Utilization of ileal digestible amino acids by growing pigs: Effect of dietary lysine concentration on efficiency of lysine retention

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. M. Andersen ◽  
D. R. Baigent ◽  
E. White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Energy Retention

Diets were formulated using sugar, soya-bean meal and free amino acids to contain 0.1–0.8 lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE) and offered at three times maintenance to male and female pigs from 20 to 45 kg live weight. Growth responses and retentions of protein, fat, energy and lysine were assessed. Increasing the dietary lysine concentration resulted in significant (P < 0.001) linear and curvilinear increases in growth rates and decreases in food conversion ratios. There was only a small effect of lysine concentration on total energy retention, but a substantial effect on the partitioning of energy deposition, with increases in the rate of protein deposition and decreases in fat retention. There was no difference in the efficiency of protein deposition between male and female pigs but males responded more to higher lysine concentrations than females (estimated 0.93 and 0.74 g lysine/MJ DE for males and females respectively). Lysine concentration in the protein deposited by the pigs increased linearly and curvilinearly (P < 0.01) from 5.8 to 6.6 g lysine/16 g N with increasing dietary lysine concentration. There was a linear and quadratic response (P < 0.001) in retention of ileal digestible lysine, with the minimum retention of 0.16 occurring at 0.1 g lysine/MJ DE and increasing to a maximum retention of 0.73 at a dietary concentration of 0.47 g lysine/MJ DE. The efficiency of lysine retained/ileal digestible lysine intake was 0.86 and the endogenous lysine loss was estimated at 0.94 g/d.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. White ◽  
D. J. Farrell ◽  
B. K. Milthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Available P ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Four Levels

Two experiments were conducted to determine the available P requirements of grower and grower/finisher pigs and to define the conditions for conducting a growth assay for P availability. In the first experiment, diets with four levels of calculated available P (1–4 g/kg) and four Ca: available P ratios (1·7–2·9) were used to determine the available P requirements of grower pigs. The diets were formulated by substituting the required amounts of limestone and sodium tripolyphosphate for sugar in a soya-bean meal and sugar-based diet. In addition to measuring growth responses, a range of bones were examined to determine the most suitable criteria for assessing the response to available P. There was a small quadratic response of feed intake and growth rate of the pigs to level of available P, with maximum responses occurring to approximately 3 g available P/kg (P < 0·05). There were linear depressing effects of increasing Ca:available P ratios on carcass gain and feed conversion ratio (P < 0·01) but most of these effects occurred when the ratio exceeded 2·5:1. All bone variables examined increased linearly (P < 0·05) or curvilinearly (P < 0·01) with increasing available P concentration. In general, these variables were not affected by the Ca: available P ratio. The results of the growth responses and bone development indicate that the grower pig requires approximately 3 g available P/kg. However, for availability assays, where linearity of response is needed, the dietary concentration of available P should be a maximum of approximately 2 g/kg. In the second experiment four levels of calculated available P (1–4 g/kg) with a Ca: available P ratio of 2·5:1 were used to determine the available P requirements of grower/finisher pigs from 20 to 90 kg live weight. At 50 kg live weight the dietary available P concentration for half the pigs fed at 2, 3 and 4 g available P/kg was reduced to 1, 2 and 3 g/kg respectively. The pigs were fed ad lib. and growth performance, bone characteristics, P retention and ash concentration in the empty body were taken as response criteria to assess P adequacy. Among the variables tested, the ash concentration in the radius/ulna bone and P and ash concentrations in the empty body appeared to be more responsive than other variables to the changes in dietary P levels. Based on these variables, the P requirements for growth and bone development of growing pigs from 20 to 50 kg live weight was 3 g/kg and reduced to 2 g/kg for finisher pigs from 50 to 90 kg live weight.

scholarly journals The effect of heat on amino acids for growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Van Barneveld ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
B. W. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Growth Experiments

