scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in dietary intake in Scottish women around the menopause: changes in dietary pattern result in minor changes in nutrient intake

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M Macdonald ◽  
Susan A New ◽  
David M Reid
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Processed Meat

AbstractObjectiveTo examine dietary change that has occurred over 5 to 6 years.SubjectsA cohort of Scottish women (n=898) with a mean age of 47.5 years (range 45–54 years) at baseline.DesignDietary intake was assessed by validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and analysed using the UK Composition of Foods database.ResultsSince the first dietary assessment, mean daily energy intake had decreased from 8.2±2.3 to 7.9±2.2 MJ. The degree of low energy reporting (defined as ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate >1.1) had increased from 18.7% at baseline to 25.6% at follow-up. Low energy reporters were significantly heavier than ‘normal’ energy reporters (mean weight at follow-up, 68.9±12.6 vs. 66.8±11.3 kg) and could be deliberately restricting intake rather than underreporting. Overall there were decreases in intakes of red meat, processed meat and cheese, but increases in poultry and non-oily fish consumption. Consumption of bread, biscuits and cakes had gone down and there was an increase in cereal and rice/pasta consumption. Intake of potatoes had decreased whereas fruit intake had increased. There were small but statistically significant differences in intakes for most nutrients (>8% change). Nutrient intakes at both visits were similar across menopausal status and usage groups of hormone replacement therapy. Modifications to the computer version of the McCance and Widdowson nutrient database, which differed from the published version, were noted. These changes altered the original baseline values for our study.ConclusionsThe menopause per se is not a period of marked change in nutrient intake. Caution is advised when using computer databases of food compositions for longitudinal studies.

A comparison of the Remote Food Photography Method and the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool for measuring full day dietary intake among school-aged children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Traci A. Bekelman ◽  
Corby K. Martin ◽  
Susan L. Johnson ◽  
Deborah H. Glueck ◽  
Katherine A. Sauder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Food Photography ◽  
Photography Method

Abstract The limitations of self-report measures of dietary intake are well known. Novel, technology-based measures of dietary intake may provide a more accurate, less burdensome alternative to existing tools. The first objective of this study was to compare participant burden for two technology-based measures of dietary intake among school-age children: the Automated-Self Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool-2018 (ASA24-2018) and the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM). The second objective was to compare reported energy intake for each method to the Estimated Energy Requirement for each child, as a benchmark for actual intake. Forty parent-child dyads participated in 2, 3-day dietary assessments: a parent proxy-reported version of the ASA24 and the RFPM. A parent survey was subsequently administered to compare satisfaction, ease of use and burden with each method. A linear mixed model examined differences in total daily energy intake (TDEI) between assessments, and between each assessment method and the EER. Reported energy intake was 379 kcal higher with the ASA24 than the RFPM (p=0.0002). Reported energy intake with the ASA24 was 231 kcal higher than the EER (p = 0.008). Reported energy intake with the RFPM did not differ significantly from the EER (difference in predicted means = −148 kcal, p = 0.09). Median satisfaction and ease of use scores were 5 out of 6 for both methods. A higher proportion of parents reported that the ASA24 was more time consuming than the RFPM (74.4% vs. 25.6%, p = 0.002). Utilization of both methods is warranted given their high satisfaction among parents.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake/Patterns of Lactating Women from Northwest Mexico After an Individualized Dietary Intervention: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1091-1091
Author(s):  
Larisa Trecierras-Rangel ◽  
Andrea Garcia-Padilla ◽  
José Valenzuela-Gutierrez ◽  
Ana Limon-Miro ◽  
Trinidad Quizan-Plata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lactating Women

