scholarly journals The determination of the true digestibilities of interesterified fats in young pigs

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Freeman ◽  
D. W. Holme ◽  
E. F. Annison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Conventional Procedure ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
High Level ◽  
Interesterified Fats ◽  
Good Agreement

1. The true digestibilities of esterified lauric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids in lard, coconut oil and soya-bean oil were determined by incorporating the [1-14C]-labelled acids into the fats by interestification. The true digestibilities of the labelled fats also were compared with the digestibilities of their unlabelled counterparts, corrected for endogenous fat by the conventional procedure.2. The true and corrected coefficients of digestibility of each of the fats were in good agreement, but there were significant differences between the true and corrected coefficients for individual fatty acids, particularly for palmitic and stearic acids.3. The amount of endogenous fat produced with each of the fats calculated from the values found with the labelled fatty acids was greatest when the fat supplement was lard, when a disproportionately high level of palmitic acid was excreted.4. Evidence was obtained of the extensive hydrogenation of oleic acid in the digestive tract of the pig.

scholarly journals Artificial rearing of pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
M. J. Newport
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Soya Bean

1. The butterfat in a whole-milk diet was replaced by either beef tallow, coconut oil or soya-bean oil. The diets contained 280 g fat and 720 g dried skim milk per kg and were supplemented with vitamins A, D, E and K.2. These diets were offered as a milk, containing 200 g solids/Kg, to pigs weaned at 2 d of age during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight (scale E).3. The performance of the pigs and the apparent digestibility of the dietary fats indicated that soya-bean oil was equal to butterfat. Butterfat was slightly superior to coconut oil and markedly superior to beef tallow.4. The amount and composition of the fatty acids were studied in the proximal, mid and distal portions of the small intestine. When the beef tallow diet was given there was an increased amount of total fatty acids in the digesta of the small intestine, mainly in the distal portion. The digesta contained the smallest quantity of fatty acids when the soya-bean oil diet was given. The fatty acid composition of the digesta indicated that the short- and medium chain fatty acids from all the diets were well utilized, but an increasing proportion of stearic acid occurred in the distal portion of the small intestine. The interpretation of changes in fatty acid composition in the digesta in relation to absorption is discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Derivatization Methods for the Analysis of Fatty Acids andTransFatty Acids in Bakery Products Using Gas Chromatography

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumat Salimon ◽  
Talal A. Omar ◽  
Nadia Salih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Trimethylsilyl Diazomethane ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Agreement

Two different procedures for the methylation of fatty acids (FAs) andtransfatty acids (TFAs) in food fats were compared using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The base-catalyzed followed by an acid-catalyzed method (KOCH3/HCl) and the base-catalyzed followed by (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMS–DM) method were used to prepare FA methyl esters (FAMEs) from lipids extracted from food products. In general, both methods were suitable for the determination ofcis/transFAs. The correlation coefficients (r) between the methods were relatively small (ranging from 0.86 to 0.99) and had a high level of agreement for the most abundant FAs. The significant differences (P=0.05) can be observed for unsaturated FAs (UFAs), specifically for TFAs. The results from the KOCH3/HCl method showed the lowest recovery values (%R) and higher variation (from 84% to 112%), especially for UFAs. The TMS-DM method had higherRvalues, less variation (from 90% to 106%), and more balance between variation and %RSD values in intraday and interday measurements (less than 4% and 6%, resp.) than the KOCH3/HCl method, except for C12:0, C14:0, and C18:0. Nevertheless, the KOCH3/HCl method required shorter time and was less expensive than the TMS-DM method which is more convenient for an accurate and thorough analysis of richcis/transUFA samples.

scholarly journals A Research on Determination of Some Properties of Butter Made from Creams Extracted from Whey and Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Asya Çetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Butter Production

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of some production parameters on the characteristics of butters made from whey, which is an important dairy by-product, and creams obtained from milk. The acidity values of milk, whey, cream, and butter were respectively detected as 0.17±0.00%, 0.13±0.01%, 0.22±0.01%, 0.24±0.01%, 0.26±0.00%, 0.25±0.01%, fat values were respectively detected as; 3.50±0.14%, 0.60±0.19%, 39.0±0.34%, 43.0±0.35%, 80.0±0.46%, 84.0±0.42% and protein values were respectively detected as; 3.30±0.19%, 0.68±0.03%, 0.93±0.12%, 0.54±0.03%, 0.51±0.02%, 0.58±0.00%. 10 saturated and 7 unsaturated fatty acids were detected in cream and whey butter samples. It was seen that the most common fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, myristic and oleic acid, and the amount of oleic, stearic and linoleic acid was higher in whey butter. In conclusion, we can state that whey, which is an important dairy residue, can be used as an alternative raw material in butter production.

