scholarly journals Vitamin B12 nutrition and metabolism in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus)

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
Fredericka Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver Vitamin

1. Measurement of the vitamin B12 content of baboon tissues showed that the liver contained the highest concentration, followed by the pituitary, kidney, heart, spleen and pancreas.2. The dietary vitamin B12 requirement of the baboon for the maintenance of satisfactory body stores was between 1 and 2 μg/d.3. Satisfactory liver vitamin B12 stores were invariably associated with serum levels above 125 pg/ml, whereas liver levels were usually low when the serum level was below 50 pg/ml.4. Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion after a valine load occurred when the liver vitamin B12 level was less than 0·40 μg/g. L- and DL-valine were approximately equally effective as precursors of MMA, whereas sodium propionate, whether given orally or intra-peritoneally, was less effective.5. The distribution of radioactivity along the wall of the intestinal tract after an oral dose of [57Co]cyanocobalamin suggested that the distal half of the small intestine was the main site of vitamin B12 absorption. However, the utilization of vitamin B12 put direct into the middle part of the small intestine was much lower than that of an oral dose.6. The unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of baboon serum was not related to the serum vitamin B12 level. There was a significant difference between the unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacities of the two subspecies of baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus and P. cynocephalus anubis) studied.

scholarly journals The experimental production of vitamin B12 deficiency in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). A 2-year study

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C Siddons
Keyword(s):  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Vegetarian Diet ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Liver Vitamin

1. The development of vitamin B12 deficiency, as indicated by the serum and liver vitamin B12 levels and the excretion of methylmalonic acid, was studied over a 2-year period in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) given a diet deficient in vitamin B12. The effects of partial hepatectomy and the inclusion of either ampicillin or sodium propionate in the diet on the rate of development of the deficiency were also studied.2. The baboons had previously been fed on a mainly vegetarian diet. Their serum vitamin B12 levels were less than 100 ng/l and the mean liver vitamin B12 concentration was 0·56 μ/g. Similar serum and liver vitamin B12 levels were found in baboons given a purified diet supplemented with 1 μg vitamin B12/d, and marked increases in the serum and liver vitamin B12 levels occurred when the daily intake was increased to 2 μg.3. The serum vitamin B12 levels decreased to less than 20 ng/l in all baboons given a vitamin B12-deficient diet.4. The liver vitamin B12 concentration also decreased in all baboons given a deficient diet. At 9 months the lowest levels (0·20 μ/g) were found in partially hepatectomized baboons but subsequently baboons given the diet containing ampicillin had the lowest levels (0·11 μ/g).5. The excretion of methylmalonic acid after a valine load was found to be inversely related to the liver vitamin B12 concentration. In the early part of the study, partially hepatectomized baboons excreted the highest amount but subsequently baboons given a diet containing ampicillin excreted the highest amount.6. Increased formiminoglutamic acid excretion after a histidine load was observed in two baboons given a vitamin B12-deficient diet and in both baboons the liver folic acid concentration was low.7. No haematological or neurological symptoms of the vitamin B12 deficiency were observed.

scholarly journals Masked vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in the elderly

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Craig ◽  
C. Elliot ◽  
K. R. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Folate Deficiency ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Fe Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Geriatric Unit

1. A high incidence of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, or both, may be found in the elderly, particularly those in hospital. This report concerns fifty cases detected in an inner-city-area geriatric unit during the course of routine clinical investigation. The majority had none of the classical haematological signs of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, and all the patients reported had a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of less than 100 fl.2. There was a significant negative correlation between the MCV and the erythrocyte folate (P< 0.01), supporting earlier published work using a low serum folate as an index of folate deficiency.3. There was no correlation between the MCV and the serum vitamin B12. Published work differs on this point.4. Serum iron, total Fe-binding capacity and percentage Fe saturation results were available in forty patients in this series. There was a significant positive correlation between the serum Fe and the MCV (P<0.01) and 34% of patients had haematological evidence of Fe deficiency. In the majority, however, there was no evidence that associated Fe deficiency had masked the haematological signs of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.5. More attention should be paid to the problem of ‘masked’ vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in the elderly. There is a case for routine screening of the elderly for vitamin B12 and folate deficiency irrespective of the MCV.