Abstract Objectives To assess the changes of nutrient intake in overweight or obese breastfeeding women after an individualized nutritional intervention. Methods Randomized clinical controlled trial. After an informed consent was signed, breastfeeding women (2–8 weeks postpartum) were randomly assigned by simple allocation in blocks (1:1) to either the intervention (In) or control (Cn) group. These two groups received general recommendations on healthy eating during lactation; additionally, the intervention group received a dynamic macronutrient meal equivalent with interchangeable foods every 2 weeks for 3 months, and a caloric restriction if needed. Nutrient intake was evaluated before and after the intervention using 3 non-consecutive 24-hour recalls; questionnaires were applied 1.5 mo intervals. Mean nutrient intakes were compared between groups; additionally, women's intake was contrasted against dietary reference intakes. Results Out of 939 potential participants, 303 were eligible but only 30 agreed to participate, and twenty (n = 10/group) completed the program. At baseline no difference was found for energy intake (P > 0.05). At end line, In group consumed −870 kcal than the Cn group. After adjusting for energy intake (1000 kcal), for macronutrient; proteins, lipids and carbohydrates do not differ between groups (P > 0.05). The median intakes of fiber were higher on In group + 15.4 g (10.1–21.8) compared with Cn group + 9.1 (6.7–13.4) P = 0.02, and sodium intake was higher on Cn group + 379 mg; compared with In group −638 mg P = 0.01. A notable proportion of all women failed to meet the EAR for vitamin A, but had adequate intake of Iron, pyridoxin and thiamin. Conclusions Our results indicate that an individualized intervention in lactating women can improve the dietary intake of key nutrients. Future research should focus on assessing the adequacy of dietary recommendations for overweight/obese breastfeeding women and the mother/infant dyad. Funding Sources LTR, AGP, JCVG received a fellowship from the National Research Council in Mexico.

scholarly journals Determinants of Bone Strength Estimated by Calcaneal Ultrasonography in Inuit Women from Nuuk (Greenland)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alexandra-Cristina Paunescu ◽  
Pierre Ayotte ◽  
Sylvie Dodin ◽  
Éric Dewailly ◽  
Gert Mulvad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Stiffness Index ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Selection Of Variables

This study was conducted to identify determinants of bone strength estimated by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) at the calcaneus of Greenlandic Inuit women. A total of 153 Inuit women from Nuuk, aged from 49 to 64 years, participated in the first QUS measurement (year 2000) with an Achilles Lunar instrument (speed of sound (SOS); broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA); stiffness index (SI)). A second measurement was performed two years later (year 2002) in 121 participants. Several factors known to be associated with bone strength were recorded at baseline for 118 of them. Determinants of QUS parameters were identified using an automatic (stepwise) selection of variables in linear regression. Significant determinants of baseline QUS measurements were age and body weight for all QUS parameters, height for BUA and SI, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use for SI. Significant predictors of follow-up QUS measurements were baseline QUS values, the smoking status and HRT use for all QUS parameters, omega-3/omega-6 PUFA content ratio of erythrocytes membrane phospholipids (BUA and SI), and menopausal status (BUA). Several modifiable dietary factors, such as a diet rich in omega-3 PUFAs and lifestyle factors (i.e., smoking, taking HRT), were shown to determine QUS parameters after a follow-up of two years.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Intake Among South Asian Adults in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 124-124
Author(s):  
Nurgul Fitzgerald ◽  
Shailja Mathur
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Objectives To examine the dietary intake patterns of South Asian adults by using three different assessment methods. Methods The participants were a convenience sample of 62 adults from South Asian descent, who lived in the United States and participated in a community-based diabetes self-management program. Dietary intake data were collected through Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24), self-administered Diet History Questionnaire III (self-DHQ), and researcher-administered DHQ III (res-DHQ) (National Cancer Institute). Thirty-seven participants completed ASA24 and self-DHQ back-to-back during in-person sessions, and 25 participants completed res-DHQ through video conferencing sessions with the researcher. Group level data were examined using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Results On average, participants’ daily energy intake levels were estimated to be 805.8 ± 551.3, 1686.4 ± 985.9 and 1469.7 ± 887.5 kcal/d by self-DHQ, ASA24, and res-DHQ, respectively. Self-DHQ produced the lowest of the estimates (mean ± SD) for daily protein (28.9 ± 18.8 vs 63.1 ± 35.2, and 53.1 ± 27.9 g/d), carbohydrate (106.4 ± 68.0 vs 224.9 ± 128.4 and 199.9 ± 119.7 g/d), and total fat (31.7 ± 29.2 vs. 63.5 ± 46.5 and 56.2 ± 40.9 g/d) intakes in comparison to ASA24 and res-DHQ, respectively. Conclusions In this study, self-administered DHQ produced substantially lower estimates of daily macronutrient and energy intake levels. The ASA24 or researcher-administered DHQ were relatively more reliable methods of dietary assessment in this sample of South Asian adults. Funding Sources NJ Department of Health, Office of Minority and Multicultural Health.

