Digestion, rumen fermentation and circulating concentrations of insulin, growth hormone and IGF-1 in steers given maize silages harvested at three stages of maturity

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Juniper ◽  
E. M. Browne ◽  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dorsal Sac ◽  
Hormone Pulses

AbstractAdvancing maturity of forage maize is associated with increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) and starch and decreases in the proportions of structural carbohydrates in the ensiled crop. Three maize silages (286 (low, L), 329 (medium, M) and 379 (high, H) g DM per kg fresh weight) plus a concentrate formulated to give isonitrogenous intakes were offered to Holstein-Friesian steers fitted with a cannula in the dorsal sac of the rumen and a ‘T’ piece cannula in the proximal duodenum in an experiment with a cross-over design that allowed four collection periods. Nutrient flow to the duodenum was estimated using chromium-EDTA. Steers consumed approximately 0·6 kg DM per day less of diet L compared with the other two diets (P=0·026), resulting in less DM being digested (P=0·005) but digestibility did not differ between diets. Similar results were obtained for organic matter. There were no differences between diets in the intake or digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre. Intake, duodenal flow and faecal output of starch were greater for steers offered diets M and H compared with those given diet L (P<0·05). In all diets rumen digestion contributed to over 90% of total digestion of starch, although rumen digestibility declined significantly with advancing maize maturity (P=0·002). Molar proportions of acetic acid were higher in diet H (P<0·05) whilst proportions of propionic acid and n-butyric acid were higher in diets M and L. There were no significant differences between diets in mean rumen pH or ammonia concentrations. Mean circulating concentrations of insulin were higher (P=0·009) in cattle given diets L and M compared with diet H. There were no differences between diets in the mean circulating concentration of growth hormone, or the frequency, amplitude and duration of growth hormone pulses, or the mean circulating concentrations of IGF-1. Changes in forage composition that accompany advancing maize maturity affect overall silage digestion and circulating concentrations of insulin.

Apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of maize silage harvested at three stages of maturity and fed to beef cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 82-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Browne ◽  
M.J. Bryant ◽  
D.E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Uk

Development of early maturing forage maize varieties has enabled the crop to be grown in more marginal areas of the UK, consequently the crop is harvested at a range of maturities and dry matter (DM) concentrations. Digestibility of maize silage DM is reported to remain relatively constant over a wide range of maturities; however very mature maize is known to suffer reduced DM digestibility (Bal, Coors and Shaver, 1997). The objective of this experiment was to measure nutrient digestibility of maize silage harvested at stages of maturity commonly experienced in the UK.

scholarly journals A comparison of the excretion rate of endogenous purine derivatives in the urine of Bos indicus and Bos taurus steers

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
V. J. Doogan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Estimates of microbial crude protein (MCP) production by ruminants, using a method based on the excretion of purine derivatives in urine, require an estimate of the excretion of endogenous purine derivatives (PD) by the animal. Current methods allocate a single value to all cattle. An experiment was carried out to compare the endogenous PD excretion in Bos taurus and high-content B. indicus (hereafter, B. indicus) cattle. Five Holstein–Friesian (B. taurus) and 5 Brahman (> 75% B. indicus) steers (mean liveweight 326 ± 3.0 kg) were used in a fasting study. Steers were fed a low-quality buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris; 59.4 g crude protein/kg dry matter) hay at estimated maintenance requirements for 19 days, after which hay intake was incrementally reduced for 2 days and the steers were fasted for 7 days. The excretion of PD in urine was measured daily for the last 6 days of the fasting period and the mean represented the daily endogenous PD excretion. Excretion of endogenous PD in the urine of B. indicus steers was less than half that of the B. taurus steers (190 µmol/kg W0.75.day v. 414 µmol/kg W0.75.day; combined s.e. 37.2 µmol/kg W0.75.day; P < 0.001). It was concluded that the use of a single value for endogenous PD excretion is inappropriate for use in MCP estimations and that subspecies-specific values would improve precision.

Effects of fodder beet on rumen metabolism

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Sabri ◽  
N. W. Offer ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Forage ◽  
In Sacco

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out with sheep, to characterize fodder beet in terms of its effects on rumen function. In experiment A, a study was made of the effects of supplementing hay with fodder beet (FB) on rumen pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration compared with two control supplements of either barley/maize (BM) or molassed sugar-beet shreds (SBP). Hay was offered with all three supplements in a 50: 50 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. The mean rumen pH for the fodder beet diet was 6·34 and intermediate between two controls (BM 6·20 and SBP 6·38). There was no significant difference in rumen concentration of total VFA for the three different diets (FB, SBP and BM) but there were highly significant effects due to diet for acetic and propionic acid molar proportions (P< 0·001). Molar proportion of propionic acid for diets FB, BM and SBP were 0·2064, 0·2221 and 01880 respectively. The loss of DM from nylon bags incubated in the rumen of sheep given the test diets was 471, 447 and 486 g/kg for FB, BM and SBP respectively. In experiment B, the rate ofin saccoorganic matter (OM) disappearance of the three supplements were compared in sheep given a constant high forage diet (900 g/day hay DM + 200 g/day compound food DM). There were highly significant differences in rates of OM disappearances for the supplements (P< 0·001). The losses of OM measured after 3 h incubation in the rumen were 767, 608, 378 and 236 g/kg for fodder beet, barley/maize, molassed sugar-beet shreds and hay respectively.

