scholarly journals Estimates of maintenance requirement of growing lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
J. S. Fenlon ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Alternative Analysis ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Common Value ◽  
Residual Variation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

1. Total body energy retention (ER) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) values from experiments with 231 lambs (Suffolk ♂× (Border Leicester ♂× Cheviot ♀) ♀) housed indoors and given thirteen forage diets were used to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) required for maintenance.2. ER was measured using the comparative slaughter technique, and the lambs were fed at several planes of nutrition above maintenance between 2 and 5 months of age.3. The daily ER and MEI results were scaled to live weight (kg0.75) and linear regression lines fitted to the values for individual diets. Extrapolation of the fitted lines to zero ER gave estimates of maintenance requirement ranging from 141 to 466 kJ ME/kg0.75 per d and values for the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and fattening (kf) of 0.25–0.53 (mean 0.39).4. An alternative analysis constrained the estimated maintenance requirement to be the same for all diets. An iterative search procedure indicated minimal residual variation at 339 kJ/kg0.75 per d. This common value of ME for maintenance gave kf values ranging from 0.30 to 0.54 (mean 0.39).5. The implications of the technique were considered togethe with some discussion of the variability of the estimate. Allowing the minimum RSD to vary by 10% gave a maintenance requirement of between 231 and 408 kJ/kg0.75 per d.

The utilization by lambs of the energy and protein in dried pelleted grass treated with formaldehyde

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTA primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (cv. S24), containing 17% crude protein and 9·9 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter, was artificially dried, ground through a 3·0 mm screen and pelleted either without further treatment (C), or after the application of formaldehyde (T) at a rate of 1 g/100 g crude protein. The C and T diets were each fed to 20 lambs for 77 days. Diets C and T were given ad libitum and at three lower planes of nutrition. Similar amounts of dry matter, nitrogen and digestible energy were consumed at each of the four planes of nutrition by lambs fed diets C and T. Carcass energy, fat and protein retention, and total body energy retention were measured by the comparative slaughter technique and did not differ between the diets (P> 0·05). Metabolizable energy intake was calculated from digestible energy intake using the factor 0·81. The efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy for growth and fattening (kf) and the net energy value were calculated by linear regression analysis from the total body energy retention, the calculated metabolizable energy intake and dry-matter intake data scaled to M0·75. They did not differ between the diets (P > 0·05), and were 0·370 (C) and 0·431 (T) for kf, and 2·09 (C) and 1·97 MJ/kg dry matter (T) for net energy.

Seasonal changes of metabolism and appetite in Soay rams

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McG. Argot ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
R. N. B. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Photoperiodic Regime ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

AbstractRelationships between photoperiod and cycles of voluntary food intake (VFI) and maintenance energy requirements (MER) were determined in Soay rams, subjected to a 6-month photoperiodic regime. Food was offered ad libitum (no. = 5) or at a predicted maintenance level (no. = 5). All rams demonstrated 6-month cycles of VFI, growth and reproductive status. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was greatest in rams given food ad libitum (666 (s.e. 21.7) kJ/kg metabolic live weight (M0·75) and food-restricted (528 (s.e. 12.2) kJ/kg M0·75) rams during sexual quiescence. Conversely, MEI was minimal (ad libitum, 289 (s.e. 8.4) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted, 428 (s.e. 8.1) kJ/kg M0·75) during the rut. Distinct cycles of heat production (HP) accompanied changes in MEL Changes in HP were similar (P > 0·05) for both groups (ad libitum, 520 (s.e. 22.1) to 394 (s.e. 9.2) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted 503 (s.e. 14.0) to 407 (s.e. 17.5) kJ/kg M0·75) and therefore energy retention varied more (P < 0·015) when rams were given food ad libitum (ad libitum, 131 (s.e. 43-1) to -106 (s.e. 38.2) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted, 78·0 (s.e. 27.1) to -53.0 (s.e. 38.2) kJ/ kg M0·75). Apparent digestibility of dietary energy varied inversely with MEI (P < 0·01). MERs ranged from 524 (s.e. 35.0) kJ/kg M0·75 to 401 (s.e. 27.3) kJ/kg M0·75, a proportional fluctuation of ±0·13. Changes in metabolic rate preceded those in appetite, suggesting a causal relationship.

