scholarly journals Energy expenditure related to the act of eating in Granadina goats given diets of different physical form

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachia ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
Late C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Fresh Cut

The energy cost of eating was measured in four goats averaging 38 kg and fitted with rumen cannulas. Heat production (HP) was estimated in each goat over restricted periods of approximately 15 min while standing and eating continuously in a confinement respiration chamber. The animals were given feeds of different nature and physical form ranging from shrubs to concentrates. The energy cost of eating was calculated from the increment in HP above the average HP during the prefeeding period. The energy cost was related to the type and amount of feed consumed and also to the time spent eating. In a parallel experiment, similar amounts of the feeds eaten normally (oral feeding) were introduced into the rumen through a fistula. The increases in HP during and after fistula-feeding were negligible, which indicates that all of the increase in HP during eating is to be attributed to the energy cost of eating per se, mainly to theact of food prehension, mastication and propulsion in the alimentary tract. The rate of ingestion (g DM/min) ranged from 6·3 for fresh cut lucerne (Medicago sativa) to 46-99 for concentrates. The energy cost of eating (J/kg body weight (BW) per g DM) averaged 7·08 for fresh cut lucerne, 9·02 for roughages and 1·55 for concentrates and was 2·24 and 4·75 for pelleted and chopped lucerne hay respectively. When theenergy cost was expressed as a function of time spent eating, it ranged from 45 to 144 J/kg BW per min, depending on the physical form of the feed.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens: 3. The energy cost of eating and posture

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference

SummaryThe influence of standing, spontaneous activity and eating on heat production was determined.The extra heat production of standing is negatively correlated with the length of standing period. In a short standing period of 30 min the associated activity, pecking against the respirometer wall and fluffing the feathers, was high and the heat production was increased by 25% compared with that during sitting. After standing for 1½ h spontaneous activity was very low and the difference in heat production between the standing and sitting bird was reduced by 9%.During eating the heat production increased by an average of 37% (range 11–68%); this was due mainly to the act of eating per se and not to the work of digestion.The mean energy cost of eating was calculated to be 143 J/kg0·75/min spent eating.

scholarly journals The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachica ◽  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Vertical Descent ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Linear Regressions

The energy expenditure of six goats averaging 35 (SE 0·3) kg was measured when the animals were standing or walking on a treadmill enclosed in a confinement-type respiration chamber at different speeds (0·167, 0·333 and 0·500 m/s) and slopes ( — 10, — 5, 0, +5 and +10%). The energy costs of locomotion, estimated from the coefficients of linear regressions of heat production (HP) per kg body weight v. distance travelled were 1·91, 2·33, 3·35, 4·68 and 6·44 J/kg BW per m for — 10, — 5, 0, +5 and +10% inclines respectively, indicating that the energy expenditure of walking over standing changes with slope according to a slightly curvilinear relationship. The energy cost of raising 1 kg body weight one vertical metre was found to be 31·7 J, giving an average efficiency for upslope locomotion of 30·9%. The energy recovered on vertical descent was estimated as 13·2 J/kg per m, indicating an efficiency of the energy recovered above the theoretical maximum.

scholarly journals Effects of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior in a seasonal mammal

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. R1409-R1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Warner ◽  
Preeti H. Jethwa ◽  
Catherine A. Wyse ◽  
Helen I'Anson ◽  
John M. Brameld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Activity Energy

The objective of this study was to determine whether the previously observed effects of photoperiod on body weight in Siberian hamsters were due to changes in the daily patterns of locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and/or feeding behavior. Adult males were monitored through a seasonal cycle using an automated comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system (CLAMS). Exposure to a short-day photoperiod (SD; 8:16-h light-dark cycle) induced a significant decline in body weight, and oxygen consumption (V̇o2), carbon dioxide production (V̇co2), and heat production all decreased reaching a nadir by 16 wk of SD. Clear daily rhythms in locomotor activity, V̇o2, and V̇co2 were observed at the start of the study, but these all progressively diminished after prolonged exposure to SD. Rhythms in feeding behavior were also detected initially, reflecting an increase in meal frequency but not duration during the dark phase. This rhythm was lost by 8 wk of SD exposure such that food intake was relatively constant across dark and light phases. After 18 wk in SD, hamsters were transferred to a long-day photoperiod (LD; 16:8-h light-dark cycle), which induced significant weight gain. This was associated with an increase in energy intake within 2 wk, while V̇o2, V̇co2, and heat production all increased back to basal levels. Rhythmicity was reestablished within 4 wk of reexposure to long days. These results demonstrate that photoperiod impacts on body weight via complex changes in locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and feeding behavior, with a striking loss of daily rhythms during SD exposure.

