The effect of zeolite on digestibility and feedlot performance of Mehraban male lambs given a diet containing urea-treated maize silage

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
R. Forouzani ◽  
E. Rowghani ◽  
M. J. Zamiri
Keyword(s):  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Post Feeding

AbstractA naturally occurring zeolite (Anzymite™) was added to a diet containing 350 g maize silage per kg (which was treated with 10 g urea per kg (fresh weight)), 375 g barley and 275 g alfalfa hay per kg. Effect of inclusion of zeolite (0, 30 and 60 g/kg diet) on diet digestibility, ruminal fluid acidity and ammonia concentration, blood urea nitrogen level, and feedlot performance was studied in Mehraban ram lambs. The diets were given ad libitum. Digestibility coefficients of dietary dry matter and crude protein were significantly increased by zeolite (P < 0·05). The diet containing 30 g zeolite per kg had higher neutral-detergent fibre digestibility compared with the control (P < 0·05). Over all sampling times, the ruminal fluid of the sheep given the 30-g/kg zeolite diet had the highest and those given the 60-g/kg zeolite diet had the lowest pH values (P = 0·03). Before feeding, ruminal ammonia concentration was low for all treatments (4 to 8 mg/dl). At 4 h after feeding, the control diet had the lowest ruminal ammonia concentration (5·5 mg/dl) which was significantly lower than the values for zeolite diets (35 to 39 mg/dl). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level increased post feeding for all diets. At 4 h post feeding, the level for the control diet was significantly higher than for the zeolite diets, but at 6 h post feeding, the level of BUN was higher with 60 g zeolite per kg diet. Daily dry-matter intake for the 60 g zeolite per kg diet was significantly higher than for the control. Backfat depth in the 60 g zeolite group was significantly less than the control group. Pelvic and pericardial fats were significantly higher for the zeolite groups. Fat-tail weight in the 60 g/kg of zeolite group was significantly higher than in the 30 g zeolite and control groups. The findings indicated that, in spite of some improvements in digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern, addition of zeolite to the diet of feedlot Mehraban lambs, under the conditions of this experiment, was not advantageous.

The effect of natural zeolite on nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and performance of Holstein steers given a diet containing urea

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sadeghi ◽  
P. Shawrang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Longissimus Muscle ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate effects of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on nutrient digestibility, carcass attributes and performance of Holstein steers given a diet containing urea. Forty-five Holstein steers (309 (s.d. 11·2) kg) were given diets as follows: control diet based on maize and soya-bean meal (SBM); treatment 2 (T2), control diet (without SBM) containing 20 g/kg urea; treatment 3 (T3), control diet (without SBM) containing 20 g/kg urea and 30 g/kg zeolite. Just before feeding, ruminal ammonia levels were low in all treatments. At 2·5 h post feeding, steers given T2 and T3 diets had higher (P<0·05) ruminal ammonia concentration than the control. At 5·5 h post feeding, steers on T3 diet had the highest ruminal ammonia concentration, which was higher (P<0·05) than the value for steers given T2 diet. Plasma urea nitrogen level increased post feeding for all treatments. At 3 h post feeding, the level for steers given T2 diet was higher (P<0·05) than those on control and T3 diets but at 6 h post feeding, the level was higher for steers on T3 diet. No differences (P>0·05) were observed in dry-matter intake among treatments. Live-weight gain and gain: food ratio were highest (P<0·05) for steers on the control diet, with no differences (P>0·05) between steers given T2 and T3 diets. Including zeolite in a diet containing urea had no effect (P>0·05) on total tract digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein but increased (P<0·05) digestibility of neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre. Hot carcass weight and kidney, pelvic and heart fat weight of steers were highest in control, intermediate in T3 and least in T2 (P<0·05). No differences (P>0·05) were found in longissimus muscle area and fat thickness over longissimus muscle among treatments. Including 30 g/kg of zeolite in a diet containing 20 g/kg of urea decreased ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration, plasma urea nitrogen level and increased fibre digestibility but its effect on feedlot performance was negligible.

scholarly journals Dry matter intake observed and predicted by the nutritional systems NRC and BR-Corte for feedlot nelore heifers fed with human feed products

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3157
Author(s):  
Simone Pedro da Silva ◽  
Carina Ubirajara de Faria ◽  
Ana Caroline Rodrigues da Cunha ◽  
Aline Maria Soares Ferreira ◽  
Jean Marcos Castro Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Body

