large-scale nature reserves in temperate and boreal forests affect the global structural wood products sector?

Abstract Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the most severe defoliator of Pinaceae in Nearctic boreal forests. Three tools widely used to guide large-scale management decisions (year-to-year defoliation maps; density of overwintering second instars [L2]; number of males at pheromone traps) were integrated to derive pheromone-based thresholds corresponding to specific intergenerational transitions in larval densities (L2i → L2i+1), taking into account the novel finding that threshold estimates decline with distance to defoliated forest stands (DIST). Estimates of thresholds were highly variable between years, both numerically and in terms of interactive effects of L2i and DIST, which limit their heuristic value. In the context of early intervention strategy (L2i+1 > 6.5 individuals per branch), however, thresholds fluctuated within relatively narrow intervals across wide ranges of L2i and DIST, and values of 40–200 males per trap may thus be used as general guideline.

Large-Scale Biomass Classification in Boreal Forests With TanDEM-X Data

IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ◽

10.1109/tgrs.2016.2575542 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 5935-5951 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Astor Torano Caicoya ◽

Florian Kugler ◽

Irena Hajnsek ◽

Konstantinos P. Papathanassiou

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Large Scale

Modelling key market impacts and land allocation for biofuel production and forestry

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences ◽

10.1155/jamds/2006/81071 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2006 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

A. Korobeinikov ◽

P. Read ◽

A. Parshotam ◽

J. Lermit

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Wood Products ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Fuel Wood ◽

Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

It has been suggested that the large scale use of biofuel, that is, fuel derived from biological materials, especially in combination with reforestation of large areas, can lead to a low-cost reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. In this paper, a model of three markets: fuel, wood products, and land are considered with the aim of evaluating the impact of large scale biofuel production and forestry on these markets, and to estimate the cost of a policy aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It is shown that the costs are lower than had been previously expected.

Biotic stress accelerates formation of climate-relevant aerosols in boreal forests

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-15-12139-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (21) ◽

pp. 12139-12157 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J. Joutsensaari ◽

P. Yli-Pirilä ◽

H. Korhonen ◽

A. Arola ◽

J. D. Blande ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Large Scale ◽

Transport Model ◽

Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Global Scale ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Insect Outbreaks ◽

Voc Emissions ◽

Scale Modelling

Abstract. Boreal forests are a major source of climate-relevant biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and will be greatly influenced by increasing temperature. Global warming is predicted to not only increase emissions of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from vegetation directly but also induce large-scale insect outbreaks, which significantly increase emissions of reactive BVOCs. Thus, climate change factors could substantially accelerate the formation of biogenic SOAs in the troposphere. In this study, we have combined results from field and laboratory experiments, satellite observations and global-scale modelling in order to evaluate the effects of insect herbivory and large-scale outbreaks on SOA formation and the Earth's climate. Field measurements demonstrated 11-fold and 20-fold increases in monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions respectively from damaged trees during a pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) outbreak in eastern Finland. Laboratory chamber experiments showed that feeding by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) increased VOC emissions from Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings by 10–50 fold, resulting in 200–1000-fold increases in SOA masses formed via ozonolysis. The influence of insect damage on aerosol concentrations in boreal forests was studied with a global chemical transport model GLOMAP and MODIS satellite observations. Global-scale modelling was performed using a 10-fold increase in monoterpene emission rates and assuming 10 % of the boreal forest area was experiencing outbreak. Results showed a clear increase in total particulate mass (local max. 480 %) and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (45 %). Satellite observations indicated a 2-fold increase in aerosol optical depth over western Canada's pine forests in August during a bark beetle outbreak. These results suggest that more frequent insect outbreaks in a warming climate could result in substantial increase in biogenic SOA formation in the boreal zone and, thus, affect both aerosol direct and indirect forcing of climate at regional scales. The effect of insect outbreaks on VOC emissions and SOA formation should be considered in future climate predictions.

