scholarly journals Sleep and activity, age and fatness, and the energy expenditure of confined sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P-L. Toutain ◽  
Claire Toutain ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State Of Vigilance

1. Changes in energy expenditure associated with sleep and activity, age and fatness were measured in sheep. States of vigilance were defined according to electrophysiological records as awake, drowsy, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS; Ruckebusch, 1972). Energy expenditure was determined from respiratory exchange. Three groups, each of four sheep were used; yearlings, old (4-6 years of age) fat and old thin sheep. Body fat content was estimated from deuterium oxide space.2. The amount of time spent by sheep from each group at each state of vigilance was similar, total ‘sleep’ time being 200-250 min/night.3. The absolute decrease in energy expenditure during drowsiness and sleep was similar for all groups of sheep. The difference between SWS and lying awake was 20-27 J/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per min. Heat production was about the same for SWS and PS.4. The energy cost of rumination was about 0.34 kJ/kg W per h.5. The increase in heat production during standing consisted of the energy cost of standing, approximately 0.7 kJ/kg W per h, and the energy cost of changing position, approximately 47 J/kg W.6. The old thin sheep had a slightly higher heat production on a per kg total W0.75 basis than the old fat sheep, but this difference largely disappeared when heat production was related to ‘lean’ W. On average energy expenditure was approximately 25% lower in the old sheep than in the yearling animals. This difference could not be related to difference in activity or in the energy costs of activity per unit of time.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: 3. The energy cost of eating and posture

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe influence of standing, spontaneous activity and eating on heat production was determined.The extra heat production of standing is negatively correlated with the length of standing period. In a short standing period of 30 min the associated activity, pecking against the respirometer wall and fluffing the feathers, was high and the heat production was increased by 25% compared with that during sitting. After standing for 1½ h spontaneous activity was very low and the difference in heat production between the standing and sitting bird was reduced by 9%.During eating the heat production increased by an average of 37% (range 11–68%); this was due mainly to the act of eating per se and not to the work of digestion.The mean energy cost of eating was calculated to be 143 J/kg0·75/min spent eating.

Influence of hypothalamic and ambient temperatures on sleep in kangaroo rats

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (1) ◽  
pp. R80-R88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sakaguchi ◽  
S. F. Glotzbach ◽  
H. C. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Kangaroo Rats ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoregulatory System

Unanesthetized, unrestrained kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) were studied to examine the changes in the frequency and duration of sleep states caused by long-term manipulations of hypothalamic temperature (Thy) at a thermoneutral (30 degrees C) and a low (20 degrees C) ambient temperature (Ta). A cold stimulus present in either the hypothalamus or the skin decreased both the total sleep time (TST) and the ratio of paradoxical sleep (PS) to TST. At a low Ta, TST, but not the PS-to-TST ratio, was increased by raising Thy, indicating that a cold peripheral stimulus could differentially inhibit PS. At a thermoneutral Ta, cooling Thy decreased both TST and the PS/TST. Changes in the amount of PS were due largely to changes in the frequency, but not the duration, of individual episodes of PS, suggesting that the transition to PS is partially dependent on the thermoregulatory conditions existing during slow-wave sleep (SWS). These results are consistent with the recent findings that the thermoregulatory system is functional during SWS but is inhibited or inactivated during PS.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachia ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
Late C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fresh Cut

The energy cost of eating was measured in four goats averaging 38 kg and fitted with rumen cannulas. Heat production (HP) was estimated in each goat over restricted periods of approximately 15 min while standing and eating continuously in a confinement respiration chamber. The animals were given feeds of different nature and physical form ranging from shrubs to concentrates. The energy cost of eating was calculated from the increment in HP above the average HP during the prefeeding period. The energy cost was related to the type and amount of feed consumed and also to the time spent eating. In a parallel experiment, similar amounts of the feeds eaten normally (oral feeding) were introduced into the rumen through a fistula. The increases in HP during and after fistula-feeding were negligible, which indicates that all of the increase in HP during eating is to be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se, mainly to theact of food prehension, mastication and propulsion in the alimentary tract. The rate of ingestion (g DM/min) ranged from 6·3 for fresh cut lucerne (Medicago sativa) to 46-99 for concentrates. The energy cost of eating (J/kg body weight (BW) per g DM) averaged 7·08 for fresh cut lucerne, 9·02 for roughages and 1·55 for concentrates and was 2·24 and 4·75 for pelleted and chopped lucerne hay respectively. When theenergy cost was expressed as a function of time spent eating, it ranged from 45 to 144 J/kg BW per min, depending on the physical form of the feed.

scholarly journals The energy cost of standing and lying in adult cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

