The effect of natural zeolite on nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and performance of Holstein steers given a diet containing urea

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sadeghi ◽  
P. Shawrang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate effects of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes and performance of Holstein steers given a diet containing urea. Forty-five Holstein steers (309 (s.d. 11·2) kg) were given diets as follows: control diet based on maize and soya-bean meal (SBM); treatment 2 (T2), control diet (without SBM) containing 20 g/kg urea; treatment 3 (T3), control diet (without SBM) containing 20 g/kg urea and 30 g/kg zeolite. Just before feeding, ruminal ammonia levels were low in all treatments. At 2·5 h post feeding, steers given T2 and T3 diets had higher (P<0·05) ruminal ammonia concentration than the control. At 5·5 h post feeding, steers on T3 diet had the highest ruminal ammonia concentration, which was higher (P<0·05) than the value for steers given T2 diet. Plasma urea nitrogen level increased post feeding for all treatments. At 3 h post feeding, the level for steers given T2 diet was higher (P<0·05) than those on control and T3 diets but at 6 h post feeding, the level was higher for steers on T3 diet. No differences (P>0·05) were observed in dry-matter intake among treatments. Live-weight gain and gain: food ratio were highest (P<0·05) for steers on the control diet, with no differences (P>0·05) between steers given T2 and T3 diets. Including zeolite in a diet containing urea had no effect (P>0·05) on total tract digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein but increased (P<0·05) digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre. Hot carcass weight and kidney, pelvic and heart fat weight of steers were highest in control, intermediate in T3 and least in T2 (P<0·05). No differences (P>0·05) were found in longissimus muscle area and fat thickness over longissimus muscle among treatments. Including 30 g/kg of zeolite in a diet containing 20 g/kg of urea decreased ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration, plasma urea nitrogen level and increased fibre digestibility but its effect on feedlot performance was negligible.

The effect of zeolite on digestibility and feedlot performance of Mehraban male lambs given a diet containing urea-treated maize silage

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
R. Forouzani ◽  
E. Rowghani ◽  
M. J. Zamiri
Keyword(s):  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Post Feeding

AbstractA naturally occurring zeolite (Anzymite™) was added to a diet containing 350 g maize silage per kg (which was treated with 10 g urea per kg (fresh weight)), 375 g barley and 275 g alfalfa hay per kg. Effect of inclusion of zeolite (0, 30 and 60 g/kg diet) on diet digestibility, ruminal fluid acidity and ammonia concentration, blood urea nitrogen level, and feedlot performance was studied in Mehraban ram lambs. The diets were given ad libitum. Digestibility coefficients of dietary dry matter and crude protein were significantly increased by zeolite (P < 0·05). The diet containing 30 g zeolite per kg had higher neutral-detergent fibre digestibility compared with the control (P < 0·05). Over all sampling times, the ruminal fluid of the sheep given the 30-g/kg zeolite diet had the highest and those given the 60-g/kg zeolite diet had the lowest pH values (P = 0·03). Before feeding, ruminal ammonia concentration was low for all treatments (4 to 8 mg/dl). At 4 h after feeding, the control diet had the lowest ruminal ammonia concentration (5·5 mg/dl) which was significantly lower than the values for zeolite diets (35 to 39 mg/dl). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level increased post feeding for all diets. At 4 h post feeding, the level for the control diet was significantly higher than for the zeolite diets, but at 6 h post feeding, the level of BUN was higher with 60 g zeolite per kg diet. Daily dry-matter intake for the 60 g zeolite per kg diet was significantly higher than for the control. Backfat depth in the 60 g zeolite group was significantly less than the control group. Pelvic and pericardial fats were significantly higher for the zeolite groups. Fat-tail weight in the 60 g/kg of zeolite group was significantly higher than in the 30 g zeolite and control groups. The findings indicated that, in spite of some improvements in digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern, addition of zeolite to the diet of feedlot Mehraban lambs, under the conditions of this experiment, was not advantageous.

scholarly journals Chewing activity, metabolic profile and performance of high- producing dairy cows fed conventional forages, wheat straw or rice straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Omidi-Mirzaee ◽  
E. Ghasemi ◽  
G. R. Ghorbani ◽  
M. Khorvash
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Partial Inclusion ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
And Performance