scholarly journals The Yield, Intake and Animal Production of Four Tropical Grass Species Grown at Ibadan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
F. O. Olubajo ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

The yield, intake and animal production of four grass species namely: Cynodon nlemfuensis var. robustus, Pennisetum purpureum Schum; Cynodon nlemfuensis var nlemfuensis (Ib8) and Panicum Maximum Jacq., designated as treatments M, N, P, and respectively, were studied over a period of 1,226 days. Each treatment was grazed at three stages of growth - at four, six and eight week intervals. Total dry matter yields for the experimental period ranged from approximately 22 tons for treatment N grazed at intervals of four weeks to 65 tons for treatment Q grazed at eight week intervals. The mean daily dry matter yield varied between approximately 18 kg for treatment N to 53 kg for treatment Q grazed at four and eight week intervals respectively. With the exception of treatment N, dry matter intake by sheep per kg of metabolic size per day decreased with increased maturity and ranged from 43 kg in treatment N to 86 kg in treatment P grazed every four weeks. Treatment means of liveweight increases of grazing White Fulani (Zebu) steers were 392 g, 360 g, 337 g and 226 g per head per day for treatments Q, N,P and M respectively. Though the protein content of the pastures was high enough even in the dry season to maintain the grazing animals, dry matter production and intake were usually very low. 

scholarly journals Uji Biologis Konsumsi Pakan, Populasi Bakteri Rumen dan pH Pellet Complete Calf Starter pada Pedet Friesian Holstein Pra Sapih

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Nadia Maharani ◽  
Joelal Achmadi ◽  
Sri Mukodiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biological Test ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Average Consumption

(Biological test feed intake, population rumen bacteria and ph pellet complete calf starter friesian holstein on pre weaning calf) ABSTRACT. The study aims to assess the quality of the formula Complete Calf Starter (CCS) with 5% molasses instead of milk to the development of rumen microbial calf Holstein Friesian (HF) pre-weaning. The material used is 20 head calf FH pre weaning age of 2 weeks. Feed intake data taken from 20 respondents consisted of 16 females and 4 calf tail male calf. Data rumen bacterial populations and pH were taken from 5 head of cattle slaughtered at the age of 2 weeks (one tail), 4 weeks (2-tailed) and 6 weeks (2-tailed). The study was designed as a descriptive non-parametric. Parameters measured were rumen bacterial populations, pH and feed intake. The results showed the average consumption of dry matter (DM) and CCS calf milk FH ages 2, 4, 6 weeks respectively at 506, 517, 528 grams. Rumen bacterial populations in calves aged 2, 4, and 6 weeks of 80x106, 45x106 and 19x106 kol/m. ruminal pH in calves aged 2, 4 and 6 weeks was 5.71, 5.36 and 5.55. Biological test showed that the use of complete calf starter (CCS) in the form of pellets FH calves at the age of 2 weeks to stimulate the development of the rumen (feed intake, the population of bacteria and pH) but not in calves aged 4 and 6 weeks. This is because the number of bacterial populations declined due to impaired absorption is impaired absorption of VFA marked low rumen pH.

scholarly journals External validation of the GrazeIn model of pasture dry matter intake and milk yield prediction for cows managed at different calving dates and stocking rates

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0608
Author(s):  
Ana I. Roca-Fernández ◽  
Antonio González-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Friesian Cows

The aim was to evaluate the prediction accuracy of pasture dry matter intake (PDMI) and milk yield (MY) predicted by the GrazeIn model using a database representing 124 PDMI measurements at paddock level and 2232 MY measurements at cow level. External validation of the model was conducted using data collected from a trial carried out with Holstein-Friesian cows (n=72) while grazed 28 paddocks and were managed in a 2×2 factorial design by considering two calving dates (CD), with different number of days in milk (DIM), early (E, 29 DIM) vs. middle (M, 167 DIM), and two stocking rates (SR), medium (M, 3.9 cows ha-1) vs. high (H, 4.8 cows ha-1), under a rotational grazing system. Cows were randomly assigned to four grazing scenarios (EM, EH, MM and MH). The mean observed PDMI of the total database was 14.2 kg DM cow-1 day-1 while GrazeIn predicted a mean PDMI for the database of 13.8 kg DM cow-1 day-1. The mean bias was −0.4 kg DM cow-1 day-1. GrazeIn predicted PDMI for the total database with a relative prediction error (RPE) of 10.0% at paddock level. The mean observed MY of the database was 23.2 kg cow-1 day-1 while GrazeIn predicted a MY for the database of 23.1 kg cow-1 day-1. The mean bias was –0.1 kg cow-1 day-1. GrazeIn predicted MY for the total database with a mean RPE of 17.3% at cow level. For the scenarios investigated, GrazeIn predicted PDMI and MY with a low level of error which made it a suitable tool for decision support systems.

