Mycoplasmas in swine

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae ◽  
And Control

Abstract This book contains 14 chapters that discuss the genetics, epidemiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Mycoplasma infections in pigs. Chapter 1 discusses the phylogenetics and classification of Mycoplasma species in pigs; Chapter 2 describes the genomic diversity and antigenic variation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains; Chapter 3 discusses the pathogenesis, virulence factor and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Chapter 4 discusses the molecular epidemiology, risk factors, transmission and prevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Chapter 5 discusses the clinical signs and gross lesions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection; Chapter 6 discusses immune responses against Mycoplasma infections; Chapter 7 describes the interactions of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae with other pathogens and their economic impact; Chapter 8 discusses the diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection and its associated diseases; Chapter 9 describes the general control measures against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections; Chapter 10 describes the selection and efficacy of antimicrobials against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections; Chapter 11 discusses the development and efficacy of vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Chapter 12 describes the eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig herds; Chapter 13 describes the epidemiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in pig herds and Chapter 14 discusses the epidemiology, prevalence, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and economic impact of Mycoplasma suis infection in pigs.

Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae in pig herds.

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-265
Author(s):  
Andreas Palzer ◽  
Mathias Ritzmann ◽  
Joachim Spergser
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyorhinis ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae ◽  
And Control

Abstract The genetics, taxonomy, epidemiology, prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in pig herds are described.

scholarly journals Impacto económico de la leptospirosis en dos explotaciones porcinas de la zona cafetera colombiana

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Alberto Orrego Uribe ◽  
Julialba Angel Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
And Control ◽  
Impacto Económico ◽  
Selection Of

<p>La leptospirosis es una enfermedad infecciosa, altamente contagiosa y ubicua, que afecta severamente la porcicultura; no obstante, su impacto económico no había sido estimado en los sistemas de producción del país. El conocimiento del impacto económico de una enfermedad permite estimar su importancia respecto de otras condiciones patológicas y escoger las mejores alternativas de prevención y control. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo para determinar el impacto económico de la leptospirosis en el desempeño reproductivo de cerdas de cría; además, para proponer soluciones correctivas, sostenibles y eficientes frente a la ocurrencia de la enfermedad. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en dos explotaciones de la zona cafetera colombiana, identificadas como “A” y “B”, las cuales pose en un inventario promedio de 189 y 674 hembras de cría, respectivamente. Las explotaciones porcinas fueron monitoreadas mediante el programa PígChamp<sup>®</sup> durante los períodos preepizoótico, epizoótico y postepizoótico. Los costos de producción de cada granja porcina se calcularon por el sistema de costos fijos y variables, mientras el impacto económico se estimó mediante un procedimiento adaptado por los autores. Al estimar la pérdida total (en pesos de 1995, US$ 1= $1.ooo) ésta fue de 21 millones de peso s colombianos ($) en la explotación porcina A, y de $44 millones en la B. El notable incremento del parámetro "días/cerda no productivos" hizo evidente la magnitud de las pérdidas económicas; éstas ascendieron a $11,5 millones (54,1% del total) en la granja porcina A, y a$ 19 millones (42,5% del total) en la B. La “pérdida promedio por cerda”, fue de $117.855 en la explotación A, y de $67.818 en la B. Se recomienda la vacunación y otras medidas complementarias de control, así como la producción de inmunógenos moleculares específicos.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Economic impact of porcine leptospirosis at two farms of the Colombian coffee growers área</strong></p><p>Porcine leptospirosis is an infectious, highly contagious and ubiquitous disease, severely affecting the porcine industry; yet, its economic impact had not been estimated. Knowledge about the economical impact of a malady allows to estimate its relevance in relation to other pathologic conditions and the selection of the best prevention and control alternatives. This work was carried out in order to estimate the economic impact of leptospirosis on breeding sows and to propase efficient, sustainable and corrective solutions. The evaluations were carried out at two farms of the Colombian coffee growers area, identified as “A” and “B”, with a final average inventory of 189 and 674 sows, respectively. The porcine farms were monitored using PigChamp™ Program during the preepizootic, the epizootic and the postepizootic periods. The costs of production of each pig unit were calculated by the Fixed and Variable Costs System; the economical impact was estimated using a modified procedure. The total loss (estimated as US$1=$1.ooo in 1995) at farm A was US $21,000, and US $44,000 at farm B. The critical enlargement on “sows non productive days” parameter, makes evident the amount of economical loss, being of US $11,500 (54.1% of the total) at farm A, and US $19,000 (42.5%) at farm B. The “average loss per sow” reached US $117.885 at farm A, and US $67.8 at farm B. The vaccination against leptospirosis, the production of molecular immunogens, as well as other complementary control measures, are recommended.</p>