Social Change through Entrepreneurship: Utilizing Portable Sawmill Based Small Businesses to Promote Community Development

Journal of Social Change ◽

10.5590/josc.2017.09.1.07 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Crystal Lupo

Keyword(s):

Social Change ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Community Development ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Large Scale ◽

Local Community ◽

Wood Products ◽

Forest Industry ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization

Reduced demand for wood and wood products resulting from the economic crisis in the first decade of the 2000s severely impacted the forest industry throughout the world, causing large forest-based organizations to close (CBC News, 2008; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009; Pepke, 2009). The result was a dramatic increase in unemployment and worker displacement among forest product workers between 2011 and 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Forested rural communities often depended on the large-scale forest industry for their livelihood, and as a result, decreased reliance on large-scale industry became increasingly important (Lupo, 2015). This article explores portable-sawmill-based entrepreneurship as an opportunity to promote social change in the local community. Results indicated that portable-sawmill-based small businesses created community development opportunities, which promoted social change in the larger community through farm business expansion, conservation efforts to improve local community development, and niche market creation in the local or larger community.

A large-scale test set-up for measuring VOC emissions from wood products under laboratory conditions in simulated real rooms

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2014-0129 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 457-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eva Höllbacher ◽

Cornelia Rieder-Gradinger ◽

Daniel Strateva ◽

Ewald Srebotnik

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Building Materials ◽

Wood Products ◽

Test Set ◽

Voc Emissions ◽

Laboratory Conditions ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Scale Test ◽

Set Up ◽

Realistic Data

Abstract A large-scale test set-up was designed to evaluate the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of building materials in a real room situation but under laboratory conditions. Two model rooms (ModR) with a volume of 30 m3 each were constructed of the wood-based building materials X-lam and OSB, respectively. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) inside the ModR were kept in a range of 21°C–25°C and 45%–55% RH. VOCs were collected at 13 different times over a period of 23 weeks, and the total VOC (TVOC) concentration was calculated from GC/MS data. Results were quantified as toluene equivalents (TE). In the X-lam-ModR, the TVOC concentration decreased by 64% over the whole measurement period from 115 to 41 μg m-3 TE. Terpenes were the most abundant substance group and accounted, on average, for 80% of the TVOC concentration. In the OSB-ModR, the TVOC concentration decreased by 72% from 443 to 124 μg m-3 TE. Aldehydes showed the highest concentrations, accounting, on average, for 52% of the TVOC, while 38% were terpenes. The results show that this type of test provides realistic data for the praxis.

Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem Services in National Nature Reserves in China’s Coastal Zones

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12083131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 3131 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaowei Li ◽

Xiubo Yu ◽

Xiyong Hou ◽

Yubin Liu ◽

Hui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Large Scale ◽

Net Primary Productivity ◽

Nature Reserves ◽

Wetland Ecosystem ◽

Coastal Zones ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Literature Database ◽

National Nature Reserves ◽

Wetland Types

Wetlands provide ecosystem services for regional development, and, thus, have considerable economic value. In this study, a combination of evaluation methods was carried out to evaluate the wetland ecosystem services provided by national nature reserves in 11 coastal provinces/municipalities in China. We constructed a literature database containing 808 observations (over 170 papers) on field-scale research for wetlands in China’s coastal zones. Using this literature database, as well as land use (LU) data, net primary productivity (NPP), and statistical data, and digital elevation model (DEM) data, we established a valuation framework and database for nine important ecosystem services of the 13 wetland types in the study area. After the large-scale academic literature review, the ordinary kriging offered by Geostatistical Analyst tools was used to interpolate the physical dimensions of the unmeasured locations. The results showed that: 1) the wetland ecosystem services in 35 national nature reserves have a total value of 33.168 billion USD/year; 2) the values of wetland ecosystem services revealed considerable spatial variability along China’s coastal zones; and 3) assessments provide additional insights into the trade-offs between different ecosystem services and wetland types. The valuation framework and database established in this study can contribute to the mapping of wetland ecosystem services in coastal zones.

