HEAT PRODUCTION OF SKIP-A-DAY AND DAILY FED BROILER BREEDER PULLETS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. BENNETT ◽  
S. LEESON ◽  
H. S. BAYLEY
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Feeding Regimen

Four broiler breeder pullets were reared on a skip-a-day feeding regimen according to breeder recommendations; another four pullets were fed daily the same average feed intake as the skip-a-day fed birds. At 15–17 wk of age the average and diurnal pattern of heat production and respiration quotients were determined using an open-circuit respiration calorimeter. Lower body weights of the skip-a-day fed birds may have been due to the day-to-day fluctuation in nutrient availability. Skip-a-day fed birds produced more heat per kilogram body mass. The diurnal pattern of heat production and respiration quotients indicated that skip-a-day fed birds were absorbing nutrients on the feed-day but were fasting for most of the off-feed day. Key words: Broiler breeder, feed restriction, heat production

scholarly journals Adaptive changes in energy expenditure during mild and severe feed restriction in the rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
S. Nicolaïdis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Basal Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Generation

Using a new-generation open-circuit calorimeter capable of monitoring the cost of activity, and thereby both the real thermic effect of feeding (TEF) and basal metabolism in free-moving freely-feeding rats, we have reassessed the proposal that when food intake is restricted an adaptative reduction in energy expenditure participates in the achievement of energy balance. Total energy expenditure, energy expenditure due to spontaneous activity, TEF, basal energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were computed by indirect calorimetry in rats given either a mildly restricted (MR) feed intake for 20–30 d (17 g feed/d) or a severely restricted (SR) feed intake for 1–10 d (4 g feed/d). In MR rats no significant changes in any of the measured variables were observed. In contrast, SR rats exhibited an adaptative reduction in energy expenditure due to a reduced spontaneous activity and probably also due to a reduced basal energy expenditure. On the other hand none of the animals fed on a restricted feed intake showed an adaptative TEF decrease, suggesting that TEF under ad lib. feeding is rather an obligatory process that does not include an adaptative component. Taken together, these results point out that under restricted feeding most of the decrease in energy expenditure is associated with simple passive mechanisms, such as body weight loss, and with the reduced feed intake per se. Only under severe feed restriction can some additional energetic economy be obtained from a possible reduction of basal metabolism, and to some extent from reduced activity.

Thermogenesis following meal feeding, isoproterenol, and cold in rats with LH lesions

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. E534-E541
Author(s):  
S. W. Corbett ◽  
B. Roland ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Drug Injection ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Meal Feeding ◽  
Made In ◽  
Thermogenic Response

Responses to several thermogenic stimuli were measured in rats maintaining stable but reduced body weights following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions. Oxygen consumption was monitored in open-circuit respirometers before and after exposure to cold (16.5 degrees C), intubation of a meal, and isoproterenol injection (40 micrograms/kg 0.75). Observations were made in both warm- (28 degrees C) and cold-acclimated (9 degrees C) LH-lesioned rats. Cold exposure, intubation, and drug injection each caused marked increases in heat production in sham- and LH-lesioned rats. This thermogenic response was similar in magnitude and form for both groups. Acclimation to 9 degrees C caused increased baseline levels of heat production when measured at 28 degrees C. Subsequent exposure to thermogenic stimuli revealed an exaggerated response to isoproterenol but not intubation in cold-acclimated groups. The LH-lesioned cold-acclimated rats responded in the same manner as sham-lesioned cold-acclimated rats. These findings are in contrast to the immediate postlesion period when rats show enhanced thermogenic activity. At reduced body weights LH-lesioned rats show normal rates of heat production and make normal responses to thermogenic stimuli. Enhanced thermogenesis does not appear to play a role in the maintenance of chronically reduced body mass in LH-lesioned rats.

scholarly journals Effect of high temperature on feeding behaviour and heat production in group-housed young pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Collin ◽  
Jacob van Milgen ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Jean Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Thermic Effect

To assess the acclimation of pigs to heat stress, the effects of high (33°C) or thermoneutral (23°C) constant temperatures on feeding behaviour and components of energy balance were studied in group-housed young pigs. Three groups of five pigs were used at each temperature. After 1 week of adaptation, voluntary feed intake (VFI) and heat production (HP) were recorded for thirteen consecutive days. Animals were fed ad libitum. Fasting HP was measured on the last day. Average initial body weights (BW) were 21·4 and 20·9 kg at 23 and 33°C respectively. Feeding behaviour was measured individually and rate of feed intake and characteristics of feeding behaviour were calculated. The O2 consumption, CO2 production and physical activity of the group were used to calculate total HP (HPtot) and its components, i.e. fasting HP (HPfas), HP due to physical activity (HPact) and thermic effect of feed (TEF). The BW gain and VFI were reduced by 37 and 30 % respectively at 33°C. The decrease in VFI corresponded to reduced consumption time (-34 %) and size of the meals (-32 %). Feeding behaviour was mostly diurnal (66 % of the VFI), and the rate of feed intake (28 g/min) was not affected by temperature. Daily HPtot, HPfas and TEF, expressed per kg metabolic weight (BW0·60), were significantly decreased at 33°C by 22, 18 and 35 % respectively, whereas HPact was not affected; TEF expressed per g feed was not affected (2 kJ/g). The decrease in HPtot at 33°C was caused by a reduction in TEF and HPfas (kJ/d per/kg BW0·60), which are both related to reduction in VFI.