We aimed to evaluate the effects of using a concentrated ration containing industrialised human food on the productive parameters of Nellore heifers in confinement, in addition to comparing the dry matter intake (DMI) observed with that predicted by the nutritional systems BR-Corte and NRC, in order to determine which system makes the most accurate predictions for heifers of the breed Nelore in feedlots. Twenty-four Nelore heifers, with an average age of 24 months and average body weight (BW) of 350 kg, were used over the 70 days of the experiment. They were randomly assigned to two treatments and housed in partially covered stalls equipped with an automatic Growsafe® Systems feeding system. Animals in the control group (CONT) received a concentrated ration containing ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and mineral nucleus. In the residual treatment (RES) group, heifers received concentrated feed containing products from the human diet. The difference between the treatments was the concentrated ration; in the control treatment, the energy source used was maize, whereas in the residue treatment, the energy sources were corn chips, coconut candies, and ground coffee. Corn silage was included as forage for both treatments. The forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio was 84:16. The predicted intake was estimated according to the nutritional systems NRC (2000, 2016) and BR-Corte (VALADARES FILHO et al., 2010, 2016). The average DMI observed of the heifers was 7.46 kg day-1. Heifers fed with human feed residue had a higher dry matter intake (DMI) and higher ether extract intake (EEI) than animals fed with the control feed. In addition, heifers that received human feed products showed a lower average daily weight gain (DWG) of 1.08 kg day-1 than animals fed the control treatment with an average DWG of 1.24 kg day-1. The predicted dry matter intake by NRC 2000 was an overestimate by 9.78 % and by BR-Corte 2010 was an overestimate by 5.5 %. The NRC 2016 and BR-Corte 2016 underestimated the intake of heifers by 18.9 % and 7.1 %, respectively. It was concluded that growing Nelore heifers fed with human feed products, with a F:C ratio of 84:16, present a higher DMI and lower growth performance and feed efficiency than heifers fed the control diet. The DMI predicting models for Nellore heifers proposed by BR-Corte are more adequate than the NRC models.

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture supplement on ruminal metabolism in buffalo calves given a high concentrate diet

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Kumar ◽  
V. K. Sareen ◽  
S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
In Sacco

AbstractThe effect of inclusion of live yeast culture (YC, Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in a high concentrate diet given to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves on the rumen microbial population and fermentation pattern and in sacco dry matter disappearance of dietary constituents was examined. Six rumen-fistulated buffalo calves of about 120 kg live iveight were divided into two equal groups. The control group was given a diet consisting of, on a dry-matter basis, 0·90 kg ivheat straw, 1 kg berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and ISO kg concentrate per day per calf and the yeast group the above diet plus 5 g YC which was put directly into the rumen via the fistula. After feeding this diet for 6 weeks (supplementation period), inclusion of YC was stopped and both groups were given the control diet for a period of 3 weeks to examine the performance of the YC group after withdrawal of YC. At week 4 of YC supplementation the pH was significantly increased (P < 0·01) and lactate concentration was decreased (P < 0·01) in the rumen fluid for up to 6 h post feeding. The number of total bacteria, total viable bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria and protozoa were increased proportionately by 0·554 (P < 002), 0·482 (P<0·01), 0·670 (P <0·01), 0·077 (P > 0·05) and 0·079 (P>0·05), respectively. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, particularly at 4 h post feeding (P < 0·01), acetate fP < 0·01) and propionate and the acetate to propionate ratio were higher in the YC compared with the control group. On YC inclusion, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was decreased while that of trichloracetic acid insoluble protein was marginally increased. All these differences in rumen variables started to disappear on YC withdrawal and values returned to control levels by the 3rd week after YC withdrawal. YC supplementation increased the in sacco dry-matter disappearance of various dietary components particularly after 3, 6 and 22 h incubation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Avocado to the Profile of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Induced with Meloxicam

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Ramadhani Anshar ◽  
Muhammad Akbar Bahar ◽  
Dini Kurnia Ikliptikawati
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Creatinine Level ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Treatment Administration ◽  
The Mean

Incidence of drug overdose during treatment of acute disease consequently leads to serious renal damage. As supporting treatment, administration of herbal medicine and food dietary are frequently developed. This research aimed to prove how the administration of avocado juice could lower the BUN and creatinine level in white rats induced with toxic doses of meloxicam. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAID), which is effectively used as an anti-inflamatory, analgesic, and antipyretic. Twenty four (24) male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups of six rats each (n=6). 1 ml of CMC 1% was administered to Control Group I, 30 mg/kgBB meloxicam and 1 ml of CMC 1% to Control Grup II, 30 mg/kgBB meloxicam and avocado juice 5 g/kgBB/day to Treatment Group I, and 30 mg/kgBB meloxicam and avocado juice 10 g/kgBB/day to Treatment Group II. The study was conducted over 8 days, then the level of Blood Urea Nitrogen and creatinine of the white rats were examined on the 1st and 8th day. The results were analyzed by Anova Two Way With Replication, then followed by T-test (α = 0,05) if there were difference. The Anova Two Way With Replication test showed that the mean of the four groups either the levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen or creatinine was significantly decreased (p<0,05). The decrease of BUN in the treatment group I was 27,17 27,17mg/dl and 17,83mg/dl while the decrease of creatinine level was 0,983mg/dl and 0,713mg/dl. The conclusion of this study was that avocado juice decreases level of Blood Urea Nitrogen and creatinine in white rats which exposed toxic doses of meloxicam.