Design and Implementation of WebGIS Based Information System for Nature Reserve

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.1209 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 532-533 ◽

pp. 1209-1213

Author(s):

Xiao Xiao Xue ◽

Wei Dai Ding ◽

Ming Chang Shi ◽

Wen Bin Guan

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Data Sharing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Nature Reserves ◽

Information Collection ◽

Design And Implementation

In order to standardize the methods of information collection and sharing for nature reserves, a WebGIS based information system for nature reserve is designed and implemented in this paper. Large-scale information is administrated in this system, which can be conveniently accessed by information query, statistical analysis and data sharing.

Investigating the Effects of Subgrid Cell Dynamic Heterogeneity on the Large-Scale Modeling of Albedo in Boreal Forests*

Earth Interactions ◽

10.1175/ei-d-15-0022.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jean-Sébastien Landry ◽

Navin Ramankutty ◽

Lael Parrott

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Climate Models ◽

Computing Time ◽

Grid Cell ◽

Tree Cover ◽

Similar Amount ◽

Earth System ◽

Dynamic Heterogeneity

Abstract Stand-clearing disturbances, which remove most of the tree cover but are followed by forest regrowth, affect extensive areas annually, yet each event is usually much smaller than a typical grid cell in Earth system climate models. This study argues that the approach taken to account for the resulting subgrid cell dynamic heterogeneity substantially affects the computation of land–atmosphere exchanges. The authors investigated in a simplified model the effects of three such approaches on the computation of albedo over boreal forests. It was found that the simplest approach—in which any new disturbance-created patch was immediately merged with the rest of the grid cell—underestimated the annual reflected solar radiation by ~3 W m−2 on average (a relative error of 15%) compared with the most accurate approach—in which albedo computations were performed for each individual subgrid patch. This study also investigated an intermediate approach, in which each patch was tracked individually, but albedo was estimated from a much smaller number of subgrid tiles grouping patches having a similar amount of tree cover. Results from this third approach converged quickly toward the most accurate results as the number of tiles increased and were robust to changes in the thresholds used to assign patches to specific tiles. When computing time prevents implementing the most accurate approach in Earth system climate models, the results advocate for using strategies similar to the intermediate approach in order to avoid biasing the net radiative forcing of stand-clearing disturbances toward a warming impact, at least over boreal forests.

Plantation forestry in Malaysia: an evaluation of its successes and failures since the 1970

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48412167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 1789-1801

Author(s):

Jegatheswaran RATNASING ◽

Hazirah A. LATIB ◽

Neelakandan PARAMJOTHY ◽

Lim C. LIAT ◽

Mathivanan NADARAJAH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Wood Products ◽

Plantation Forestry ◽

Forest Plantations ◽

Large Wood ◽

Forest Plantation ◽

Management Regime ◽

Limited Success ◽

Poor Soil

With reducing supply of logs from the sustainably managed natural forest to meet the processing demand of the large wood products industry in Malaysia, plantation forestry has been gaining importance since the early 1970s. Despite the government’s efforts through the provision of financial support and incentives, investments in plantation forestry has been slow. The promising start of the large-scale forest plantation programs in the early 1970s, followed by the 1980s and then the latest program in early 2000, appear to have been a mixed bag of failures and limited success. The rather below-par performance of the forest plantations has been attributed to several factors, such as insufficient good planting stock, poor species-site matching, poor soil quality, pest and diseases and the overall poor silvicultural and management regime laid out for forest plantations. Further, plantation forestry appears to be dominated by larger companies, while small and medium companies, have limited financial resources to overcome the prevailing challenges faced. Despite the poor performance until to date, the adoption of intensive research based silvicultural and management regime for the plantation forests, which are maturing in the next years, will hopefully produce better results and serve as the sunrise for plantation forestry in Malaysia.