Choices by lactating cows between concentrates high or low in digestible undegraded protein

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Lawson ◽  
E. J. Redfern ◽  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Choice Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Protein Output ◽  
Degradable Protein ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractTo determine whether lactating cows select a nutritionally appropriate diet when given grass silage ad libitum and a choice of concentrates high or low in digestible undegradable protein (DUP), 24 mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows were given, in different 3-week periods, a concentrate high in DUP (HP), one low in DUP (LP), or a choice between the two (CHOICE), all at an allowance of 5·4 kg dry matter per day. Milk yield was significantly lower, and silage intake slightly but significantly higher, on LP than on either HP or CHOICE. The mean proportion of HP taken in the CHOICE period was 0·47 which was greater than the proportion required to satisfy the cows’ calculated requirements for effective rumen degradable protein, DUP or metabolizable protein but not significantly different from the ratio of 0·50 expected if no choice was made. Individual cows had a strong tendency initially to continue to eat from the feeder from which they had obtained concentrates in the period before CHOICE but this changed to eating significant amounts of both foods within about a week. The fact that the relationship between the proportion of HP in the concentrate intake and milk protein output was significant and positive, and became more so as the CHOICE period progressed, supports the hypothesis that protein demand was directing diet selection but must be viewed with caution as it was heavily influenced by the results of one animal: the highest-yielding cow which also chose to eat the greatest proportion of HP.

THE EXTRACTION OF PROLACTIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Apostolakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A method for the extraction of prolactin from human pituitary glands is described. It is based on acetone drying, distilled water extraction, acetone and isoelectric precipitation. Two main products are obtained: Fraction R8 with a mean prolactin activity of 12.2 IU/mg and fraction U8 with a mean prolactin activity of 8.6 IU/mg. The former fraction does not contain any significant gonadotrophin activity and the latter contains on an average 50 HMG U/mg. In both cases contamination with ACTH and MSH is minimal. The growth hormone activity of both these fractions is low. It is postulated that in man too, prolactin and growth hormone are two distinct hormones. A total of 1250 human pituitary glands have been processed by this method. The mean prolactin content per pituitary gland has been found to be 73 IU.

IMMUNOREACTIVE GROWTH HORMONE IN PLASMA AND URINE IN JUVENILE DIABETICS BEFORE AND DURING INITIAL INSULIN TREATMENT

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian F. Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Juvenile Diabetes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
List Type ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Renal Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Juvenile Diabetics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Renal Tubular

ABSTRACT Twenty newly diagnosed, but as yet untreated patients of both sexes with classical juvenile diabetes were investigated by determining the mean plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (IRHGH) and urinary IRHGH for a 24 hour period before and during initial insulin treatment. The plasma IRHGH was significantly higher (0.05 > P > 0.01) before than during initial insulin treatment. During initial insulin treatment, the mean plasma IRHGH was significantly higher (0.01 > P > 0.001) than in a control group. The urinary IRHGH was significantly higher (0.01 > P > 0.001) before than during insulin treatment. The increased urinary IRHGH observed before insulin treatment is thought to be partly due to a defective renal tubular reabsorption of growth hormone. No significant correlation was found between the mean blood sugar and plasma or urinary IRHGH either before or during insulin treatment.

Diet mixing in an aquatic carnivore, the harbour seal

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Trumble ◽  
Michael A Castellini
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Diet Mixing ◽  
Walleye Pollock Theragra Chalcogramma ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
The Mean

To determine the effects of diet mixing on digestive performance, harbour seals (Phoca vitulina L., 1758) were offered either pure diets of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847) or walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814)) or a 1:1 mix of herring and pollock. Regardless of diet, retention time decreased approximately 40% as intake quadrupled. The mean apparent digestible dry matter (ADDM) was greatest on mixed diets during low feeding frequency trials; ADDM during high feeding frequency trials was significantly reduced as intake increased for animals on the single-species (pollock or herring) diets. As intake increased, up to 45% more digestible energy was assimilated from the mixed diet than from either single-species diet. The findings of this study suggest that a mixed diet consisting of prey differing in lipid and protein amounts increased digestible energy intake in harbour seals. Our measures of intake and ADDM in harbour seals revealed digestive flexibility and indicated that digestion in harbour seals was more efficient on a mixed diet.

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