Two growth experiments were conducted to determine the effect of heat on the utilization of ileal-digestible lysine from field peas (Pisum sativum cultivar Dundale) fed to growing pigs. Five lysine-deficient diets (0.36 g ileal-digestible lysine/MJ digestible energy (DE)) were formulated using raw field peas, and field peas heated to either 110°, 135°, 150°, or 165° for 15 min respectively in a forced-air dehydrator. Additional diets were formulated with supplements of free lysine to verify that lysine was limiting in the diets containing the raw peas, and peas heated to 150° or 165°. The growth performance and retention of ileal-digestible lysine by pigs given the diets was determined over the 20–45 kg growth phase. Heat had a significant quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on growth rate, with responses declining from 543 g/d with pigs given the raw peas, to 407 g/d for those given the peas heated to 165°. Similarly, crude protein deposition declined in a quadratic manner (P < 0.001) from 76 to 36 g/d for pigs fed on raw peas and peas heated to 165° respectively. Retention of ileal-digestible lysine was 0.85 in the pigs given the raw field peas and declined in a quadratic manner (P < 0.001) with the application of heat to 0.48 in those pigs given the peas heated to 165°. Pigs fed on field peas heated to 165° had increased (P < 0.05) liver weights. The results indicate that heat applied to protein concentrates, even at mild temperatures, renders lysine in a form that is apparently absorbed but inefficiently utilized by the growing pig. Consequently, ileal digestibility values for lysine in heat-processed meals are unsuitable for diet formulations.

Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Green ◽  
T. Kiener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in foodstuffs for pigs and poultry, and the effects of manufacturing methods, equal quantities of soya-bean meal, sunflower meals [hulled (sunflower meal 1) and dehulled (sunflower meal 2)], meat meals [made with (meat meal 1), and without (meat meal 2), blood added at 250 g/kg meat tissue (wet weights)] and rapeseed meals [seeds heated at 80°C (rapeseed meal 1) or 100°C (rapeseed meal 2)] were mixed with protein-free ingredients. The diets were given to five growing pigs with ileo-rectal anastomoses, and, by crop-intubation, to 12 caecectomized and 12 intact cocks. Excreta were collected over 48-h periods. Endogenous excretion was estimated by giving protein-free diets.In the order, soya-bean meal, sunflower meals 1, and 2, meat meals 1, and 2, rapeseed meals 1, and 2, true digestibilities were: with pigs, of nitrogen, 0·81, 0·80, 0·79, 0·64, 0·79, 0·73, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·030), of lysine, 0·84, 0·83, 0·84, 0·65, 0·84, 0·76, 0·72 (s.e.d. 0·032); with caecectomized birds, of nitrogen, 0·92, 0·91, 0·91, 0·66, 0·78, 0·74, 0·75 (s.e.d. 0·018), of lysine 0·92, 0·91, 0·93, 0·62, 0·79, 0·70, 0·70 (s.e.d. 0·020); with intact birds, values were similar to those with caecectomized birds for soya-bean, and the sunflower meals, but lesser for meat meals 1 and 2; the solubilities of nitrogen in pepsin were 0·96, 0·92, 0·93, 0·80, 0·89, 0·87, 0·87.Two hundred and eighty pigs (initial live weights 10 kg) were used to compare growth response to free lysine with that to lysine in soya-bean meal and sunflower meal 2. Lysine availabilities, assessed by analyses of regressions of live-weight gain against lysine intake were 0·82 (s.e. 0·12) for soya-bean meal, and 0·82 (s.e. 0·18) for sunflower meal 2.Amino acid digestibilities of the sunflower meals were similar to those of soya-bean meal, and were not influenced by dehulling; values for the rapeseed meals were lower, and unaffected by differences in heating severity; values for the meat meal were reduced by blood addition. Values differed between pigs and poultry, but there was consistency in the extent to which each species discriminated between some foodstuffs. The pepsin test was insensitive. The large standard errors associated with availability values prevented meaningful comparisons with digestibility values.

Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Le Bellego ◽  
J. van Milgen ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feeding Level

