Adaptive changes in energy expenditure during mild and severe feed restriction in the rat

Using a new-generation open-circuit calorimeter capable of monitoring the cost of activity, and thereby both the real thermic effect of feeding (TEF) and basal metabolism in free-moving freely-feeding rats, we have reassessed the proposal that when food intake is restricted an adaptative reduction in energy expenditure participates in the achievement of energy balance. Total energy expenditure, energy expenditure due to spontaneous activity, TEF, basal energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were computed by indirect calorimetry in rats given either a mildly restricted (MR) feed intake for 20–30 d (17 g feed/d) or a severely restricted (SR) feed intake for 1–10 d (4 g feed/d). In MR rats no significant changes in any of the measured variables were observed. In contrast, SR rats exhibited an adaptative reduction in energy expenditure due to a reduced spontaneous activity and probably also due to a reduced basal energy expenditure. On the other hand none of the animals fed on a restricted feed intake showed an adaptative TEF decrease, suggesting that TEF under ad lib. feeding is rather an obligatory process that does not include an adaptative component. Taken together, these results point out that under restricted feeding most of the decrease in energy expenditure is associated with simple passive mechanisms, such as body weight loss, and with the reduced feed intake per se. Only under severe feed restriction can some additional energetic economy be obtained from a possible reduction of basal metabolism, and to some extent from reduced activity.

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ENERGY COST OF EXERCISE IN PIGS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas75-023 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 201-205

Author(s):

D. M. MURRAY ◽

B. A. YOUNG ◽

J. P. BOWLAND

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Energy Cost ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Weight Increase ◽

Belt Speed ◽

The Cost ◽

Treadmill Belt

The energy cost of exercise of four pigs (two gilts and two barrows) was determined at liveweights of 30–40 and 60–70 kg using an open circuit respiratory system for measuring oxygen consumption during exercise on a treadmill. Animals were exercised at treadmill belt slopes of +4°, 0° and −4° with the treadmill operated at speeds of 1 and 2 km/h (lighter weight) and 2 and 3 km/h (heavier weight). Increase over resting in energy expenditure during exercise was greater, and less, respectively, at +4° and −4° than at 0°. There were significant differences between animals in both resting energy expenditure levels and in the increment of energy expenditure associated with exercise. Within each liveweight range, the apparent cost of horizontal locomotion increased slightly with an increase in belt speed. The overall estimate of 0.64 cal/hor. kg m is similar to values reported for other species. Cost of vertical work (cal/vert. kg m) was significantly lower at 1 km/h than at 2 km/h at the 30- to 40-kg liveweight range. There was no significant effect of speed on the energy cost of vertical work at 60–70 kg. The overall estimate for the cost of vertical work was 5.27 cal/vert, kg m, which represents an efficiency of 44.4%.

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Simulated weightlessness alters the nycthemeral distribution of energy expenditure in rats

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.204.23.4107 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 204 (23) ◽

pp. 4107-4113

Author(s):

Stéphane Blanc ◽

Alain Géloën ◽

Sylvie Normand ◽

Claude Gharib ◽

Laurence Somody

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Basal Metabolic Rate ◽

Male Rats ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Simulated Weightlessness ◽