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

Investigation on emotion and behavior of children aged 1-11 during the pandemic of COVID-19: A Cross-sectional study in Guizhou, China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Mo ◽  
Yan Luo ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Dewei Xiao ◽  
Shuqing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND In face of the sudden epidemic of COVID-19, strict prevention and control measures had been urgently carried out all over China. Because of the long-term home quarantine, all kinds of people were affected by it. OBJECTIVE In order to understand the mental health of children during the pandemic of COVID-19, this study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of emotional and behavioral problems of children aged 1-11 in Guizhou. METHODS Based on the online survey platform, the survey link was pushed through Wechat in April 2020. Electronic questionnaires were used to investigate children's demographic characteristics, emotional or behavioral problems. RESULTS A total of 3505 valid questionnaires were received from 9 prefectures and cities in Guizhou Province. 39.67% of the children in the 1-2-year-old group had emotional problems. 17.63% of the children agd 3-5 years had behavioral or emotional problems. And 23.57% of the children agd 6-11 years havd behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS During the home quarantine period of prevention and control of COVID-19, even young children were adversely affected. The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in children was high, which was mainly manifested as anxiety, difficulty in concentration and sleep problems.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal evolution and influencing mechanism of the COVID-19 epidemic in Shandong province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Shi ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Shuyan Xue ◽  
Fengqing Li ◽  
Qifan Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak that emerged in late 2019 has posed a severe threat to human health and social and economic development, and thus has become a major public health crisis affecting the world. The spread of COVID-19 in population and regions is a typical geographical process, which is worth discussing from the geographical perspective. This paper focuses on Shandong province, which has a high incidence, though the first Chinese confirmed case was reported from Hubei province. Based on the data of reported confirmed cases and the detailed information of cases collected manually, we used text analysis, mathematical statistics and spatial analysis to reveal the demographic characteristics of confirmed cases and the spatio-temporal evolution process of the epidemic, and to explore the comprehensive mechanism of epidemic evolution and prevention and control. The results show that: (1) the incidence rate of COVID-19 in Shandong is 0.76/100,000. The majority of confirmed cases are old and middle-aged people who are infected by the intra-province diffusion, followed by young and middle-aged people who are infected outside the province. (2) Up to February 5, the number of daily confirmed cases shows a trend of “rapid increase before slowing down”, among which, the changes of age and gender are closely related to population migration, epidemic characteristics and intervention measures. (3) Affected by the regional economy and population, the spatial distribution of the confirmed cases is obviously unbalanced, with the cluster pattern of “high–low” and “low–high”. (4) The evolution of the migration pattern, affected by the geographical location of Wuhan and Chinese traditional culture, is dominated by “cross-provincial” and “intra-provincial” direct flow, and generally shows the trend of “southwest → northeast”. Finally, combined with the targeted countermeasures of “source-flow-sink”, the comprehensive mechanism of COVID-19 epidemic evolution and prevention and control in Shandong is revealed. External and internal prevention and control measures are also figured out.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effectiveness of measures to control the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in Jilin Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglong Zhao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Meina Li ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Based on differences in populations and prevention and control measures, the spread of new coronary pneumonia in different countries and regions also differs. This study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to control the disease in Jilin Province, China. Methods The data of reported COVID-19 cases were collected, including imported and local cases from Jilin Province as of March 14, 2019. A Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Recovered/Removed (SEIAR) model was developed to fit the data, and the effective reproduction number (Reff) was calculated at different stages in the province. Finally, the effectiveness of the measures was assessed. Results A total of 97 COVID-19 infections were reported in Jilin Province, among which 45 were imported infections (including one asymptomatic infection) and 52 were local infections (including three asymptomatic infections). The model fit the reported data well (R2 = 0.593, P < 0.001). The Reff of COVID-19 before and after February 1, 2020 was 1.64 and 0.05, respectively. Without the intervention taken on February 1, 2020, the predicted cases would have reached a peak of 177,011 on October 22, 2020 (284 days from the first case). The projected number of cases until the end of the outbreak (on October 9, 2021) would have been 17,129,367, with a total attack rate of 63.66%. Based on the comparison between the predicted incidence of the model and the actual incidence, the comprehensive intervention measures implemented in Jilin Province on February 1 reduced the incidence of cases by 99.99%. Therefore, according to the current measures and implementation efforts, Jilin Province can achieve good control of the virus’s spread. Conclusions COVID-19 has a moderate transmissibility in Jilin Province, China. The interventions implemented in the province had proven effective; increasing social distancing and a rapid response by the prevention and control system will help control the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity and effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 prevention and control in major cities in China through time-varying reproduction number estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Cheng ◽  
Zeyi Liu ◽  
Guangquan Cheng ◽  
Jincai Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractBeginning on December 31, 2019, the large-scale novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China. Tracking and analysing the heterogeneity and effectiveness of cities’ prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to design and adjust epidemic prevention and control measures. The number of newly confirmed cases in 25 of China’s most-affected cities for the COVID-19 epidemic from January 11 to February 10 was collected. The heterogeneity and effectiveness of these 25 cities’ prevention and control measures for COVID-19 were analysed by using an estimated time-varying reproduction number method and a serial correlation method. The results showed that the effective reproduction number (R) in 25 cities showed a downward trend overall, but there was a significant difference in the R change trends among cities, indicating that there was heterogeneity in the spread and control of COVID-19 in cities. Moreover, the COVID-19 control in 21 of 25 cities was effective, and the risk of infection decreased because their R had dropped below 1 by February 10, 2020. In contrast, the cities of Wuhan, Tianmen, Ezhou and Enshi still had difficulty effectively controlling the COVID-19 epidemic in a short period of time because their R was greater than 1.