AbstractThe effects of high ambient temperature (T) on protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) and energy utilization were studied on 36 Piétrain ✕ (Landrace ✕ Large White) barrows according to a factorial design including two temperatures (23ºC for thermoneutrality and 30ºC for the high temperature) and four feeding levels. One feeding level corresponded to the voluntary food intake (VFI) at each temperature. Expressed as proportion of VFI at 23ºC, the actual feeding levels were 1·00, 0·90, 0·80, 0·70 at 23ºC and 0·80, 0·73, 0·68 and 0·62 at 30ºC. Animals were offered a wheat, maize and soya-bean meal based diet containing 187 g crude protein per kg and 0·95 g ileal standardized digestible lysine per MJ of net energy. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to water. The experiment started at 24 kg live weight and animals were slaughtered at 65 kg live weight and their body composition was measured. Slaughter of nine control pigs at the beginning of the experiment allowed calculation of the composition of gain (nutrients and energy) according to the comparative slaughter technique. Reduction of metabolizable energy (ME) intake resulted in a reduced live-weight gain at each T: the maximum gain was 1052 g/ day in pigs offered food ad libitum at 23ºC and the minimum (760 g/day) at the lowest intake at 30ºC. Visceral organ mass was lower at 30ºC than at 23ºC but was not affected by feeding level within T. Growth responses were described as polynomial or broken-line functions of ME intake (linear-plateau for PD). Both the slope and the plateau were influenced by T. At 30ºC, PDmax (143 g/day) was reached at 22·8 MJ ME per day, while at 23ºC PDmax (165 g/day) was reached at 28·4 MJ ME per day. In both cases, PDmax was reached at 0·88 of VFI at this temperature. Also the marginal response of PD to ME intake before the breakpoint was affected by T (5·9 and 4·5 g PD per MJ ME at 23ºC and 30ºC, respectively). At identical high ME intake (e.g. 0·80 of VFI at 23ºC), PD was greater at 23ºC than at 30ºC. In contrast, severe food restriction reduced PD at thermoneutrality more than an identical food restriction obtained at high ambient T. The results indicate that heat stress has a direct negative effect on PD and affects the partitioning of energy gain between protein and fat deposition.

Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 1. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on the responses of growing pigs to lysine concentration

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (intact males and females) and live weight were investigated in a 4 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving 128 Large White pigs. Lysine concentrations were 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/kg air-dry food. The basal wheat-soya bean meal diet (14·0 MJ digestible energy per kg) was offered either ad libitum or on a restricted feeding scale to pigs from 20 to 85 kg live weight. During the 50 to 85 kg growth phase, the effects of proportionately reducing the lysine concentrations by 0·2 were investigated. Performance response was assessed in two ways; by analysis of variance for the 20 to 50, 50 to 85 and 20 to 85 kg phases, and by response surface analyses of data from successive 10-kg weight intervals.An initial analysis of variance indicated that food intake (of pigs fed ad libitum), daily gain and food conversion ratio varied with lysine concentration, but that the responses differed with food intake, sex and phase of growth.Analysis of the response surfaces delineated by lysine level and phase of growth indicated that for males and females with restricted food and males fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was produced by feeding at least 10 g lysine per kg, declining to about 8 g/kg at 80 kg. With females fed ad libitum, maximum daily gain was obtained by feeding 9·9 g lysine per kg at 20 kg, declining to less than 5·6 g/kg at 75 kg.Carcass characteristics were largely unaffected by lysine concentration.

Amino acid requirements of growing pigs 8. The response of pigs from 50 to 90 kg live weight to dietary ideal protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Yen ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

ABSTRACTThe response to dietary lysine when provided as part of an ideal protein was examined in pigs over the range of live weight from 50 to 90 kg. Ninety-six pigs, 32 trios of littermate boars, castrated males and gilts were allocated to eight diets with lysine concentrations of 5·6, 6·2, 7·3, 8·3, 9·3, 10·3, 11·4 and 12·4 g/kg diet and corresponding concentrations of crude protein (CP) from 90 to 186 g/kg diet (all having a digestible energy of 13·38 MJ/kg). Pigs were given food on a restricted scale once daily. With increasing lysine concentration, there was a linear response (followed by a plateau) for growth and carcass characteristics up to dietary lysine concentrations of 91, 7·2 and 8·4 g/kg diet and CP concentrations of 142, 116 and 132 g/kg diet with daily lysine intakes of 22·9, 18·6 and 21·2 g and CP intakes of 357, 290 and 331 g for boars, castrated males and gilts respectively.