scholarly journals The energy cost of standing and lying in adult cattle

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

1. Gas exchanges on eleven steers with a mean weight of 273 kg, fasted for 96 h, were obtained over time intervals of 5·76 min in a confinement-type respiration chamber, when the animals were either standing of lying, or engaged in the act of standing or lying.2. In all, 751 observations were analysed and these included twenty-four associated with the act of standing, forty-eight with the act of lying and the remainder approximately equally divided between standing and lying.3. When lying, the heat production was 72·2 kJ (17·2 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h and when standing, 85·7 kJ (20·5 kcal)/kg fasted weight per 24 h; an increase when standing of 18·7%. The double act of standing and lying was associated with an increase in heat production of 11·3 kJ (2·7 kcal)/100 kg fasted weight and while the act of standing was energetically more costly than the act of lying, the difference between the two was not significant.4. The results are discussed in relation to earlier estimates.5. Confinement-type respiration chambers of the type described by Turner & Thornton (1966), which have a fast response time and monitor the changes in chamber air frequently, are ideally suited to the detection of short-term changes in metabolic rate such as occur with changes in posture.

Activity and energy expenditure in laying hens

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nesting Activity

SummaryThe energy cost of nesting activity and oviposition of hens in different environments has been determined.The oxygen consumption of hens on a wire floor reached a peak during the last 15 min before oviposition. However, the oxygen uptake of hens accustomed to a litter floor had fallen to a minimum at this time.The energy cost of expelling the egg is minimal. There is a good correlation between the locomotor activity and the heat production.The variations in heat production and body temperature on different types of floors are explicable by the differences in nesting activity.

scholarly journals Sleep and activity, age and fatness, and the energy expenditure of confined sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
P-L. Toutain ◽  
Claire Toutain ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State Of Vigilance

1. Changes in energy expenditure associated with sleep and activity, age and fatness were measured in sheep. States of vigilance were defined according to electrophysiological records as awake, drowsy, slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS; Ruckebusch, 1972). Energy expenditure was determined from respiratory exchange. Three groups, each of four sheep were used; yearlings, old (4-6 years of age) fat and old thin sheep. Body fat content was estimated from deuterium oxide space.2. The amount of time spent by sheep from each group at each state of vigilance was similar, total ‘sleep’ time being 200-250 min/night.3. The absolute decrease in energy expenditure during drowsiness and sleep was similar for all groups of sheep. The difference between SWS and lying awake was 20-27 J/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per min. Heat production was about the same for SWS and PS.4. The energy cost of rumination was about 0.34 kJ/kg W per h.5. The increase in heat production during standing consisted of the energy cost of standing, approximately 0.7 kJ/kg W per h, and the energy cost of changing position, approximately 47 J/kg W.6. The old thin sheep had a slightly higher heat production on a per kg total W0.75 basis than the old fat sheep, but this difference largely disappeared when heat production was related to ‘lean’ W. On average energy expenditure was approximately 25% lower in the old sheep than in the yearling animals. This difference could not be related to difference in activity or in the energy costs of activity per unit of time.

A note on the energy cost of walking in cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. de C. R. Ribeiro ◽  
J. M. Brockway ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Cost Of Walking

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of the heat production of cattle while standing at rest or walking on a treadmill at different speeds, both on the level and at a gradient of 6°. The energy cost of horizontal locomotion was about 2 J/kg per m at speeds of 40 to 85 m/min, irrespective of body weight or plane of nutrition. The energy cost of vertical locomotion was about 26 J/kg per vertical m.

The effects of shearing on the heat production and activity of sheep receiving dried grass or ground hay

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. F. Davey ◽  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
Male Sheep