Characteristics and clinical application of a radiometric Escherichia coli-based phospholipase A2 assay modified for serum analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Aufenanger ◽  
W Zimmer ◽  
R Kattermann
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pla2 Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Sera

Abstract Determination of activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in human sera was based on the hydrolysis of phospholipids from [1-14C]oleic acid-labeled Escherichia coli biomembranes. The E. coli membranes served as substrate specifically for the PLA2 of human serum and were essentially resistant to other lipases in human sera, i.e., lipoprotein lipases, hepatic triacylglycerolipase, or pancreatic lipase in acute pancreatitis. Exchange of phospholipids between the serum and the biomembrane compartment aggravates the determination of PLA2 activity in human serum, which is naturally rich in phospholipids. In our modified E. coli assay, which overcomes these difficulties, the main substrate components phosphatidylethanolamine (70%) and cardiolipin (25%) were > 90% labeled in the sn-2 position. Fatty acids released by PLA2 activity were eluted from an aminopropyl solid-phase column directly into scintillation vials, where the radioactivity was counted. The ratio of [1-14C]oleic acid to released total fatty acids was used to calculate true enzymatic activity. The linear assay range extended from 0 to 3.6 U/L (0-60 nkat/L), with a detection limit of < 0.03 U/L (< 0.5 nkat/L). Within-assay imprecision (CV) was < 6% and between-assay is < 10% over the whole activity range. The normal range for men was 0-0.44 U/L (0-7.33 nkat/L) and for women 0.044-1.11 U/L (0.73-18.4 nkat/L). Patients with septicemia, pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or other severe diseases had PLA2 values up to 540 U/L (9000 nkat/L).

scholarly journals Comparison of different methods of determining β-lactam susceptibility in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Torres ◽  
Rosa Villanueva ◽  
Germán Bou
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Test System ◽  
Testing Susceptibility ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance ◽  
Good Agreement

One hundred and one randomly selected (2003–2005) clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to assess the quantitative (MIC) and qualitative (susceptibility category) agreement between the microdilution broth reference method (RM) and disc diffusion (DD), Etest and the VITEK 2 automated susceptibility test system for determination of the susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to piperacillin (PIP), PIP–tazobactam (TZP), ceftazidime (CAZ), aztreonam (ATM) cefepime (FEP) and imipenem (IMP). The results obtained by the RM were compared with those obtained by the other methods. The RM and DD were performed according to CLSI criteria. Etest and VITEK 2 were according to the manufacturer's instructions. The Advanced Expert System (AES), which interprets MICs generated by VITEK 2, was modified with new rules of interpretation. Overall, VITEK 2 showed the lowest MIC90 values for the six antibiotics. The RM categorical testing (susceptibility and resistance) rates with P. aeruginosa were 11.8 and 88.1 for PIP, 22.7 and 77.2 for TZP, 14.8 and 78.2 for CAZ, 12.8 and 54.4 for ATM, 16.8 and 75.3 for FEP, and 7.9 and 90.1 for IMP, respectively. Very major errors (false susceptible) were only detected for ATM and FEP with DD and for IMP with three methods. Major errors (false resistant) were generally acceptable for all antibiotics except TZP. VITEK 2 yielded a high level of minor errors (trends toward false susceptibility), mainly with CAZ and FEP. A good agreement was obtained for all antibiotics/methods assayed, thus highlighting the importance of the AES for categorization of β-lactam susceptibility in P. aeruginosa.

A Simple Quantitative Procedure for the Partition of Free and Esterified FattyAcids from Fecal Lipids

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. G. Hamilton ◽  
B. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Lipid Mixtures ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Subsequent Determination ◽  
Layer Chromatography

A procedure is presented for the partition of dietary and fecal lipids into free fatty acids (FFA), esterified fatty acids (EFA), and nonsaponifiable (NSF) fractions. The method permits quantitation of the lipid fractions and subsequent determination of the fatty acid composition of the FFA and EFA fraction by gas–liquid chromatography (g.l.c). Petroleum ether soluble lipids of acidified (HCl–ethanol) lyophilized feces and feed were partitioned into FFA and an esterified fatty acid plus nonsaponifiable fraction using a 0.05 N KOH – 60% ethanol partitioning solvent. The latter fraction was saponified and partitioned into EFA and NSF. Total recoveries of 93–100% were obtained with the method for lipid mixtures of known composition, dietary fats except coconut oil (88%), and fecal lipids. Separation of the lipids into individual fractions by this method was shown to be essentially complete by thin-layer chromatography and g.l.c. analysis.

scholarly journals Determination of the Forward Dissolution Rate for International Simple Glass in Alkaline Solutions

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Elia ◽  
Karine Ferrand ◽  
Karel Lemmens
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Geological Disposal ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
High Level ◽  
Good Agreement