In this study, production and physiological responses of high-producing dairy cows fed wheat (WS) or rice (RS) straw, as a partial forage replacement for the conventional forages lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS ), were investigated. The straws were treated under dry alkaline conditions, adjusted pH (pH ~12), and then ensiled. Twelve lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated (n = 4) 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment with three periods of 21 days. Cows were offered one of three diets that differed in their forage sources: 1) 20% LH and 20% MS (control); 2) 12.8% LH, 12.8% MS; and 12.8% WS; and 3) 12.8% LH, 12.8% MS and 12.8% RS. Diet 1 had 60% concentrate, and diets 2 and 3 had 61.6% concentrate. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic. Supplemental buffer (NaHCO3) was omitted from the straw diets. However, straw diets contained greater sodium and dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) compared with the control diet. Cows fed the WS had significantly greater apparent dry matter (DM) (69.7 versus 63.9%) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (55.4 versus 42.4%) digestibility than cows fed the control. Additionally, feeding either WS or RS significantly increased dry matter intake (DMI) (27.5 versus 25.6 kg/d ) and milk production (48.4 versus 45.6 kg/d) compared with control, but milk components were unaffected by treatments. Plasma minerals and metabolites concentrations and ruminal, urinary and faecal pH were similar across treatments. Feeding WS and RS resulted in lower time spent chewing per kg DMI compared with the control ( P = 0.01 ). Although there were no significant differences in performance between WS and RS, nutrient digestibility (DM, OM, and CP) was significantly higher while total chewing was lower for the WS diet than the RS diet. Partial inclusion of dry treated straw in lactating diets (12.8% DM basis) led to increases in sodium and DCAD levels and improved digestibility, DMI and milk yield without negative effects. Keywords: Cation and anion difference, cereal straw dietary sodium, lactating [email protected]

scholarly journals Evaluation of feeding supply and forage cactus processing for lactation cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2744-2752
Author(s):  
Márcio da Silva Vilela ◽  
Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira ◽  
Marcílio de Azevedo ◽  
Iderval Farias ◽  
Luiz Carlos Leal Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Milk Urea

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the manner in which diet is supplied and spineless cactus forage is processed on intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, concentration of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) in the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and production of microbial protein in Holstein cows in lactation. Eight cows (453 ± 75.8 kg) yielding 14 kg milk/day were allotted to a factorial design, with two manners of cactus processing (knife-chopped or forage machine) and two diet supplies (separate concentrate or total mixed ration). Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were lower when cactus was knife-chopped. Digestibility, milk production and fat and protein yield did not change according to the manner diet was supplied neither by forage cactus processing. Average milk production was 14.8 kg/day for knife-chopped cactus and 14.6 kg/day for cactus chopped in forage machine and 14.8 kg/day when cactus was given in separate concentrate and 14.5 kg/day when it was given in total mixed ration. However, fat content was lower (36 g/kg) for knife-chopped cactus fed cows. Purine derivatives and concentrations of N-ureic were not influenced by the manner in which diet was supplied neither by the forage cactus processing. Means observed for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (98.9 g/kg TDN), PUN concentrations (21.3 mg/dL) and MUN (18.2 mg/dL) were similar for cactus processing and for the manner in which diet was supplied. Forage-machine cactus processing improves dry matter intake and total mixed ration supply avoids selectivity.

ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF GRADED LEVELS OF GMELINA ARBOREA AND CASSAVA PEELS CONCENTRATES IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Amoka Pius ◽  
Tawose O M
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Cassava Peels

The nutritive value ,voluntary dry matter intake, and the nutrient digestibility of graded levels of Gmelina arborea and cassava peels concentrates in WAD sheep was investigated. Twelve WAD sheep aged 1-2 years old and weighting 14.00± 0.45 kg were used in a complete randomized design. Diets were formulated such that cassava peels was replaced with Gmelina arborea leaf meal at 0, 33.33, 66.67, 100% levels, designated as diets A, B, C, and D respectively. Diet without Gmelina arborea leaf meal was tagged the control diet. The concentrate feed was compounded to contain 16% CP. Diets with 33.33% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) 598.80g day-1, while the lowest DMI 425.00g day-1 was obtained in animals fed 100% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Crude protein intake (CPI) of animals fed diets with 33.33% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea were significantly (P<0.05) highest, followed by 66.67% inclusion level and the least was observed in 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) was significantly (P<0.05) different across the dietary treatments, animals placed on diets with 33.33% inclusion level had the highest DMD, followed by animals on diets with 66.67, 100 and 0% inclusion levels. CP digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, the lowest CP digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. CF digestibility (P<0.05) increased from 33.33% to 100% inclusion levels of Gmelina arborea leaf meal, while the lowest CF digestibility was observed at 0% inclusion level. N intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in the level of Gmelina arborea inclusion from 33.33% to 100%. N retention was significantly (P<0.05) different, diets with 33.33% Gmelina arborea inclusion had the highest value (64.36g day-1) followed by 66.67%, 100% and the least (52.64g day-1) was at 0% inclusion level of Gmelina arborea.  N balance values also followed the same trend. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Gmelina arborea leaf meal in WAD rams diet was well tolerated without adverse effect on acceptability, intake and nutrient digestibility, and inclusion level of 33.33% is hereby recommended in ruminants diet for optimum performance and productivity.