The relationship between the rate of heat production and the level of milk production in a subtropical climate

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Berman ◽  
S Amir ◽  
R Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Hourly Rate ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Heat Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

Heat production as determined by the open circuit mask method, thermoregulatory responses, fat-corrected milk (F.C.M.) yield, and feed intake were recorded in two groups of 11 Israeli-Holstein cows each from the seventh day after calving up to 104 days of lactation. One group was fed according to the Fredricksen standard and the other group ad libitum, its feed intake being 125% of the Fredricksen standard. The experiment was carried out from January to mid July. No apparent heat increment of lactation was observed in the group fed according to the Fredricksen standard. A highly significant heat increment was found (10.3 kcal/hr/kg F.C.M.) at lower air temperatures (16–22°C) in the group fed ad libitum, while at higher air temperatures (23–28°C) a smaller, non-significant heat increment (5.4 kcal/hr/kg F.C.M.) was found. The hourly rate of heat production, the rectal temperature, respiration rate, respiratory volume, and respiratory vaporization changed only by small non-significant amounts with increasing temperatures. From these data it is inferred that heat production did not increase above heat requirements, except for the group fed ad libitum during the period at lower temperatures. This is explained by an increase in the critical temperature of the animals through a gradual adaptation to the summer conditions. This adaptation involves a decreased peripheral insulation by the summer coat and a lower basal metabolic rate. It is , suggested that these adaptational processes occurring in nature should be considered in studies on heat increments of feeding and of lactation.

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

Oral vanadyl sulfate in treatment of diabetes mellitus in rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (3) ◽  
pp. H904-H911 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramanadham ◽  
J. J. Mongold ◽  
R. W. Brownsey ◽  
G. H. Cros ◽  
J. H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Heart Function ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Vanadyl Sulfate ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Working Heart ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Activity

Recent reports have suggested that vanadium in the form of vanadyl (+IV) possesses insulin-like activity. Therefore, in the present study we examined the effects of administering oral vanadyl to diabetic animals. Wistar rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and age-matched controls were maintained for 10 wk in the absence and presence of vanadyl sulfate trihydrate in the drinking water. In the presence of vanadyl, decreases in rate of growth and circulating levels of insulin were the only significant alterations recorded in control animals. In contrast, diabetic animals treated with vanadyl, despite having lower body weights and insulin levels, had normal plasma concentrations of glucose, lipid, creatinine, and thyroid hormone. In addition, abnormalities in isolated working heart function and glycerol output from adipose tissue of diabetic animals were also corrected after vanadyl treatment. These results suggest that vanadium when used in the vanadyl form is effective in diminishing the diabetic state in the rat by substituting for and replacing insulin or possibly by enhancing the effects of endogenous insulin.

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
N. B. Marshall ◽  
J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

scholarly journals Short-term consequences of a sudden increase in feed allowance in broiler breeder hens

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Robinson ◽  
M. W. Yu ◽  
M. E. Lupicki ◽  
R. T. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Breeder Hens ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Broiler Breeder Hens ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The immediate effects of a sudden increase in feed allowance on selected morphological and reproductive traits were investigated in broiler breeder hens at 44 wk of age. Fifty Indian River hens were individually caged at 40 wk of age. Prior to 40 wk of age the birds had been feed restricted in accordance with the breeder's recommended feeding program. Five treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) of 10 birds each were formed based on level of feeding and duration of exposure to such feeding. T1, T2 and T3 birds were feed restricted (128 g of daily feed bird−1) from 40 to 44, 40 to 45 and 40 to 46 wk of age, respectively. T4 and T5 birds were also feed restricted at the same level as the other groups to 44 wk of age and then were full fed from 44 to 45 and 44 to 46 wk of age, respectively. To facilitate study of follicular recruitment and yolk deposition, hens were fed 10 g of oil-soluble red and black dyes, daily, on alternate days, beginning at 42 wk of age. Birds were killed on day 0 (44 wk; T1), day 7 (45 wk; T2, T4), or day 14 (46 wk; T3, T5). Full-fed hens consumed approximately 100 g more feed per day than did feed-restricted hens, with marked increases in feed intake on the first day of full feeding. After 7 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were seen in body weight, liver weight, percent liver fat, plasma lipid concentration, ovary weight, and the incidence of a double hierarchy (simultaneous development) of large follicles. After 14 d of ad libitum feeding, significant increases were also observed in absolute fat-pad weight, individual weights of the four largest preovulatory follicles and number of large preovulatory follicles. The increased number of large follicles in the ovary was not associated with any change in egg production. It is apparent that the morphological disruptions associated with overfeeding broiler breeder hens can be identified within 7 d of full feeding, while any effects on egg production are not seen within the first 14 d of ad libitum feeding. Key words: Broiler breeder, feed intake, yolk deposition, ovarian morphology, egg production

Effects of different fresh-cut forages and their hays on feed intake, digestibility, heat production, and ruminal methane emission by Boer × Spanish goats1

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 2754-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Puchala ◽  
G. Animut ◽  
A. K. Patra ◽  
G. D. Detweiler ◽  
J. E. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fresh Cut
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