scholarly journals Protective role of Nigella sativa oil on renal damage induced by acetaminophen in male rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Zena M. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Nigella Sativa Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

     Acetaminophen also called paracetamol is commonly used as analgesic and antipyretic agent which in high doses causes liver and kidney damage in man and animals. Nigella sativa oil have antioxidant properties. Thirty adult male rats were used and randomly divided into three equal groups. Group (A) untreated and served as control group; Group (B) rats were orally intubated (by gavages needle) acetaminophen suspension (150mg/kg B.W). Group (C) rats were given orally acetaminophen suspension (150mg/kg) plus 1ml/kg B.W of Nigella sativa oil for 42 days in both treated group. Fasting blood samples were collected at 21 and 42 days of experiment to study the following parameters:  Serum creatinine concentration and blood urea nitrogen concentration. The results revealed a significant increase of acetaminophen group in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations as compression with GA. Animals treated with Nigella sativa oil plus acetaminophen (C) showed a significant decline in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. In conclusion, the acetaminophen was effective in induction of oxidative stress and change in some biological markers related to kidney disease. Also it seems that Nigella sativa oil exerts protective actions against the damaging effect of acetaminophen

scholarly journals Cranberries (Vacciniummacrocarpon aiton) in dog nutrition: influence on diet digestibility and palatability and in the course of urinary tract infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1971-1979
Author(s):  
V.R. Olszewski ◽  
T.S. Bastos ◽  
A.S. Komarcheuski ◽  
S.G. Oliveira ◽  
J.F.G. Warth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Urinary Parameters ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Intake Ratio

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effects of cranberry on blood and urinary parameters of dogs (experiment I), digestibility of nutrients (experiment II), palatability of diet (experiment III) and the influence of cranberry on E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experiment IV). For experiment I and II, ten dogs were fed with diets containing 0% or 0.4% cranberry for 30 days. Experiment III compared the diets containing 0% and 0.4% cranberry using 16 adult dogs. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in the blood parameters evaluated. Dogs consuming cranberry presented lighter color and appearance of urine, compared to the control group (P<0.05). The diet containing cranberry showed higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, higher metabolizable energy (P<0.05) and reduced fecal sialic acid concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. There was no influence of cranberry on the formation of fimbriae of E. coli UPEC-MRHA. There was a lower intake ratio of the diet containing cranberry (P<0.05). The inclusion of 0.4% cranberry increases the digestibility of nutrients and influences the color and appearance of urine of dogs. However, it reduces diet palatability and does not alter the adhesion of E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.

scholarly journals Pemberian Minuman dan Cookies Galohgor Terhadap Kadar Blood Urea Nitrogen (Bun) dan Kreatinin Plasma Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Laeli Nur hasanah ◽  
Katrin Roosita ◽  
Rimbawan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Single Blind ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of drinks and cookies contained Galohgor extract on Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine plasma in type 2 diabetic subjects. This study used single blind Randomized Control Trial (RCT) with cross-over design applied on 11 type 2 diabetic subjects in Cikarawang, Babakan and Balumbang Jaya Village-Dramaga, Bogor District, West Java. Each subject received powdered drinks and cookies contained Galohgor extract 2 grams/day (1 gram of Galohgor extract in the form of drink 8 grams and 1 gram of Galohgor extract in the form of cookies 24 grams) and without Galohgor extract (control) for 38 days treatment with four wash-out period between treatment periods. BUN and creatinine levels were conducted by plasma blood sample at pre and post intervention. The result showed that the different levels of BUN between post and pre intervention for Galohgor group compared to control group were -4,9±11,2 mg/dL and -9,6±12,5 mg/dL (p>0,05). The different levels of creatinine between post and pre intervention for Galohgor group compared to control group were -0,1±0,2 mg/dL and -0,1±0,2 mg/dL (p>0,05). Therefore, drinks and cookies contained Galohgor extract 2 gram/day does not affect the BUN and creatinine level of type 2 diabetic subjects. Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh minuman dan cookies Galohgor terhadap kadar Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) dan kadar kreatinin plasma penderita DM tipe 2. Jenis penelitian ini adalah single blind Randomized Control Trial (RCT) dengan desain cross-over pada 11 subjek DM tipe 2 yang dilakukan di desa Cikarawang, Babakan dan Balumbang Jaya, Kecamatan Dramaga, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Masing-masing subjek mendapatkan  minuman dan cookies yang mengandung ekstrak Galohgor  sebesar 2 gram/hari (1 gram ekstrak Galohgor dalam bentuk 8 gram minuman serbuk dan 1 gram ekstrak Galohgor dalam bentuk 24 gram cookies) dan minuman serbuk dan cookies tanpa ekstrak Galohgor (kontrol) selama 38 hari dengan empat bulan periode wash-out antar perlakuan. Kadar BUN dan kreatinin dikumpulkan dari sampel plasma darah pada sebelum dan setelah intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata selisih kadar BUN pada kelompok Galohgor dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol yaitu -4,9±11,2 mg/dL dan -9,6±12,5 mg/dL (p>0,05). Kadar kreatinin pada kelompok Galohgor dibandingkan dengan kelompok Galohgor yaitu -0,1±0,2 mg/dL dan -0,1±0,2 mg/dL (p>0,05). Oleh karena itu, pemberian minuman dan cookies yang mengandung ekstrak Galohgor 2 gram/hari tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar ureum dan kreatinin penderita DM tipe 2.