scholarly journals Associations of Dietary Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides from Plant-origin Foods with Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Childbearing-age Women: A Multiple Follow-up Study in North China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuepeng Wang ◽  
Miaomiao Gao ◽  
Yixi Tan ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Junxi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Childbearing Age Women

Abstract Background Potential links between population exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their impact on human health are under discussion. The current study explored the effects of population OCP intake from plant-origin food consumption on lipid metabolism and inflammation using a multiple follow-up study. Methods A total of 10 childbearing-age women (five in urban areas and five in rural areas) in northern China were recruited and visited for five times. During each visit, we conducted a questionnaire survey, blood collection, and food sampling. The levels of OCPs in cereals, fruits, and vegetables were measured, and nutrient content information was obtained from a national monitoring program. We calculated the women’s dietary intakes of OCPs and nutrients. Serum biomarkers of lipids [triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and lipoprotein(a)], monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were measured. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the associations of dietary OCP and nutrient intake with serum biomarkers. Results The dietary intake of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) [β = -10.11, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -17.32, -2.905] and o,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (β = -6.077, 95%CI: -9.954, -2.200) were overall negatively associated with serum HDL, whereas other OCPs were not. IL-8 was positively associated with intake of dieldrin (β = 0.390, 95% CI: 0.105, 0.674), endosulfan-β (β = 0.361, 95%CI: 0.198, 0.523), total endosulfan (β = 0.136, 95%CI: 0.037, 0.234), and total OCPs (β = 0.084, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.153), and negatively correlated with intake of p,p′-DDE (β = -2.692, 95%CI: -5.185, -0.198). No associations between dietary nutrient intake and serum biomarkers were observed. Conclusions We concluded that dietary intake of some individual DDT-, DDE- dieldrin-, and endosulfan-class chemicals from plant-origin foods may interfere with lipid metabolism and inflammation responses.

scholarly journals Effect of birth of child in the household on changes over 7 years in dietary intake and weight of adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Méjean ◽  
Pascaline Rollet ◽  
Wendy Si Hassen ◽  
Christine Tichit ◽  
Aurélie Lampuré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroductionOver the life course, transitions such as parenthood are described in sociological studies as periods of change in attitudes and health practices. The presence of children has been shown to modify adult dietary practices and daily timing of eating occasions, and that the arrival of a child in the household is perceived by parents to be related to changes in their dietary behaviors. Nevertheless, no epidemiological study has evaluated the impact by a longitudinal approach. The objective of our study was to assess the effect of the birth of a first child in a household on dietary intake and weight of adults over a 7-year follow-up period.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in 3955 adults included in the NutriNet-Santé cohort study between 2009 and 2010. At baseline and every year, dietary intakes were assessed using 24 h records. In this sample, 185 individuals experienced the birth of a first child in their household during the 7 years of follow-up. Changes in weight, assessed by self-administered questionnaire each year, were analyzed only in women (n = 115). Repeated measures of dietary intake and weight were analysed using mixed models adjusted for sex, age, education level and energy with random effects of time and period (before and after birth of the child) to assess changes following the life event.ResultsThe birth of a first child in the household was associated with a decrease in the score of adherence to French recommendations (PNNS score, β [95% CI] = -0.45 [-0.74; -0.16]), in intakes of fruits and vegetables, meat and processed meat, and vitamin C (respectively, β = -0.30 [-0.43; -0.17]); β = -0.20 [-0.32; -0.17]); β = -0.54 [0.88; -0.19])). The birth of a first child in the household was also associated with an increase in intakes of saturated fatty acids and sodium (respectively, β = 1.49 [0.51, 2.45]); β = 0.31 [0.20; 0.43])). The birth of a first child was associated with weight gain in women (β = 1.70 [1.07, 2.33]).ConclusionOur study has shown that the birth of a first child in the household was associated with rather unhealthy dietary changes. These results could be used to guide public health interventions by focusing on this specific life transition.