Basal Energy Expenditure ◽

The Cost

SUMMARY The energy metabolism adaptations to simulated weightlessness in rats by hindlimb tail suspension are unknown. 12 male rats were assigned to 7 days of isolation, 7 days of habituation to the suspension device, 10 days of simulated weightlessness, and 3 days of recovery. The 24-hour energy expenditure was measured by continuous indirect calorimetry. We calculated the 12-hour energy expenditure during the active (night) and inactive (day) periods, the minimal observed metabolic rates with the day values taken as an index of the basal metabolic rate, and the non-basal energy expenditure representing the cost of physical activity plus the diet-induced thermogenesis. Suspension did not change the mean 24-hour energy expenditure (360.8±15.3 J min–1 kg–0.67), but reduced the night/day difference by 64 % (P<0.05) through a concomitant drop in night-energy expenditure and increase in day values. The difference between night and day minimal metabolic rates was reduced by 81 % (P<0.05), and the transient rise in day values suggests an early and moderate basal metabolic rate increase (9 %). An overall 19 % reduction in non-basal energy expenditure was observed during simulated weightlessness (P<0.05), which was mainly attributable to a reduction in the cost of physical activity. 3 days of recovery restored the night/day differences but increased the 24-hour energy expenditure by 10 % (P<0.05). In conclusion, hindlimb tail suspension in rats did not alter the 24-hour energy expenditure, but it transiently increased the basal metabolic rate, and altered both the energy expended on physical activity and the nycthemeral distribution of motor activity. These data suggest that the circadian rhythms of energy expenditure are affected during simulated weightlessness.

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Response of broilers to 3 weeks feed restriction initiated at different time periods

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v30i2.1469 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 157-162

Author(s):

J. O. Oyedeji ◽

J. O. Atteh

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Feed Restriction ◽

Economic Gain ◽

Economic Data ◽

Benefit Ratio ◽

Time Periods ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

The Cost ◽

Ad Libitum Feeding

One hundred and forty four Anak broilers were subjected to either ad libitum feeding or 50% ad libitum feeding for a period of 3 weeks starting from 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th week of age and then returned to ad libitum feeding to market age. Feed intake was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding at the 2nd week of age produced a significantly higher weight gain and better feed to gain ratio compared with the control (P<0.05). Initiation of broilers to 50% ad libitum feeding beyond the 3rd week resulted in poorer performance of broilers compared with the control (P<0.05). Feed restriction as applied in this study did not have any significant effects on broilers initiated at the 2nd or 3rd week and the control. However, retention of these nutrients were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds initiated into feed restriction beyond the 3rd week. The economic data showed that 50% of ad libitum feeding initiated at the 2nd Week of age resulted in significant reduction in the cost of production and cost to benefit ratio (P<0.05). The benefit in terms of Naira and kobo was also significantly increased (P<0.05). It was then concluded that, initiating broilers to 50% of ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks starting at the 2nd week of age offered a better economic gain than the usual ad libitum feeding.

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HEAT PRODUCTION OF SKIP-A-DAY AND DAILY FED BROILER BREEDER PULLETS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas90-078 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 667-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. D. BENNETT ◽

S. LEESON ◽

H. S. BAYLEY

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Availability ◽

Heat Production ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Feed Restriction ◽

Lower Body ◽

Diurnal Pattern ◽

Broiler Breeder ◽

Body Weights ◽

Feeding Regimen

Four broiler breeder pullets were reared on a skip-a-day feeding regimen according to breeder recommendations; another four pullets were fed daily the same average feed intake as the skip-a-day fed birds. At 15–17 wk of age the average and diurnal pattern of heat production and respiration quotients were determined using an open-circuit respiration calorimeter. Lower body weights of the skip-a-day fed birds may have been due to the day-to-day fluctuation in nutrient availability. Skip-a-day fed birds produced more heat per kilogram body mass. The diurnal pattern of heat production and respiration quotients indicated that skip-a-day fed birds were absorbing nutrients on the feed-day but were fasting for most of the off-feed day. Key words: Broiler breeder, feed restriction, heat production

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Hypoxic Exposure Increases Energy Expenditure by Increasing Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mice

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/6159407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Yeram Park ◽

Deunsol Hwang ◽

Hun-Young Park ◽

Jisu Kim ◽

Kiwon Lim

Keyword(s):