Sucrose as an energy source for growing pigs: energy utilization for protein deposition

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Sucrose Diet

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sucrose as an energy source on energy utilization and protein retention by growing pigs. Growing pigs (20 to 50 kg live weight) were restrictively fed (three times maintenance) either a control wheat-based diet (14 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg), a sucrose-based diet (15 MJ DE per kg) or a wheat-based diet made i so-energetic with the sucrose diet by the addition of oil. Net energy (NE) content of the diet, energy utilization, protein and fat deposition were measured.Both the sucrose- and the iso-energetic wheat-based diets improved energy utilization and increased NE retention. They also increased fat deposition (P < 0·05) but had no effect on protein deposition (P > 0·05) compared with the wheat-based control. Increased DE utilization in the sucrose-based diet appeared due to (i) lower dietary fibre, (ii) a better balance of amino acids, or possibly due to (iii) increased fat synthesis due to sucrose metabolism. The lack of effect of sucrose on protein deposition appeared due to either (i) an increased amino acid requirement as a result of the higher NE content of the diet or (ii) preferential use of sucrose for fat deposition.

Changes in plasma amino acid patterns and wool growth in response to abomasal injections of amino acids during late pregnancy and early lactation

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Stewart ◽  
DG Masters ◽  
IH Williams ◽  
PJ Connell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Specific Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Provision of sulfur-containing amino acids into the abomasum has increased wool production in non-reproducing sheep and, on the basis of such studies, they have generally been considered as the primary limiting nutrients for wool growth. The specific amino acid needs of reproducing ewes were investigated in the current study. Three groups of pregnant ewes were fitted with temporary abomasal fistulae. For the last 3-4 weeks of pregnancy and the first 3 weeks of lactation, solutions containing sodium hydroxide (as a carrier) or methionine or a mixture of valine, arginine, lysine and threonine (VALT) were injected into the abomasum twice per day. The injection of methionine did not increase protein deposition during pregnancy; this was indicated by the failure of the treatment to lower the concentration of other amino acids in plasma, or increase liveweight, lamb birth weight or wool growth. Responses in early lactation were different with the methionine injected sheep having a lower concentration of free lysine, valine, alanine and serine in plasma, indicating an increased rate of protein deposition, and a faster growth rate in the ewes. Injections of VALT caused a decrease in the concentration of cystine and methionine in plasma and depressed wool growth and tensile strength. Theresults indicate that a lack of methionine was not limiting protein deposition during late pregnancy, but may have been during early lactation. Valine, arginine, lysine and threonine were not the primary limiting amino acids in late pregnancy or early lactation.

The tissue and dietary protein and amino acid requirements of pigs from 8.0 to 20.0 kg live weight

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
C. J. Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein

AbstractForty-three entire males were used to determine the pig's tissue requirements for protein and amino acids from 8·0 to 20·0 kg, and provide information on the capacity of diets formulated with conventional ingredients to contain the same levels and balances of amino acids as ideal protein to supply these nutrients. Seven diets with similar digestible energy (15·9 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) and crude protein concentrations from 119 to 232 g/kg (8·7 to 17·3 g lysine per kg) were offered ad libitum between 8·0 and 200 kg live weight. The rate of protein deposition was determined by comparative slaughter. The composition of the protein deposited in the whole empty body was determined from amino acid analyses of pigs killed at 8·0 kg and from the two extreme dietary treatments at 20·0 kg. Growth performance and the rates at which protein and lysine were deposited in the empty body increased linearly with increasing dietary protein concentration up to 187 g/kg and remained relatively constant thereafter. The corresponding dietary protein and lysine intakes required to support maximal protein accretion were 178 g/day (11·7 g/MJ DE) and 13·0 g/day (0·84 g/MJ DE) respectively. Based on the maximal deposition rates for protein (91·8 g/day), and lysine (5·96 g/day) and endogenous protein loss (77middot;6 g/day) estimated from the linear component of the relationship determined between protein deposition and apparent digestible protein intake, the pig's tissue requirements for protein and lysine were only 99·4 g/day (6·5 g/MJ DE) and 6·46 g/day (0·43 g/MJ DE) respectively. This disparity between the pig's tissue protein and amino acid requirements and the dietary levels needed to support these was associated with the fact that the apparent digestibility and biological value of the dietary protein were 0·92 and 0·602 respectively. Apart from small differences in the lysine content of body protein and the methionine: lysine ratio, the average amino acid composition of pigs killed at 8·0 kg, and from the diet of highest protein concentration at 20 kg, was similar to that of ideal protein, indicating that the low utilizability of dietary protein for tissue growth and maintenance was probably associated with low amino acid digestibility and/or availability. The implications of the results with respect to expression of the growing pig's requirements for protein and amino acids are discussed.

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