scholarly journals THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF CONCURRENT USE OF ENALAPRIL AND GENTAMICIN IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Imad M Al-ani ◽  
Khaleed R Algantri ◽  
Emad M Nafie ◽  
Sinan Mohammed Abdullah Al-mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the concurrent administration of Enalapril (ENAL) and Gentamicin (GM) in the kidney of rats.Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 main groups (n=15) according to the administered dose. Each main group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the day of sacrificing (n=5). Group (C) was administered daily with normal saline as control, Group (E) was treated with oral ENAL (2 mg/kg/day), Group (G) was treated with GM (75 mg/kg/day), and Group (EG) was treated ENAL (2 mg/kg/day) and GM (75 mg/kg/day). The handling of the experiment persisted daily for 15 days, and the investigational examination carried out on days 5, 10, and 15.Results: The result showed that GM nephrotoxicity augmented with the period of the experimental study, there was rising in the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen on the 10th day and persisted in rising significantly during the period on the 15th day of the experiment. Administration of ENAL showed no significant alteration from those of controls. While the concurrent administration of ENAL and GM showed that ENAL gradually increased GM nephrotoxicity, these physiological retrogressions were accompanied with intensive renal histopathological deteriorations.Conclusion: The present study has revealed that the concurrent administration of ENAL enormously aggravated the functional and histological nephrotoxicity of GM in rats.

Effects of dietary calcium soaps of unsaturated fatty acids on digestion, milk composition and physical properties of butter

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCIS ENJALBERT ◽  
MARIE CLAUDE NICOT ◽  
CORINE BAYOURTHE ◽  
MICHELE VERNAY ◽  
RAYMOND MONCOULON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation

Dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were utilized to investigate the effects of feeding with Ca soaps (CaS) of palm fatty acids (FA) and rapeseed FA. Diets compared were control diet based on maize silage and concentrate, and two diets with 40 g CaS of palm oil FA or rapeseed oil FA/kg diet, replacing part of the concentrates of the control diet. Total digestibilities of dry matter, fibre and fat, and ruminal fermentation were not significantly altered by giving CaS; the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation of total unsaturated C18 FA was significantly reduced by both CaS diets. Apparent intestinal digestibility of FA was not different among diets, although the amount of FA absorbed with the CaS diets was twice that with the control diet. No difference among diets was observed for milk production, or fat and protein contents. Giving CaS diets decreased the proportions of 4[ratio ]0 to 14[ratio ]0 FA in milk fat, and increased cis-18[ratio ]1n−9, compared with control diet. The rapeseed diet lowered the content of 16[ratio ]0, and increased the contents of 18[ratio ]0 and trans-18[ratio ]1n−7. CaS diets did not result in a marked increase of polyunsaturated FA content in milk fat. Butter from cows fed on the CaS diets contained more liquid fat at 6 and 14°C than butter from the cows fed on the control diet. Incorporating CaS, particularly those from rapeseed, in dairy cows' diets increased C18 FA in milk and improved butter spreadability.

scholarly journals Effects of injection Shenkang and alprostadil combination on contrast-induced nephropathy in patient with diabetes complicated with mild to moderate renal insufficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfang Zhang ◽  
Jianxun Sun ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Xiaolin Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Renal Insufficiency ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Contrast Induced Nephropathy ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Moderate Renal Insufficiency

<p class="Abstract">The diabetic patients (n=109) with mild or moderate renal insufficiency underwent coronary intervention were randomly divided into control group and observation group. The patients in observation group were treated with injection Shenkang and alprostadil before operation. The results showed that the level of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and blood urea nitrogen had no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) before and postoperative day 1 and day 2 in both groups. However, the value of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and blood urea nitrogen were significantly different on post-operative day 3 (p&lt;0.05). The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy was 14.8% in control group, and markedly higher than observation group (3.6%) (p&lt;0.05). Shenkang injection combined with alprostadil injection decreased the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus complicated with mild to moderate renal insufficiency.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document