ABSTRACTThe International Simple Glass (ISG) is considered as reference benchmark glass and is used in the frame of an international collaboration for the study of the dissolution mechanisms of high-level vitrified nuclear waste.In this work the forward dissolution rate of the ISG was determined in different alkaline solutions, as a simulation of the disposal conditions foreseen by the Belgian concept for geological disposal of vitrified waste. The determination of the forward dissolution rate was done by measuring the Si released from the glass in solution in tests performed at 30 °C in four different KOH solutions with pH varying from 9 to 14 and in artificial cementitious water at pH 13.5.The forward dissolution rates determined for the ISG in high pH solutions are in good agreement with the results obtained for a lower pH range.The rates obtained in this study, moreover, were compared with the rates measured in the same conditions for SON68 glass from a previous work. The values obtained for the two glasses are comparable in artificial cementitious water and in KOH at moderately alkaline pH. At higher pH, ISG glass shows a lower forward dissolution rate with respect to SON68 (0.20 g·m-2·d for ISG and 0.35 g·m-2 d for SON68 at pH 14).

Tribological Study of Addition Oleic Acid in Palm and Coconut Oils as Bio-Lubricants

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 210-219
Author(s):  
Dedison Gasni ◽  
Ikhsanul Fikri ◽  
Muhammad Latif
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Outer Race ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Inner Race

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of oleic acid as an additive in palm and coconut oils on tribological properties. Palm and coconut oils are vegetable oils that are consisted of free fatty acid, which one of the materials used as a source of environmental lubricant. Fatty acids in vegetable oil consist of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Palm and coconut oils are rich in palmitic acid, which is categorized as saturated fatty acids. Whereas oleic acid is unsaturated fatty acids, and it has good lubricity as a lubricant. The effect of variation of oleic acid (10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt%) in palm and coconut oils was investigated on tribological properties. The tribological properties were investigated by using a pin on disc apparatus and a ball bearing test rig. The results show that the effect of 10%wt oleic acids in coconut oil significantly increased its tribological properties with Δ scar width around 96 μm and 154 μm for the inner race and outer race, respectively.

scholarly journals Determination of Seasonal Changes in the Fat and Fatty Acid Profiles of Saurida lessepsianus (Russell, Golani and Tikochinski, 2015) Caught from Mersin Bay

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1483
Author(s):  
Mısra Bakan ◽  
Elif Ayşe Erdoğan Eliuz ◽  
Deniz Ayas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
Autumn And Winter

In this study, seasonal changes in the lipid and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus caught from the Mersin Bay were investigated. The total lipid levels of S. lessepsianus were found to be 2.94%, 7.19%, 2.45%, 0.83%, in spring, summer, autumn and winter season, respectively. Major fatty acids in S. lessepsianus were palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in all seasons. The highest values of palmitic, palmitoleic and EPA were determined as 22.97%, 3.80% and 4.22% in spring, respectively. The highest values of stearic and oleic acid were determined as 15.93% and 7.84% in autumn, respectively. The highest value of DHA were also determined as 31.91% in winter season. The EPA level from polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the range of 2.54-4.22% (23.09-195.62 mg/100g). The highest level of DHA were observed in the winter season and its levels changed in the range of 19.83-31.81% and was calculated as 201.29-1301.73 mg/100g. In addition, the highest level of the Σn3, Σn6, and Σn9 were calculated in the summer season as 1516.39, 114.88, 399.77 mg/100g, respectively. This report showed that fat and fatty acid profiles of S. lessepsianus are quite influenced by seasonal factors.

scholarly journals A Review on Cocoa Butter Alternatives in Chocolate Preparation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Writtika Das, Sweta Das, Shairee Ganguly Dolanchapa Sikdar and Kakali Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Cocoa Butter Alternatives ◽  
High Level

Cocoa butter naturally occurs in cocoa bean. It is present about 50% of cocoa nib. It is highly resistant to oxidation due to presence of high level of natural tocopherol. It is brittle at room temperature and its melting point is between 34o C to 38o C. But, cocoa butter is expensive and its price is subjected to large fluctuations. That’s why some alternatives for cocoa butters are produced, such as cocoa – butter equivalents (CBEs , like from enzymatic inter-esterification of tea seed oil and fatty acid methyl esters), cocoa-butter substitute (CBSs, esterifies propoxylatedglycerin containing acyl groups derived from saturated linear fatty acids, at least 50 moles percent of the total acyl groups are used ) and cocoa-butter replacers (CBRs, like evaluation of milk fat fractional and modified techniques for making CBR.) Their composition according to triglycerides, fatty acids, sterols and other unsaponifiable components are discussed in this paper. Coconut oil, non-lauric contained fats like palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, can be used as replacer. These alternatives have various advantages; it improves fat stability, reduces fat migration, and incorporates softness to the product. As the alternatives do not require tempering, it is easier to achieve glassy texture. This work reviews on the theory of the compositional data of vegetable oils, and fats which are used as cocoa – butter alternatives in the production of chocolate.

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