scholarly journals The effect of streptomycin and erythromycin on vitamin B12nutrition in rats in which coprophagy was prevented

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Armstrong ◽  
D. H. Curnow
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Methylmalonic Acid ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Soluble Acid ◽  
Liver Vitamin

1. Vitamin B12nutrition was studied in normal, coprophagy-prevented and antibiotic-treated rats on Vitamin B12-deficient diets with and without a vitamin B12supplement; the indices used were excretion of total urinary ether-soluble acid (TUESA) and methylmalonic acid, and vitamin B12assays on the liver and intestinal tract.2. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.61) was found between TUESA excretion and weight of rats, and a significant negative correlation (r= −0.89) between TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents.3. Although prevention of coprophagy reduced the contents of vitamin B12in the stomach and small intestine, no effect on vitamin B12nutrition, as assessed by TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents, was found. Rats in which coprophagy was permitted became vitamin B12-deficient, when given a diet in which vitamin B12was low.4. The amounts of TUESA and methylmalonic acid excreted indicated that streptomycin and erythromycin administered orally prevented vitamin B12deficiency in rats on a diet deficient in vitamin B12. Liver vitamin B12contents were, however, very low in these rats. this anomaly was thought to be due to the non-specificity of theEuglena gracilisassay for vitamin B12.5. It was concluded that, under the conditions of these experiments, coprophagy was not necessary to the vitamin B12-sparing action of antibiotics.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Associated with Histamine2-Receptor Antagonists and a Proton-Pump Inhibitor

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Mark Ruscin ◽  
Robert Lee Page ◽  
Robert J Valuck
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump Inhibitor ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Receptor Antagonists

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with long-term use (∼4½ y) of histamine2 (H2)-receptor antagonists and a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) in a patient with gastroesophageal reflux. CASE SUMMARY: A 78-year-old nonvegetarian white woman with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was started on cimetidine 300 mg 4 × daily in February 1990 and took various other antisecretory medications over the course of the next 4½ years. She had a normal serum vitamin B12 concentration of 413 pg/mL in August 1992. In June 1994, her serum vitamin B12 concentration was found to be in the low normal range at 256 pg/mL. Biochemical markers of vitamin B12–dependent enzyme activity were measured at that time, and methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HCYS) were elevated at 757 nmol/L and 27.3 μmol/L, respectively. Serum folate was within the normal range at 4.9 ng/mL, and serum creatinine was slightly elevated at 1.4 mg/dL. MMA and HCYS concentrations decreased dramatically with oral replacement of vitamin B12 1000 μg/d, which confirmed vitamin B12 deficiency. Oral replacement also demonstrated that the woman was able to adequately absorb nonprotein—bound vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that her deficiency was a result of food—cobalamin malabsorption. The accumulation of MMA and HCYS was not a consequence of renal dysfunction, since both metabolites dramatically decreased with vitamin B12 replacement. DISCUSSION: Malabsorption of dietary protein-bound vitamin B12 has been demonstrated with the use of H2-receptor antagonists and PPIs. One previous case report of vitamin B12 deficiency resulting from long-term use of omeprazole has been published. The malabsorption of dietary vitamin B12 is thought to be a result of its impaired release from food protein, which requires gastric acid and pepsin as the initial step in the absorption process. CONCLUSIONS: The use of H2-receptor antagonists and/or PPIs may impair the absorption of protein-bound dietary vitamin B12 and could contribute to the development of vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged use. Patients taking these medications for extended periods of time, particularly >4 years, should be monitored for vitamin B12 status.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN B12 AND REPRODUCTION IN SWINE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Frederick ◽  
G. J. Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
The Relationship

