Soluble sugars in maturing pea seeds of different lines in relation to desiccation tolerance.

AbstractLarge differences in seed desiccation sensitivity have been observed previously among ten coffee species (Coffea arabica, C. brevipes, C. canephora, C. eugenioides, C. humilis, C. liberica, C. pocsii, C. pseudo-zanguebariae, C. sessiliflora and C.stenophylla). Of these species,C. libericaandC. humiliswere the most sensitive to desiccation andC. pseudozanguebariaethe most tolerant. A study was carried out using the same seed lots to investigate if these differences in desiccation tolerance could be correlated with differences in soluble sugar content. Soluble sugars were extracted from dry seeds and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography. The seed monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) content was very low (1.5 to 2 mg g-1dry weight [dw]) in all species studied. The sucrose content ranged from 33 mg g-1dw inC. libericaseeds to 89 mg g-1dw in seeds ofC. pocsii. Raffinose was detected in the seeds of only five species (C.arabica, C.brevipes, C.humilis, C.sessiliflora, C.stenophylla), among which only three species (C.arabica, C.sessilifloraandC.brevipes) also contained stachyose. Both raffinose and stachyose were present in very low quantities (0.3–1.4 mg g-1dw and 0.1–0.7 mg g-1dw, respectively). Verbascose was never detected. No significant relationship was found between seed desiccation sensitivity and: (i) the sugar content; (ii) the presence/absence of oligosaccharides; and (iii) the oligosaccharide:sucrose ratio.

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Changes in soluble sugars in relation to desiccation tolerance and effects of dehydration on freezing characteristics of Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus seeds

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum ◽

10.1007/s11738-997-0031-8 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. Pukacka ◽

P. M. Pukacki

Keyword(s):

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

Acer Platanoides

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Indeterminate development in desiccation-sensitive seeds of Quercus robur L.

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500002129 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 127-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

W. E. Finch-Savage ◽

P. S. Blake

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Seed Development ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Avicennia Marina ◽

Terminal Phase ◽

Embryonic Axes ◽

Single Tree ◽

Orthodox Seeds

AbstractFruit and seed development in Quercus robur L. were studied on a single tree over five consecutive seasons. Patterns of growth in the cotyledons and embryonic axes differed between years and resulted in seeds of very different sizes. Moisture content at shedding also differed between years, and late-shed seeds had lower moisture contents than early-shed seeds. Moisture content at shedding was negatively correlated with desiccation tolerance. Seed development in Q. robur therefore appeared indeterminate and did not end in a period of rapid desiccation.Sensitivity to desiccation in Q. robur was not due to an inability to accumulate dehydrin proteins, ABA or soluble sugars, substances that have been linked with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in orthodox seeds. There were great similarities between several aspects of Q. robur seed development and that of orthodox seeds before the latter entered the terminal phase of rapid desiccation. This pattern of seed development contrasted with that reported for the highly desiccation-sensitive seeds of Avicennia marina.

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The Orthodox Dry Seeds Are Alive: A Clear Example of Desiccation Tolerance

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11010020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Angel J. Matilla

Keyword(s):