1. Gas exchanges on eleven steers with a mean weight of 273 kg, fasted for 96 h, were obtained over time intervals of 5·76 min in a confinement-type respiration chamber, when the animals were either standing of lying, or engaged in the act of standing or lying.2. In all, 751 observations were analysed and these included twenty-four associated with the act of standing, forty-eight with the act of lying and the remainder approximately equally divided between standing and lying.3. When lying, the heat production was 72·2 kJ (17·2 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h and when standing, 85·7 kJ (20·5 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h; an increase when standing of 18·7%. The double act of standing and lying was associated with an increase in heat production of 11·3 kJ (2·7 kcal)/100 kg fasted weight and while the act of standing was energetically more costly than the act of lying, the difference between the two was not significant.4. The results are discussed in relation to earlier estimates.5. Confinement-type respiration chambers of the type described by Turner & Thornton (1966), which have a fast response time and monitor the changes in chamber air frequently, are ideally suited to the detection of short-term changes in metabolic rate such as occur with changes in posture.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nesting Activity

SummaryThe energy cost of nesting activity and oviposition of hens in different environments has been determined.The oxygen consumption of hens on a wire floor reached a peak during the last 15 min before oviposition. However, the oxygen uptake of hens accustomed to a litter floor had fallen to a minimum at this time.The energy cost of expelling the egg is minimal. There is a good correlation between the locomotor activity and the heat production.The variations in heat production and body temperature on different types of floors are explicable by the differences in nesting activity.

Energy and nitrogen utilisation of sow colostrum and milk by the piglet

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Le Dividich ◽  
Julia Marion ◽  
Françoise Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference

Twenty-four newborn piglets were used to evaluate the digestibility of sow colostrum and milk and the efficiency of milk utilisation by the piglet. Within a litter, four piglets were allotted to one of the four treatments: killed at birth, or bottle-fed sow colostrum for 30 h and sow milk thereafter at the rate of 100, 200, or 300 g kg-1 d-1. Piglets were killed on day 8. Faeces and urine were daily collected and heat production (HP) was determined by indirect calorimetry on days 6 and 7, each day during three successive periods of 105–110 min. Energy retention (ER) was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake (ME) and HP. ER was also determined over the 8-d period using the comparative slaughter (CS). There was no effect of level of feeding on energy and nitrogen digestibility. Milk energy digestibility and metabolisability (ME/GE × 100) and nitrogen digestibility were 98.2 ± 1.2 (SEM), 96.8 ± 1.4 and 98.3 ± 1.3%, respectively. Corresponding values for colostrum were lower (P < 0.01), averaging 95.2 ± 2.8, 92.6 ± 3.1 and 95.3 ± 2.9%, respectively. Efficiency of using milk ME for ER determined by indirect calorimetry or CS was similar and averaged 0.72 ± 0.02. The energy cost of 1 kJ of protein deposition was 1.77 (± 0.04) kJ (efficiency, 0.56), whereas the energy cost of 1 kJ of fat deposition was not different to 1 kJ. Key words: Piglet, colostrum, milk, energy, nitrogen

Microscopic Interpretation of Arrhenius Parameters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Engholm Henriksen ◽  
Flemming Yssing Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Transition State ◽  
Transition State Theory ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Microscopic Interpretation ◽  
The Difference

This chapter reviews the microscopic interpretation of the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy in rate constant expressions of the Arrhenius form. The pre-exponential factor of apparent unimolecular reactions is, roughly, expected to be of the order of a vibrational frequency, whereas the pre-exponential factor of bimolecular reactions, roughly, is related to the number of collisions per unit time and per unit volume. The activation energy of an elementary reaction can be interpreted as the average energy of the molecules that react minus the average energy of the reactants. Specializing to conventional transition-state theory, the activation energy is related to the classical barrier height of the potential energy surface plus the difference in zero-point energies and average internal energies between the activated complex and the reactants. When quantum tunnelling is included in transition-state theory, the activation energy is reduced, compared to the interpretation given in conventional transition-state theory.

scholarly journals A Validation Study of a Commercial Wearable Device to Automatically Detect and Estimate Sleep

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Dean J. Miller ◽  
Gregory D. Roach ◽  
Michele Lastella ◽  
Aaron T. Scanlan ◽  
Clint R. Bellenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Manual Adjustment ◽  
Light Sleep