Six female swine were maintained during one or more gestations on a vitamin B12-deficient diet. Two that had been fed the deficient diet for more than 2 years prior to their first gestation aborted. Four that received the deficient diet for 7 months prior to their first gestation farrowed a total of 8 litters containing 68 live piglets; 27 died within 3 days. All piglets fed a synthetic milk diet, deficient in vitamin B12, died within 14 days.Five adult females fed the deficient diet supplemented with 400 μg. of vitamin B12 per animal per day farrowed a total of 8 litters containing 83 live piglets; none died within 3 days. Of 14 piglets fed a vitamin B12-deficient synthetic milk diet, 2 died within 14 days.The different dietary vitamin B12 intakes of the adults influenced the serum vitamin B12 levels of the adults and of their offspring.Piglets fed vitamin B12 gained more, but feed conversion was not influenced by the vitamin B12 dietary intake of the piglets or by the intake of their dams during gestation.It is concluded that vitamin B12 influences swine reproduction and neonatal survival.

scholarly journals Metabolism in vivo of all-trans-[11-3H]retinoic acid after an oral dose in rats. Characterization of retinoyl β-glucuronide in the blood and other tissues

1991 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Barua ◽  
D B Gunning ◽  
J A Olson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Esters

Soon after [11-3H]retinoic acid (RA) (1.1 x 10(8) d.p.m.) was administered orally to rats either as a large dose (115 micrograms = 0.38 mumol/rat) or mixed with unlabelled RA as a huge dose (22 mg = 73.33 mumol/rat), retinoyl beta-glucuronide (RAG) was identified and characterized as a significant metabolite in the serum and small intestine. Of the administered dose, 70% remained unchanged as retinoic acid in the stomach up to 1 h. Significant amounts of 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid, 4-hydroxyretinoic acid, esters of retinoic acid and several polar retinoids, including 4-oxoretinoic acid, were also detected in the stomach. No significant difference was observed in the nature of the retinoids found after a large or a huge dose; however, the ratio of RAG/RA was higher after a huge dose than after a large dose. Thus RAG, which is biologically active in vivo and in vitro, is formed quickly in significant amounts in tissues after a dose of RA.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Methanolic Leave Extracts of V. album on Paracetamol-Induced Laboratory Animals

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
L. Yusuf ◽  
M.K. Oladunmoye ◽  
A.O. Ogundare
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effect ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Serum Enzyme ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Significant Difference

Hepatoprotective assay was carried out on laboratory animals in which paracetamol (oral dose,2 g/kg /body weight) was used to induce hepatotoxicity. The animals were orogastrically fed with the Viscum album (growing on cocoa and cola host trees) methanolic leave extracts. The activities of serum enzyme biomarkers showed no significant difference (P< 0.05) for V. album growing on cocoa (1000-5000mg/kg) but there were corresponding significant increase in the serum enzymes (P< 0.05) for V. album growing on cola at 4000 and 5000 mg/kg doses. Similarly, the photomicrograms of the animals’ vital organs (liver, stomach, small intestine and kidneys) studied revealed that V.album extract growing on cocoa was more hepatoprotective efficacious than that growing on cola tree on all the biochemical parameters that were screened for when compared with sylimarin (a standard heptoprotective drug).