330 3-nitrooxypropanol Supplementation of a Forage Diet Decreased Enteric Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Without Affecting Apparent Total-tract Digestibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
Aklilu Alemu ◽  
Xiu Min Zhang ◽  
Maik Kindermann ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
High Forage

Abstract Supplementation of ruminant diets with the investigational methane (CH4) inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland) is as a promising mitigation strategy. However, most studies have examined high grain or mixed forage-concentrate diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a forage diet with 3-NOP on rumen fermentation, CH4 emissions and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. Eight ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW = 514 kg) were randomly allocated to two treatments in a crossover design with 49-d periods. Dietary treatments were: control, high-forage diet (90% forage DM basis) without 3-NOP; and NOP, control diet supplemented with 150 mg 3-NOP/kg DM. After a 14-d diet adaption, dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Rumen contents were collected on days 17 and 28 for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis, whereas ruminal pH was continuously monitored from day 20 to 27. Diet digestibility was measured on day 38 to 41 by total collection of feces. Enteric CH4 emissions were measured on days 46 to 49 in chambers. Dry matter intake was lower (P = 0.001) for NOP (10.0 kg/d) as compared with control (10.2 kg/d). However, DM, neutral and acid detergent fiber, and crude protein digestibilities were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Although total VFA concentration was not affected by treatment (P = 0.19), the reduction in acetate and increase in propionate proportion for NOP lowered (P &lt; 0.001) the acetate to propionate ratio by 18% as compared with control. Mean pH was lower (P = 0.03) for control (6.46) than NOP (6.57). Furthermore, CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) was 21.6% less (P &lt; 0.001) for NOP relative to control (25.5 g/kg DMI). Overall, the results indicate that enteric CH4 emissions were effectively decreased with 3-NOP supplementation of a forage diet without affecting apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients.

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

scholarly journals NUTRIENT INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN STUDIES IN GOATS FED VARYING LEVELS OF CASSAVA PEELS AND BREWER'S DRIED GRAIN

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
T. A. ADEGBOLA ◽  
R. C. OGBONNA ◽  
N. E. NWACHUKWU
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Cassava Peel

Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and some rumen and blood metabolites were investigated in goats fed five diets composed of cassava peel and brewer's dried grains (BDG) in the ratios of approximately 82:8, 69:20, 57:33, 44:45 and 32:58. Urea and molasses were included in each diet at 2% and 7.5% respectively and the crude protein levels of the diets were approximately 8%, 11%, 14%, 17% and 20%. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in Dry matter and Organic matter intake but N intake Increased up to Diet 4. There were dietary effects on the digestibility of DM, N, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, either extract, nitrogen free extract and energy but not 0M. The highest digestibility values were obtained on diet 4 for most of the nutrients. The concentrations of rumen ammonia and blood plasma urea increased from Diet 1 to Diet 5. There were significant (P < 0.05) dietary effect on rumen fluid ph. Rumen protozoal count increased from Diet 1 to Diet 5. The depression in digestibility of Diet 5 would indicate that BDG should not be included at up to 58% in the diet of goats.

scholarly journals Plasma urea nitrogen as an indicator of amino acid imbalance in rabbit diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Pablo Jesús Marín-García ◽  
María del Carmén López-Luján ◽  
Luís Ródenas ◽  
Eugenio Melchor Martínez-Paredes ◽  
Enrique Blas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Amino Acid Balance ◽  
Current Guidelines