The aims of this study were to: (1) compare actigraphy (ACTICAL) and a commercially available sleep wearable (i.e., WHOOP) under two functionalities (i.e., sleep auto-detection (WHOOP-AUTO) and manual adjustment of sleep (WHOOP-MANUAL)) for two-stage categorisation of sleep (sleep or wake) against polysomnography, and; (2) compare WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL for four-stage categorisation of sleep (wake, light sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS), or rapid eye movement sleep (REM)) against polysomnography. Six healthy adults (male: n = 3; female: n = 3; age: 23.0 ± 2.2 yr) participated in the nine-night protocol. Fifty-four sleeps assessed by ACTICAL, WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL were compared to polysomnography using difference testing, Bland–Altman comparisons, and 30-s epoch-by-epoch comparisons. Compared to polysomnography, ACTICAL overestimated total sleep time (37.6 min) and underestimated wake (−37.6 min); WHOOP-AUTO underestimated SWS (−15.5 min); and WHOOP-MANUAL underestimated wake (−16.7 min). For ACTICAL, sensitivity for sleep, specificity for wake and overall agreement were 98%, 60% and 89%, respectively. For WHOOP-AUTO, sensitivity for sleep, wake, and agreement for two-stage and four-stage categorisation of sleep were 90%, 60%, 86% and 63%, respectively. For WHOOP-MANUAL, sensitivity for sleep, wake, and agreement for two-stage and four-stage categorisation of sleep were 97%, 45%, 90% and 62%, respectively. WHOOP-AUTO and WHOOP-MANUAL have a similar sensitivity and specificity to actigraphy for two-stage categorisation of sleep and can be used as a practical alternative to polysomnography for two-stage categorisation of sleep and four-stage categorisation of sleep.

scholarly journals Comparison of Energy Expenditure Observed between Scheduled Activities in Collegiate Team-Sport Female Athletes

Sports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Moon ◽  
Hannah A. Zabriskie ◽  
Patrick S. Harty ◽  
Bradley S. Currier ◽  
Julia C. Blumkaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Ncaa Division Ii ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Activity Energy

Energy needs of female team-sport athletes are poorly understood with no evidence highlighting differences present between scheduled activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in energy expenditure between NCAA Division II female basketball (BBALL) and lacrosse (LAX) athletes during different scheduled team activities. Female BBALL (n = 13; 19.8 ± 1.3 yrs; 173.9 ± 13.6 cm; 74.6 ± 9.1kg; 27.1 ± 3.2%fat) and LAX (n = 20; 20.4 ± 1.8yrs; 168.4 ± 6.6cm; 68.8 ± 8.9kg; 27.9 ± 3.1%fat) athletes were outfitted with heart rate and activity monitors during four consecutive days on five different occasions (20 days total) across an entire academic year to assess differences in total daily activity energy expenditure (TDEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), and physical activity level (PAL). Data were categorized by type of scheduled daily activities: Practice, Game, Conditioning, or Off. Independent of day type, TDEE, AEE, and PAL levels were greater (p < 0.05) in BBALL athletes. For each sport, TDEE, AEE, and PAL were significantly different (p < 0.05) between classified activity days. BBALL and LAX athletes experienced higher values on game days for TDEE, AEE, and PAL, with the lowest values experienced on off days. In conclusion, calculated levels of TDEE, AEE, and PAL in female collegiate BBALL and LAX athletes were determined to be different, irrespective of the scheduled activity.

Heat production of rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contraction

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (4) ◽  
pp. C536-C542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Walker ◽  
I. R. Wendt ◽  
C. L. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Isometric Contractions ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Rat Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Cross Bridges

Heat production, unloaded shortening velocity (Vus), and load-bearing capacity (LBC) were studied in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contractions at 27 degrees C. The relation between the total suprabasal heat produced and the stress-time integral for isometric contractions of various durations was curvilinear, demonstrating a decreasing slope as contractile duration increased. The rate of heat production at 600 s was approximately 68% of the peak value of 6.55 mW/g that occurred at 10 s. At the same time, force rose from a mean of 92 mN/mm2 at 10 s to a value of 140 mN/mm2 at 600 s. This produced a nearly threefold increase in the economy of force maintenance. The decline in the rate of heat production was accompanied by a decline in Vus from 0.56 Lo/s at 10 s to 0.28 Lo/s at 600 s, where Lo is the length for optimal force development. This suggests the fall in the rate of heat production was caused, at least in part, by a slowing of cross-bridge kinetics. The ratio of LBC to developed tension at 10 s was not significantly different from the ratio at 600 s, suggesting that the increase in tension was due to an increased number of attached cross bridges. The decline in heat production, therefore, appears contradictory, since an increased number of attached cross bridges would predict an increased rate of energy expenditure. The observations can be reconciled if either 1) the increase in force is caused by a progressive increase in the attachment time of a constant number of cross bridges that cycle at a lower frequency or 2) the decline in energy expenditure caused by the slowing of cross-bridge cycling is sufficient to mask the increase caused by the recruitment of additional cross bridges.

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