Thyroid hormone status and nutrient intake in the free-living elderly. Interest of reverse triiodothyronine assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Goichot ◽  
JL Schlienger ◽  
F Grunenberger ◽  
A Pradignac ◽  
R Sapin
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Reverse Triiodothyronine ◽  
Hormone Status

Goichot B, Schlienger JL, Grunenberger F, Pradignac A, Sapin R. Thyroid hormone status and nutrient intake in the free-living elderly. Interest of reverse triiodothyronine assessment. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 130:244–52. ISSN 0804–4643 Fasting or hypocaloric diets are established methods of inducing low triiodothyronine (T3) levels that resemble the sick euthyroid syndrome in adults, but little is known on the mechanisms of this syndrome in the elderly. Decreasing T3 does not seem to be an unavoidable consequence of ageing, but the role of illness or other factors in this decline remains unclear. The aim of this work was to study the influence of nutritional factors on thyroid hormone levels in free-living elderly subjects. A 3-day dietary survey was conducted in 440 randomized subjects aged between 65 and 96. Cholesterol, apoproteins, prealbumin, hemoglobin, thyrotropin-free thyroxine (FT4), FT3 and reverse T3 (rT3) were assayed in each subject. Only 11 subjects had low FT3 levels, and they also had low levels of cholesterol, prealbumin and hemoglobin and a lower Folstein score compared to the rest of the population. Twenty-one subjects had isolated elevated rT3 levels, they were older and had significantly lower energy and fat intakes than the rest of the population. There was a clear reduction in FT3 levels and an increase in rT3 levels with age, although in the normal ranges, which occurred despite maintenance of a high-energy intake even in the oldest group. The FT3 level was lower in the subjects with poor health status, whereas high rT3 levels were associated with low energy intake in men. Stepwise regression showed that hemoglobin, age and prealbumin were the best predictors of FT3 levels, whereas age and energy intake were the main predictors of rT3 levels. Our results confirm the low prevalence of the low T3 syndrome in healthy elderly persons, and demonstrate the existence of another group of elderly subjects with isolated elevated rT3 levels. Whereas a low FT3 level seems to be associated with illness, rT3 is clearly associated with a low energy intake. Other studies are necessary to appreciate the specificity of this association and the usefulness of rT3 as an indication of nutrient intake. JL Schlienger, Service de Médecine Interne, CHU Hautepierre, avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France

scholarly journals Dietary assessment methods used for low-income populations in food consumption surveys: a literature review

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (S2) ◽  
pp. S95-S101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Vucic ◽  
Maria Glibetic ◽  
Romana Novakovic ◽  
Joy Ngo ◽  
Danijela Ristic-Medic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Dietary Assessment Methods ◽  
Low Income Groups

In order to assess nutritional adequacy, reliable estimates of nutrient intake are required. Specifically, the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network of Excellence needs clear guidelines on methods suitable for assessing micronutrient intakes among vulnerable population groups. The objective of this project was to collect, evaluate data and review the suitability of methods used to assess dietary intake of low-income groups across Europe. A comprehensive literature review methodology was employed, which involved structured search MEDLINE, from 1990 to 2008, on (nutrient intake methods) and (validity terms) and (human studies) and finally (low-income terms). In addition, manual searches were conducted for published books and national studies. Seven studies satisfied the selection criteria for inclusion in the review in which four dietary intake methods had been described and validated. Three other studies found in the grey literature used similar methods. Only one study tested a variety of methods to assess reliability and the method preferred by those having low incomes. Preferred methods were 24 h recalls and a FFQ which, compared with the weighed inventory, also yielded higher estimates of energy and nutrient intakes. Many of the methods used in low-income populations have not been subjected to evaluation and consequently may not demonstrate sensitivity and/or specificity when used in this population. Based on one study only, four multiple-pass 24 h recalls are recommended as the most appropriate method for the evaluation of nutritional adequacy in low-income households.