<p>In recent decades, recommendations on dietary protein content have been considerably reduced, while fibre content has been increased. Under these conditions, an adequate dietary amino acid balance could be crucial to optimise feed efficiency. Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) level could be a good indicator of an amino acid imbalance and its potential has already been studied in other species, but not yet in rabbits. The main objective of the present work was to detect the possible interest of PUN in pinpointing amino acid deficiencies in rabbits. Two experimental diets were formulated from the same basal mixture, following all the recommendations for growing rabbits, except lysine, whose content was variable, following current guidelines in diet P8.1 or lower from those in P4.4 (with 8.1 and 4.4 g/kg dry matter of lysine and with 757 and 411 mg of lysine per MJ of digestible energy). Three different trials were designed: one where the animals were fed &lt;em&gt;ad libitum&lt;/em&gt; (AL) and two others in which fasting periods of 10 h were included; one where feeding was restored at 08:00 h (Fast8h) and the other at 18:00 h (Fast18h). A total of 72 three-way crossbred growing rabbits (24 animals for each trial in a split-plot trial) up to a total of 12 recordings were used. Blood samples were taken every 4 h in AL trial and every hour after refeeding up to a total of six controls, in trials Fast8h and<br />Fast18h. The differences between balanced and unbalanced diets in lysine were highest (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&lt;0.001) between 04:00 h and 12:00 h in animals fed ad libitum, and at 3 h after refeeding (21:00 h) in Fast18h. These results suggest that PUN could be an adequate indicator to detect deficiencies in amino acids in growing rabbit<br />diets.</p>

scholarly journals Daniellia oliveri as a fodder tree for small ruminant and the interaction of its tannin with ruminal ammonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Osakwe ◽  
H. Steingass ◽  
W. Drochner
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Fodder Tree ◽  
Daniellia Oliveri

Daniellia Oliveri was examined as a potential fodder for small ruminant, using nine castrated and ruminally fistulated West African Dwarf sheep (29 kg BW) to determine rumen ammonia and nutrient digestibility. Dried leaves of Daniellia oliveri were offered at two levels (25% and 50% of DMI) as supplement to a basal hay diet. A digestibility trial of 8 days was conducted after 10 days of adaptation period. Rumen liquor was sampled one hour before, and one, three and five hours after the morning feeding for three consecutive days. Diet D50% showed a higher (P<0.05) pH than both the control and D25% diets, respectively. Diet D25% had an inferior (P<0.05) pH than the controls. The ruminal ammonia concentration of D25% was superior (P<0.05) to D50% and the controls, respectively. Similarly, diet D50% had a superior (P<0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration than the controls. There were significant increases (P<0.05) in the OM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and cellulose intake of D50% diet compared with the controls. Similarly, inclusion level of 50% Daniellia oliveri resulted in a reduction (P<0.05) in digestibility of DMI, OM, NDF, ADF and ADL, in comparison to sheep fed the control diet. Cellulose and hemi-cellulose digestibility of diet D50% was superior (P<0.05) to that of the controls. It would appear that condensed tannins had inhibitory effect on organic matter and detergent fibre digestibility. It was concluded that Daniellia oliveri with a high CP and GE (165 g/kg and 20.3 kJ/g DM) respectively, could serve as a fodder tree for small ruminant in spite of its relatively high content of condensed tannin (48 g/kg DM). An inclusion range of 25 to 50% was recommended during period of scarcity.

scholarly journals Supplemental protease with phytase and xylanase and cereal grain source affected nutrient digestibility and performance of broilers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
K.W. McCafferty ◽  
A.F. Moss ◽  
N.K. Morgan ◽  
A.J. Cowieson ◽  
M. Choct
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental protease and cereal grain type on nutrient digestibility (jejunum and ileum) and performance of broilers offered diets with reduced amino acid concentrations and supplemental xylanase and phytase. A total of 624 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 48 floor pens (13 chicks/pen; 0.07 m2/bird) and offered one of six dietary treatments with eight replicates per treatment. Dietary treatments were either maize- or wheat-based with a positive control (PC) reference diet, a negative control diet without protease (NC; 60 g/kg lower amino acid density than PC), and an NC diet with protease. The reduction in amino acid density affected (P<0.05) nutrient digestibility by varying degrees depending on cereal grain source. At 14 d of age, cereal grain and protease showed a significant interaction (P<0.05) which affected jejunal and ileal starch digestibility, whereby protease increased digestibility in birds fed wheat-based diets but not in those fed maize-based diets. Cereal grain source affected (P<0.05) nitrogen (jejunum and ileum) and digestible energy (DE; ileum), where birds fed wheat-based diets had higher digestibility than those fed maize-based diets. At 28 d of age, birds fed wheat-based diets had a higher (P<0.01) jejunal and ileal nitrogen digestibility, whereas protease reduced ileal nitrogen digestion. Protease affected ileal starch digestion in birds fed wheat, but not maize-based diets, resulting in a significant cereal grain × protease interaction (P<0.05). Wheat-based diets had a higher DE than maize-based diets in both the jejunum and ileum. From 15 to 35 d of age, cereal grain source (P<0.05) affected performance, whereby broilers offered maize-based diets had better performance than those fed wheat-based diets.

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