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽

Hypoxic Condition ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase ◽

Hypoxic Exposure ◽

Control Group ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

Aims. Hypoxic exposure improves glucose metabolism. We investigated to validate the hypothesis that carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation could increase in mice exposed to severe hypoxic conditions. Methods. Seven-week-old male ICR mice (n=16) were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (CON) was kept in normoxic condition (fraction of inspired O2=21%) and the hypoxia group (HYP) was exposed to hypoxic condition (fraction of inspired O2=12%, ≈altitude of 4,300 m). The CON group was pair-fed with the HYP group. After 3 weeks of hypoxic exposure, we measured respiratory metabolism (energy expenditure and substrate utilization) at normoxic conditions for 24 hours using an open-circuit calorimetry system. In addition, we investigated changes in carbohydrate mechanism-related protein expression, including hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), and regulator of the genes involved in energy metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, PGC1α) in soleus muscle. Results. Energy expenditure (EE) and CHO oxidation over 24 hours were higher in the HYP group by approximately 15% and 34% (p<0.001), respectively. Fat oxidation was approximately 29% lower in the HYP group than the CON group (p<0.01). Body weight gains were significantly lower in the HYP group than in the CON group (CON vs. HYP; 1.9±0.9 vs. −0.3±0.9; p<0.001). Hypoxic exposure for 3 weeks significantly reduced body fat by approximately 42% (p<0.001). PDH and PGC1α protein levels were significantly higher in the HYP group (p<0.05). Additionally, HK2 was approximately 21% higher in the HYP group. Conclusions. Hypoxic exposure might significantly enhance CHO oxidation by increasing the expression of PDH and HK2. This investigation can be useful for patients with impaired glucose metabolism, such as those with type 2 diabetes.

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Measurement of ‘Basal’ and Total Metabolism in Hereditarily Obese-Hyperglycemic Mice

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.193.3.495 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 193 (3) ◽

pp. 495-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ruth McClintock ◽

Nathan Lifson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Voluntary Movement ◽

Carbon Dioxide Production ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Energy Output ◽

Obese Mice ◽

Energy Expenditures ◽

Isotope Method

Measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were made by the Haldane open circuit method on hereditarily obese mice and littermate controls, and the energy expenditures were estimated. Studies were made on mice for short periods under ‘basal’ conditions, and for periods of approximately a day with the mice fasted and confined, fasted and relatively unconfined, and fed and unconfined. The total energy expenditures of fed and unconfined obese mice were found to be higher than those of nonobese littermate controls by virtue of a) increased ‘basal metabolism’, b) greater energy expenditure associated with feeding, and possibly c) larger energy output for activity despite reduced voluntary movement. The values obtained for total metabolism confirm those previously determined by an isotope method for measuring CO2 output.

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Increased plasma leptin attenuates adaptive metabolism in early lactating dairy cows

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-16-0031 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 229 (2) ◽

pp. 145-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Richard A Ehrhardt ◽

Andreas Foskolos ◽

Sarah L Giesy ◽

Stephanie R Wesolowski ◽

Christopher S Krumm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cow ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Energy Output ◽

Glucose Disposal ◽

Hepatic Glycogen ◽

Metabolic Efficiency ◽

Plasma Leptin

Mammals meet the increased nutritional demands of lactation through a combination of increased feed intake and a collection of adaptations known as adaptive metabolism (e.g., glucose sparing via insulin resistance, mobilization of endogenous reserves, and increased metabolic efficiency via reduced thyroid hormones). In the modern dairy cow, adaptive metabolism predominates over increased feed intake at the onset of lactation and develops concurrently with a reduction in plasma leptin. To address the role of leptin in the adaptive metabolism of early lactation, we asked which adaptations could be countered by a constant 96-h intravenous infusion of human leptin (hLeptin) starting on day 8 of lactation. Compared to saline infusion (Control), hLeptin did not alter energy intake or milk energy output but caused a modest increase in body weight loss. hLeptin reduced plasma glucose by 9% and hepatic glycogen content by 73%, and these effects were associated with a 17% increase in glucose disposal during an insulin tolerance test. hLeptin attenuated the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver by 28% in the absence of effects on plasma levels of the anti-lipolytic hormone insulin or plasma levels of free fatty acids, a marker of lipid mobilization from adipose tissue. Finally, hLeptin increased the plasma concentrations of T4and T3by nearly 50% without affecting other neurally regulated hormones (i.e., cortisol and luteinizing hormone (LH)). Overall these data implicate the periparturient reduction in plasma leptin as one of the signals promoting conservation of glucose and energy at the onset of lactation in the energy-deficient dairy cow.