scholarly journals The potential of a Web-based, Self-Administered Dietary Assessment Tool (Foodbook24) for National Nutrition Surveillance. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Timon ◽  
Janette Walton ◽  
Albert Flynn ◽  
Eileen R. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Web Based ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Daily Intakes

BACKGROUND There are many constraints to conducting national food consumption surveys for the purposes of national nutrition surveillance including cost, time and participant burden. Validated Web-based dietary assessment technologies offer a potential solution to many if these constraints. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the feasibility of using a previously validated, Web-based 24-hour recall dietary assessment tool (Foodbook24) for the purposes of nutrition surveillance by comparing the demographic characteristics and the quality of dietary intake data collected from an online cohort of participants in Ireland to the most recent Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). METHODS Irish adult participants (aged 18 and over) were recruited to use Foodbook24 (Web-based tool). Demographic and dietary intake (by means of 2 non-consecutive self-administered 24-hour recalls) data was collected using Foodbook24. Following completion of the study, the dietary intake data collected were statistically weighted to represent the population of participants that completed the National Adult and Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2011) to facilitate the controlled comparison of intake data. Demographic characteristics of survey respondents were investigated using descriptive statistics in SPSS V20. The controlled comparison of weighted mean daily nutrient intake data collected from the Foodbook24 Web-based study (n= 329 plausible reporters) and the mean daily nutrient intake data collected from NANS (n=1051 plausible reporters) was conducted using the Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney U-test in Creme Nutrition® software. RESULTS The results of this analysis highlight many differences between the demographic characteristics between both sets of survey participants. Notable differences included a lower proportion of adults aged 65 years and over and a higher proportion of females participated in the Web-based Foodbook24 study relative to the NANS study. Similar ranges of mean daily intakes for the majority of nutrients and food groups were observed (e.g. Energy (kcal/day) and Carbohydrate (g/day)), although significant differences for some nutrient (e.g. Riboflavin (mg/10MJ) and Vitamin B12 (µg/10MJ)) and food groups were identified. A high proportion of participants (47%) reported a willingness to continue to use Foodbook24 for an additional 6-month period. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that by using targeted recruitment strategies in the future to ensure the recruitment of a more representative sample, there is potential for Web-based methodologies such as Foodbook24 to be used for nutrition surveillance efforts in Ireland. CLINICALTRIAL n/a

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Body Composition Characteristics of National Football League Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Afrifa ◽  
Kwabena Nsiah ◽  
Collins Afriyie Appiah ◽  
Omoniyi Monday Moses
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Composition Characteristics

Background: It has been well documented that adequate body composition characteristics and good nutrition practices play significant roles in maintaining good health, proper immune functioning, muscle growth and repair, and delaying fatigue in continuously intense athletic performance. It would be incumbent, however, to support imported information with local data to enhance effective implementation. Objectives: To examine dietary intake and body composition characteristics of National Football League Players in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Methods: Cross-sectional study was used. 95 football players from the premier, 1st and 2nd divisions of the Ghana National Football League were recruited. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to assess the dietary intake of the players. Body composition characteristics of body mass index, percentage (%) body fat, visceral fat and percentage (%) muscle mass were measured. Results: There were 8 (9.3%) goalkeepers, 29 (33.7%) defenders, 34 (39.5%) midfielders and 15 (17.4%) strikers. 42 (44.2%) of the players ate twice per day. Players within age group of 20 - 25 (49, 51.6%) had the highest mean total energy intake (2342.96 ± 848.18), carbohydrates (324.18 ± 106.35), proteins (75.54 ± 23.94) and fats (83.00 ± 50.76). Midfield players had the highest mean total energy intake (2216.26 ± 803.87), carbohydrates (315.74 ± 121.02), proteins (74.23 ± 26.35) and fats (71.59 ± 34.32). 82 (86.3%) had normal weight, 79 (83.2%) normal % body fat, 45 (47.4%) had very high % muscle mass. Conclusions: The sample in this study has low total energy intake compared to other studies. Insufficient nutritional diets could suggest the reason for the low energy intake. If low energy intake persists, the players might be at high risk of chronic cardiovascular diseases and diabetes conditions.

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