Influence of diurnally fluctuating high temperature on growth and energy retention of growing pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
R. F. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The effects of two temperatures (thermoneutral, 22°C v. fluctuating high temperature, 35·22°C), four food levels (ad libitum and three levels of food restriction) on growth and energy retention of growing pigs (male and female) was investigated in a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment involving 48 individually penned pigs from 20 to 50 kg live weight. A second experiment was conducted over the 50 to 80 kg liveweight range using a 2 × 2 × 3 design.Mean daily digestible energy (DE) intake, daily gain, P2 backfat thickness, carcass fat proportion, total body energy retained and body energy retained as protein did not differ significantly between the temperature treatments in either experiment. Mean carcass protein proportion was greater at 35·22°C than at a constant 22°C.With pigs given food ad libitum during the 50 to 80 kg phase, an increase in temperature from 22°C to 35·22° reduced daily DE intake by 4·1 MJ (38·9 v. 34·8 MJ or 300 g food per day), reduced energy retention by 2·3 MJ/day (15·6 v. 13·3 MJ/day), and increased carcass protein proportion by 11 g/kg (142 v. 153 g/kg).There was a significant interaction between the effects of sex and temperature on P2 backfat thickness over both live-weight ranges. Female pigs housed at 35·22°C had 2·6 mm less P2 backfat at 50 kg (13 v. 15·6 mm) and 2 mm less at 80 kg (20 v. 22 mm) compared with females housed at 22°C. The P2 backfat thickness of male pigs did not vary at 50 kg (13·2 v. 13·5 mm) but when housed at 35·22°C males had 1·4 mm more P2 backfat at 80 kg (18·2 v. 19·6 mm).

Some aspects of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of boars, gilts and barrows given diets containing different concentrations of protein

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
J. R. Carr ◽  
G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTFour diets which varied in crude protein concentration from 140 to 240 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given to gilts in experiment 1, and two diets containing 140 and 200 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given t o boars and barrows in experiment 2. Two levels of feeding were offered in both experiments and energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 30 and 90 kg live weight in both experiments, and also at 50 kg in experiment 1. Nitrogen intake had a small negative influence on energy retention by pigs of all sexes, an effect which was independent of the large positive effect of metabolizable energy intake. The ratio of metabolizable energy concentration to digestible energy concentration decreased in association with increases in crude protein concentration of the diets. The results show that comparisons of feeds on the basis of their digestible energy concentrations would lead to overestimation of the energy values of those containing high protein concentrations. Live weight (or age) and metabolizable energy intake exerted positive influences on the amount of energy retained per kg live-weight gain, whereas nitrogen intake exerted a negative influence. Values for energy retained per kg live-weight gain predicted from multiple regression equations, together with calculated values for maintenance and net efficiency, were used to predict the energy retention and growth rate of pigs in various circumstances.Nitrogen retention increased in association with increases in nitrogen intake for pigs of all sexes at 30 kg live weight; there was also a corresponding increase for boars at 90kg live weight, but not for gilts or barrows at this weight. Boars retained more nitrogen than did barrows at 30 and 90 kg live weight only if given the diet with the higher concentration of protein.Metabolizable energy intake appeared to exert a small positive influence on the nitrogen retention by pigs of all sexes at 90kg live weight; however, it appeared to have no influence on nitrogen retention by pigs at 30kg live weight.

Effect of fish meal on the mobilization of body energy in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
C. A. G. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were divided into four treatment groups to receive ad libitum a mixed diet consisting of silage (0·70) and grain-based concentrate (0·30). Fish meal was subsequently mixed into the diet at levels of 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg to provide crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) in the complete diets of 156, 181, 200 and 212 respectively. In the 2nd week after calving the yields of fat-corrected milk (FCM) were 28·5, 29·2, 32·0 and 34·9 kg/day for the four levels respectively; at this time, food intake was sufficient only to meet the calculated energy requirement for 15 kg FCM per day. Due to recurring problems with ketosis on the diet containing 120 g fish meal per kg, this treatment was terminated and the experiment continued for 15 weeks with the groups receiving 0, 40 and 80 g/kg fish meal supplements. During this time average yields of FCM were 23·5, 25·6 and 28-0 kg FCM per day respectively and energy intakes were calculated to be sufficient to meet the requirement for 18 kg FCM per day.It appeared possible to increase milk yield by stimulating fat mobilization through giving undegraded protein supplements to underfed cows in early lactation. However, when an excessive mobilization occurred with a high supplement, and when the animals were yielding 15 to 20 kg FCM more than their metabolizable energy intake was calculated to sustain, some cows became ketotic.

Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

Late pregnancy ewe feeding and lamb performance in early life. 1. Pregnancy feeding levels and perinatal lamb mortality

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Khalaf ◽  
D. L. Doxey ◽  
J. T. Baxter ◽  
W. J. M. Black ◽  
J. FitzSimons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels

ABSTRACTOne hundred and thirty-nine Scottish Half bred ewes were studied during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, through parturition and early lactation. They were divided, on the basis of their metabolizable energy intake during this period, into low (483 MJ/ewe; L), medium (742 MJ/ewe; M) or high (974 MJ/ewe; H) feeding groups.Ewe weight change (from mating to 12 h post lambing) was directly related to nutritional level and the number of lambs born, e.g. L ewes with triplets lost a mean 13·8 kg, while H ewes with single lambs gained 14·3 kg.Lamb birth weight and perinatal lamb mortality levels were affected by ewe nutrition and litter size. L twins weighed 19% less at birth than H twins; L triplets weighed 26% less than H triplets. The mortality rate of L twins was 23% greater than M twins; L triplets exceeded the H triplet mortality rate by 87%.Ewe energy feeding during late pregnancy affected the mean daily weight gain of lambs for at least 3 weeks after birth. H single, twin and triplet lambs grew 12%, 15% and 16% faster than M lambs and 19%, 31 % and 31 % faster than L lambs respectively.The H group produced 33 % more lamb live weight at 3 weeks of age for every lamb born than did the L group.Lamb serum immunoglobulin levels were related to litter size but did not reflect the differences in ewe feeding during late pregnancy.

Milk-fed calves: 5. The effect of a change in milk intake upon the herbage intake and performance of grazing calves

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. L. P. Le Du ◽  
R. D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reconstituted Milk

SummaryThe effect of the amount of milk consumed upon the herbage intake and performance of calves at pasture, following a standard rearing period, was investigated using 50 Hereford × Friesian calves purchased at 10–12 days ofage. All calves were offered 6 kg reconstituted milk substitute for a 58 day period indoors and for a subsequent 31 days at pasture. Ten calves were then allocated to each of five milk treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 10 kg/day) and grazed for a further 63 days. The calves were offered a daily herbage allowance of 60 g dry matter/kg live weight.Daily weight gain was increased by 59 g for each additional kilogramme of reconstituted milk consumed, and herbage intake per unit live weight decreased by 1–24 g/g milk organic matter consumed, equivalent to a reduction in metabolizable energy intake of 9 kJ. Clear effects of both age and diet upon the consumption of herbage were demonstrated. An explanation of the mechanisms governing intake of herbage in milk–fed calves is offered.

The influence of concentrate amount on locomotion and clinical lameness in dairy cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Manson ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Predisposing Causes

ABSTRACTAn experiment with two groups of 24 cows during weeks 3 to 22 of lactation examined the influence of 7 (L) or 11 (H) kg concentrates per day on the prevalence of lameness. Grass silage was offeredad libitum. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion on a weekly basis (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Cows scoring 3 or more were considered to be clinically lame. This allowed the prevalence of lameness, its severity and duration to be measured and statistically analysed. There were significantly more observations of lameness in the H cows than the L cows (0·077 and 0·021 observations per cow week) and the severity and duration of lameness incidents were significantly greater. The major causes of lameness were solar problems in the hind feet. The prevalence declined in both treatments as lactation progressed. The predisposing causes of the higher incidence in treatment H could have been the higher concentrate: forage ratio, the greater daily metabolizable energy intake or the greater daily crude protein intake. For treatments L and H, mean milk yields were 20·5, 23·7 kg/day; milk fat 41·7, 39·0 g/kg; milk protein 31·4, 32·0 g/kg; live-weight change -0·12, +0·11 kg/day; and condition score 2·04, 2·18.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
D. H. Holness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document