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LeafGo: Leaf to Genome, a quick workflow to produce high-quality De novo genomes with Third Generation Sequencing technology

10.1101/2021.01.25.428044 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Driguez ◽

Salim Bougouffa ◽

Karen Carty ◽

Alexander Putra ◽

Kamel Jabbari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Plant Genome ◽

Plant Genomics ◽

High Quality ◽

High Molecular Weight Dna ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

The Cost ◽

New Generation

AbstractRecent years have witnessed a rapid development of sequencing technologies. Fundamental differences and limitations among various platforms impact the time, the cost and the accuracy for sequencing whole genomes. Here we designed a complete de novo plant genome generation workflow that starts from plant tissue samples and produces high-quality draft genomes with relatively modest laboratory and bioinformatic resources within seven days. To optimize our workflow we selected different species of plants which were used to extract high molecular weight DNA, to make PacBio and ONT libraries for sequencing with the Sequel I, Sequel II and GridION platforms. We assembled high-quality draft genomes of two different Eucalyptus species E. rudis, and E. camaldulensis to chromosome level without using additional scaffolding technologies. For the rapid production of de novo genome assembly of plant species we showed that our DNA extraction protocol followed by PacBio high fidelity sequencing, and assembly with new generation assemblers such as hifiasm produce excellent results. Our findings will be a valuable benchmark for groups planning wet- and dry-lab plant genomics research and for high throughput plant genomics initiatives.

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Differences in Basal Energy Expenditure and Obesity**

Obesity ◽

10.1038/oby.2007.304 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2546-2548 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Flatt

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Basal Energy Expenditure

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Optimizing Casing Cut and Pull Operations Efficiency Using Ultrasonic Logging Data

10.2118/205431-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tonje Winther ◽

Guillermo Andres Obando Palacio ◽

Amit Govil

Keyword(s):

Data Interpretation ◽

Economic Life ◽

P Efficiency ◽

Sonic Log ◽

The Status ◽

Exploration Drilling ◽

Well Abandonment ◽

The Cost ◽

New Generation

Abstract Thousands of wells will enter the plug and abandonment (P&A) phase across the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), either for permanent well abandonment or section abandonment with subsequent sidetracks. In the medium and long term, more wells will be added to follow the same path as exploration, drilling, and production continues. The cost of abandonment operations demands improvement of how P&A operations are performed. A critical, and often time-consuming operation, of well or section abandonment is to cut and pull (C&P) some of the casing strings. Uncertainties about the status of the annular contents and the material within it, such as settled solids, contaminated cement, or well geometry might pose restraints that could hinder the C&P efficiency. The uncertainties may cause operations to deviate from the plan, increasing the time and the costs required. New-generation ultrasonic tools, in combination with sonic tools, provide information about the annulus material with a detailed map of the axial and azimuthal variations of the annulus contents. The geometric position of the inner pipe can be determined relative to the outer casing or borehole using advanced measurements. Logging with ultrasonic and sonic tools is a noninvasive method that can increase the efficiency of C&P operations. In this paper we discuss three case studies of wells ranging from 2 to 40 years old. Some of the wells have reached the end of their economic life and are now ready for permanent plug and abandonment (PP&A) or slot recovery. Each case is unique with different casing sizes being retrieved, along with varied annulus contents observed from ultrasonic and sonic log data. The innovative use of the data interpretation with advanced workflows decreased uncertainties about the annulus contents and enabled following an informed C&P strategy. In all three cases, the casing sections were retrieved without difficulties from the recommended depths of the analysis. Casing milling was performed in intervals where C&P was not supported by the data analysis.

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