scholarly journals Efficacy of B12 fortified nutrient bar and yogurt in improving plasma B12 concentrations – results from two double blind randomised placebo controlled trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chittaranjan Yajnik ◽  
Sonal Kasture ◽  
Vaishali Kantikar ◽  
Himangi Lubree ◽  
Dattatray Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractBackgroundDietary vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is common in Indians. It may affect hematologic and neurocognitive systems and maternal deficiency predisposes offspring to neural tube defects and non-communicable disease. Long-term tablet supplementation is not sustainable.ObjectiveTo study efficacy of B12 fortified nutrient bar and yogurt in improving plasma B12 concentrations in children and adults.MethodsTwo double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised directly observed therapy (DOT) trials were conducted: 1. Healthy children (10–13Y) were fed nutrient bar fortified with B12 (2 mcg), multiple micronutrients (B12 1.8 mcg) or placebo for 120 days. 2. Healthy adults (18–50Y) were fed yogurt fortified with B12 (2 mcg) or Propionibacterium (1×108cfu/g) or placebo for 120 days. B12, folate, homocysteine and hemoglobin concentrations and anthropometry were measured before and post intervention.ResultsWe randomised 164 children and 118 adults; adherence was 96% and 82% respectively. In children, B12 fortified bars increased B12 concentrations significantly above baseline (B12 alone: median +91 pmol/l, B12+ multiple micronutrients: +82 pmol/l) compared to placebo. In adults, B12 fortified yogurt increased B12 significantly (median +38 pmol/l) compared to placebo, but Propionibacterium did not. In both trials, homocysteine fell significantly with B12 supplementation. There was no significant difference in different groups in anthropometry and hemoglobin.ConclusionsB12 fortified foods are effective in improving B12 status in Indian children and adults. They could be used to improve vitamin B12 status in the national programs for children, adolescents and women of reproductive age. They could also be used as over the counter products.Brief HighlightsVitamin B12 deficiency is common in India. Culturally acceptable fortified foods will help reduce it. We performed two RCTs (children and adults) with B12 fortified nutrient bar and yogurt at near RDA doses and found significant improvement in B12 status. This has important implications for nutritional policy.

The effect of continuous doses of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae on the intestinal mucosa of sheep and on liver vitamin A concentration

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Coop ◽  
K. W. Angus
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Liver Vitamin

Eight 7-month-old sheep were dosed continuously with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae and 4 sheep were killed at 5 and 10 weeks from the commencement of infection. Flattening of the mucosa and villous atrophy were commonly present at slaughter, and parasites were often found in superficial channels parallel with the luminal surface. At 10 weeks the mucosa was thickened and highly cellular. Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity were reduced in the proximal third of the small intestine. Liver vitamin A was reduced in 3 of 4 infected sheep at 10 weeks, but serum vitamin A levels were comparable with those of worm-free control sheep throughout the experiment.

scholarly journals Efficacy of oral compared with intramuscular vitamin B-12 supplementation after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Schijns ◽  
Jens Homan ◽  
Leah van der Meer ◽  
Ignace M Janssen ◽  
Cees J van Laarhoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vitamin B 12

ABSTRACTBackgroundAfter Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), patients often develop a vitamin B-12 deficiency.ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate whether oral supplementation increases and normalizes low vitamin B-12 concentrations (vitamin B-12 > 200 pmol/L) in RYGB patients as compared to intramuscular injections.DesignA randomized controlled trial in RYGB patients with subnormal serum B-12 concentrations was performed. One group (IM B-12) received bimonthly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin injections (2000 µg as loading dose and 1000 µg at follow-up) for 6 mo. The second group (oral B-12) received daily doses of oral methylcobalamin (1000 µg). Serum vitamin B-12 was determined at baseline (T0) and at 2 (T1), 4 (T2), and 6 mo (T3) after start of treatment. Concentrations of the secondary markers methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (Hcy) were measured at T0 and T3.ResultsFifty patients were included and randomized, 27 in IM B-12 and 23 in oral B-12. The median vitamin B-12 concentration at T0 was 175 pmol/L (range: 114–196 pmol/L) for IM B-12 and 167 pmol/L (range: 129–199 pmol/L) for oral B-12. Vitamin B-12 normalized in all individuals, and there was no significant difference in vitamin B-12 between the two groups. MMA and Hcy concentrations decreased significantly after 6 mo within each group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 for MMA and P = 0.03 and P = 0.045 for Hcy, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups at 6 mo for both MMA and Hcy (P = 0.53 and P = 0.79).ConclusionThe efficacy of oral vitamin B-12 supplementation was similar to that of hydroxocobalamin injections in the present study. Oral supplementation can be used as an alternative to hydroxocobalamin injections to treat RYGB patients with low values of serum vitamin B-12. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02270749.

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