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽

Seed Maturation ◽

Glassy Matrix ◽

Cellular Protection ◽

Living Entity ◽

Orthodox Seeds

To survive in the dry state, orthodox seeds acquire desiccation tolerance. As maturation progresses, the seeds gradually acquire longevity, which is the total timespan during which the dry seeds remain viable. The desiccation-tolerance mechanism(s) allow seeds to remain dry without losing their ability to germinate. This adaptive trait has played a key role in the evolution of land plants. Understanding the mechanisms for seed survival after desiccation is one of the central goals still unsolved. That is, the cellular protection during dry state and cell repair during rewatering involves a not entirely known molecular network(s). Although desiccation tolerance is retained in seeds of higher plants, resurrection plants belonging to different plant lineages keep the ability to survive desiccation in vegetative tissue. Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in desiccation tolerance through tight control of the synthesis of unstructured late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, heat shock thermostable proteins (sHSPs), and non-reducing oligosaccharides. During seed maturation, the progressive loss of water induces the formation of a so-called cellular “glass state”. This glassy matrix consists of soluble sugars, which immobilize macromolecules offering protection to membranes and proteins. In this way, the secondary structure of proteins in dry viable seeds is very stable and remains preserved. ABA insensitive-3 (ABI3), highly conserved from bryophytes to Angiosperms, is essential for seed maturation and is the only transcription factor (TF) required for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and its re-induction in germinated seeds. It is noteworthy that chlorophyll breakdown during the last step of seed maturation is controlled by ABI3. This update contains some current results directly related to the physiological, genetic, and molecular mechanisms involved in survival to desiccation in orthodox seeds. In other words, the mechanisms that facilitate that an orthodox dry seed is a living entity.

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A comparison of desiccation-related proteins (dehydrin and QP47) in peas (Pisum sativum)

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500002841 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 185-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ellen H. Baker ◽

Kent J. Bradford ◽

John A. Bryant ◽

Thomas L. Rost

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Pisum Sativum ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Embryonic Axes ◽

Radicle Growth ◽

Pea Seeds ◽

Related Proteins ◽

Cotyledon Cells ◽

Synthesis And Degradation

AbstractDehydrin and QP47, proteins present in mature pea seeds (Pisum sativum), have been proposed to play protective roles during desiccation. To identify possible relationships between these proteins and desiccation tolerance, their tissue locations and patterns of synthesis and degradation have been examined during germination. Tissue locations were determined by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antibodies raised against a conserved dehydrin amino acid sequence and against purified QP47. In embryonic axis and cotyledon cells, QP47 and dehydrin were distributed uniformly with no apparent nuclear or organellar specificity. Both proteins were present in 24 h-imbibed axes that had not initiated radicle growth but were completely absent from 24 h-imbibed axes that had begun to grow. The amounts of QP47 and dehydrin in embryonic axes decreased with time after the start of imbibition and were undetectable by 48 h. When germination was prevented by polyethylene glycol (PEG) or abscisic acid (ABA), both proteins remained at their original amounts. Thus, both QP47 and dehydrin disappeared coincidently with the beginning of growth and not simply as a function of the time after imbibition. QP47 persisted in cotyledons until at least 31 days into seedling growth, whereas dehydrin was not detectable in cotyledons after 7 days. Dehydrin, but not QP47, could be re-induced in pea shoots and cotyledons by dehydration. The timing of degradation of both proteins was correlated with the loss of desiccation tolerance during germination of pea axes.

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The role of recovery of mitochondrial structure and function in desiccation tolerance of pea seeds

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01518.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 144 (1) ◽

pp. 20-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Wei-Qing Wang ◽

Hong-Yan Cheng ◽

Ian M. Møller ◽

Song-Quan Song

Keyword(s):

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Mitochondrial Structure ◽

Pea Seeds ◽

And Function

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Changes in glass transition temperatures in germinating pea seeds

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500002695 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 117-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Robert J. Williams ◽

A. Carl Leopold

Keyword(s):

Glass Transition ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Vitreous State ◽

Early Germination ◽

Orthodox Seeds ◽

Pea Seeds ◽

Lower Temperature ◽

The Relationship ◽

Storage Temperatures

AbstractAn element of storage stability of many orthodox seeds is that the embryo cytoplasm is vitreous at normal storage temperatures. That is, as drying proceeds during seed maturation, intracellular solutions become so concentrated and viscous that diffusional movement is all but eliminated (Williams and Leopold, 1989). In this report the relationship between desiccation tolerance and the ability to form the vitreous state as germination proceeds is examined. As pea seeds (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska) imbibed water up to 18 h, no change in the glass transition temperature was seen, and the embryos remained desiccation-tolerant. Between 18 and 44 h of imbibition, the axes lost the ability to exhibit a distinguishable vitreous transition, and the embryos had lost the ability to survive desiccation. After about 50 h, embryos again showed vitrification but only at markedly lower temperatures, as would be expected to accompany the loss of oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) and their replacement by monosaccharides during early germination (Koster and Leopold, 1988). Thus, the loss of desiccation tolerance during germination in pea seeds appears to be associated with a loss of the high temperature oligosaccharide: water glass and a subsequent appearance of a new glass transition at a lower temperature resulting from the accumulation of monosacchrides.