scholarly journals Improving knowledge, attitudes and practice to prevent COVID-19 transmission in healthcare workers and the public in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rapeephan R. Maude ◽  
Monnaphat Jongdeepaisal ◽  
Sumawadee Skuntaniyom ◽  
Thanomvong Muntajit ◽  
Stuart D. Blacksell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Educational Videos ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Key infection prevention and control measures to limit transmission of COVID-19 include social distancing, hand hygiene, use of facemasks and personal protective equipment. However, these have limited or no impact if not applied correctly through lack of knowledge, inappropriate attitude or incorrect practice. In order to maximise the impact of infection prevention and control measures on COVID-19 spread, we undertook a study to assess and improve knowledge, attitudes and practice among 119 healthcare workers and 100 general public in Thailand. The study setting was two inpatient hospitals providing COVID-19 testing and treatment. Detailed information on knowledge, attitudes and practice among the general public and healthcare workers regarding COVID-19 transmission and its prevention were obtained from a combination of questionnaires and observations. Results Knowledge of the main transmission routes, commonest symptoms and recommended prevention methods was mostly very high (> 80%) in both groups. There was lower awareness of aerosols, food and drink and pets as sources of transmission; of the correct duration for handwashing; recommended distance for social/physical distancing; and about recommended types of face coverings. Information sources most used and most trusted were the workplace, work colleagues, health workers and television. The results were used to produce a set of targeted educational videos which addressed many of these gaps with subsequent improvements on retesting in a number of areas. This included improvements in handwashing practice with an increase in the number of areas correctly washed in 65.5% of the public, and 57.9% of healthcare workers. The videos were then further optimized with feedback from participants followed by another round of retesting. Conclusions Detailed information on gaps in knowledge, attitudes and practice among the general public and healthcare workers regarding COVID-19 transmission and its prevention were obtained from a combination of questionnaires and observations. This was used to produce targeted educational videos which addressed these gaps with subsequent improvements on retesting. The resulting videos were then disseminated as a resource to aid in efforts to fight COVID-19 in Thailand and worldwide.

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