SUMMARY1. Oxygen consumption was measured in two experiments using castrated Romney male sheep both shorn and unshorn. The sheep were fed either ground hay or dried grass. An ambient temperature of 13°C ± 1°C was maintained at all times. In Experiment 1, oxygen consumption was measured with eight sheep using a respiration chamber and in Experiment 2, oxygen consumption was measured with four sheep using a ventilated hood. The times spent standing, lying, eating and ruminating were measured in Experiment 2. Heat production was calculated from the measured values for oxygen consumption.2. Heat production increased following shearing in both experiments. In Experiment 1, heat production of the sheep receiving dried grass was significantly greater (P<0·05) on days 1, 8 and 16 following shearing, compared with pre-shearing values. For sheep receiving ground hay, heat production was greater on day 1 (P<0·05) and day 8 (P<0·01) following shearing, compared with pre-shearing values. The mean maximum increase in heat production following shearing was 2·3 MJ/24 hr (25% increase) for sheep receiving dried grass and 1·2 MJ (17%) for those receiving ground hay.3. The patterns of change in heat production following shearing in Experiment 2 were similar to those observed in Experiment 1 although the maximum increases were smaller: 21% for the sheep receiving dried grass and 13% for those receiving ground hay.4. The time spent standing increased considerably after shearing and this change in behaviour made a large contribution to the increase in energy expenditure after the sheep were shorn.

scholarly journals A high-protein diet containing inulin/oligofructose supports body weight gain associated with lower energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation, and alters faecal microbiota in C57BL/6 mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Koch ◽  
Michael Derno ◽  
Martina Langhammer ◽  
Armin Tuchscherer ◽  
Harald M. Hammon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Faecal Microbiota

Abstract Prebiotic supplements and high-protein (HP) diets reduce body weight and modulate intestinal microbiota. Our aim was to elucidate the combined effect of an inulin/oligofructose (FOS) and HP diet on body weight gain, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota. Forty male C57BL/6NCrl mice were fed a control (C) diet for 2 weeks and allocated to a C or HP (40 % protein) diet including no or 10 % inulin/FOS (C + I and HP + I) for 4 weeks. Inulin/FOS was added in place of starch and cellulose. Body weight, food intake, faecal energy and nitrogen were determined. Indirect calorimetry and faecal microbiota analysis were performed after 3 weeks on diets. Body weight gain of HP-fed mice was 36 % lower than HP + I- and C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Diet digestibility and food conversion efficiency were higher in HP + I- than HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅01), while food intake was comparable between groups. Total energy expenditure (heat production) was 25 % lower in HP + I- than in C-, HP- and C + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅001). Carbohydrate oxidation tended to be 24 % higher in HP- than in HP + I-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal nitrogen excretion was 31–45 % lower in C-, C + I- and HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). Faecal Bacteroides–Prevotella DNA was 2⋅3-fold higher in C + I- and HP + I- relative to C-fed mice (P < 0⋅05), but Clostridium leptum DNA abundances was 79 % lower in HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P < 0⋅05). We suggest that the higher conversion efficiency of dietary energy of HP + I but not C + I-fed mice is caused by higher digestibility and lower heat production, resulting in increased body mass.

scholarly journals Effect of raw and encapsulated policosanol on lipid profiles, blood biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure and macronutrient metabolism of adult cats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110137
Author(s):  
James R Templeman ◽  
Kylie Hogan ◽  
Alexandra Blanchard ◽  
Christopher PF Marinangeli ◽  
Alexandra Camara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Activity Energy

Objectives The objective of this study was to verify the safety of policosanol supplementation for domestic cats. The effects of raw and encapsulated policosanol were compared with positive (L-carnitine) and negative (no supplementation) controls on outcomes of complete blood count, serum biochemistry, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and physical activity in healthy young adult cats. Methods The study was a replicated 4 × 4 complete Latin square design. Eight cats (four castrated males, four spayed females; mean age 3.0 ± 1.0 years; mean weight 4.36 ± 1.08 kg; mean body condition score 5.4 ± 1.4) were blocked by sex and body weight then randomized to treatment groups: raw policosanol (10 mg/kg body weight), encapsulated policosanol (50 mg/kg body weight), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg body weight) or no supplementation. Treatments were supplemented to a basal diet for 28 days with a 1-week washout between periods. Food was distributed equally between two offerings to ensure complete supplement consumption (first offering) and measure consumption time (second offering). Blood collection (lipid profile, complete blood count, serum biochemistry) and indirect calorimetry (energy expenditure, respiratory quotient) were conducted at days 0, 14 and 28 of each period. Activity monitors were worn 7 days prior to indirect calorimetry and blood collection. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model (SAS, v.9.4). Results Food intake and body weight were similar among treatments. There was no effect of treatment on lipid profile, serum biochemistry, activity, energy expenditure or respiratory quotient ( P >0.05); however, time to consume a second meal was greatest in cats fed raw policosanol ( P <0.05). Conclusions and relevance These data suggest that policosanol is safe for feline consumption. Further studies with cats demonstrating cardiometabolic risk factors are warranted to confirm whether policosanol therapy is an efficacious treatment for hyperlipidemia and obesity.

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