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Changes in soluble sugars in relation to desiccation tolerance in cauliflower seeds

Seed Science Research ◽

10.1017/s0960258500002142 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 143-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

F. A. Hoekstra ◽

A. M. Haigh ◽

F. A. A. Tetteroo ◽

T. van Roekel

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Silica Gel ◽

Desiccation Tolerance ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Complete Loss ◽

Sucrose Content

AbstractChanges in soluble sugars in cauliflower seeds were followed during 50 h of imbibition in relation to desiccation tolerance. Sucrose and stachyose contents decreased, and glucose and fructose accumulated. This occurred in radicles first and subsequently in hypocotyls and cotyledons. Loss of desiccation tolerance in the various seed parts coincided with an increase in glucose and fructose and the complete loss of stachyose, but sucrose content, the major sugar, was still high. Drying imbibed seeds over silica gel did not evoke resynthesis of stachyose, but did increase sucrose and decrease glucose and fructose contents. Seeds primed in solutions of 30% polyethylene glycol for 10 days showed a loss of stachyose, while sucrose remained high and glucose and fructose contents were still very low. Redrying of primed seeds did not change the sugar contents. The primed seeds were still tolerant of desiccation. We conclude that stachyose is not a prerequisite for desiccation tolerance, but that sucrose may be. We suggest that glucose and fructose may be involved in desiccation damage.

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Variability in the oligosaccharide concentration in seeds of the mapping population of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/116/2013-cjgpb ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Gawłowska ◽

L. Lahuta ◽

W. Święcicki ◽

P. Krajewski

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Trait ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Mapping Population ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Starch Accumulation ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Pea Seeds

Anti-nutritional compounds are among the obstacles to the use of pea seeds as a protein source in both feed and food. These compounds are poorly digested by both monogastric animals and humans. There are three main oligosaccharides in pea: raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides – RFOs). The concentration of oligosaccharides in dry seeds, the oligosaccharide percent to the total content of soluble sugars and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were analysed in the mapping population Wt10245 × Wt11238. The composition and concentration of soluble carbohydrates in seeds harvested from two field experiments (2002 and 2004) were analysed by the high resolution gas chromatography method. The Wt10245 × Wt11238 population was chosen because of the greater difference in the concentration of RFOs in seeds between parental lines (56.48 mg/g seed in Wt10245 and 99.1 mg/g seed in Wt11238). The average levels of oligosaccharides (mg/g seed) from both field experiments in the mapping population were: myo-inositol 1.5, sucrose 33.3, galactinol 0.8, raffinose 9.6, stachyose 30.1, verbascose 37.1. The total oligosaccharide concentration was 76.8 mg/g seed. This comprised anaverage of 68% soluble sugars, with the range from 59% to 75%. There was no interaction between lines and years of experiments (significance of lines × year interaction, F statistic > 0.01). One main quantitative trait locus was found for both experiments in LG VA (the tl-r interval) and three additional: in LG I (five traits 2002 and 2004 near afp1k), LG II (two traits 2002 near afp15h) and LG IIIB (five traits 2004 and 2002 near afp4i and M16). The main QTL was responsible for the level of RFOs and the total soluble sugar concentration in seeds. The results are in agreement with the knowledge of RFO biosynthesis. This makes selection for changes in the proportion of the particular oligosaccharides difficult, like in Phaseolus. However, it is possible to decrease the RFO content in pea seeds. The linkage between QTL and the gene r is interesting. The rugosus (r) locus changes the morphology and distribution of starch grains, decreases the total starch accumulation, produces a higher ratio of amylose to amylopectin and higher sugar and water content during development along with changes in cell size and lipid content.

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