Unfinished capital — unfinished state: How the modernization of Belgrade was prevented, 1890-1914

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubravka Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
The Poor ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
National Unification ◽  
National Boundaries

Today's pictures of Belgrade are not much different from late-nineteenth-century descriptions: messy streets, uncompleted infrastructure projects, lack of coordinated urban plans and strategies. No doubt all of this shows that the weak Serbian society never raised sufficient funds to invest in a glamorous-looking capital city. The most frequent excuse to justify the poor-looking conditions of the national capital has been found in the nation's struggle to fulfill an uncompleted project for national unification. For more than two centuries, the modern Serbian elite has remained unsatisfied with current national boundaries. This paper will address the question of how those unfulfilled national aspirations can be detected in the urban fabric of Belgrade.

scholarly journals Identity considerations for a psychology based on a complex epistemology

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Jaramillo Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

Born in the late nineteenth century, within the positivist paradigm, psychology has made important developments that have allowed its recognition in academia and labor. However, contextual issues have transformed the way we conceptualize reality, the world and man, perhaps in response to the poor capacity of the inherited paradigm to ensure quality of life and welfare of human beings. This has led to the birth and recognition of new paradigms, including complex epistemology, in various fields of the sphere of knowledge, which include the subjectivity, uncertainty, relativity of knowledge, conflict, the inclusion of "the observed" as an active part of the interventions and the relativity of a single knowable reality to move to co-constructed realities. It is proposed an approach to the identity consequences for a psychology based on complex epistemology, and the possible differences and relations with psychology, traditionally considered.

The Underdogs: 1850–1900

2019 ◽  
pp. 463-494
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old World ◽  
American System ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
A Share

This chapter discusses laws covering the poor, women, family, and races in the second half of the nineteenth century. The American system provided a voice, and a share in the economy to more people, and to a greater percentage of the population, than most of the Old World countries did. But decisively not everybody. Women lacked rights and were definitely the weaker sex, socially speaking. For blacks, for Native Americans, for the Chinese, for the unorganized and the powerless in general, this great democracy had little enough to offer. However, there were some changes in the late nineteenth century. A movement, staffed by volunteers, arose to make charity more “scientific,” and to bring some sort of order out of chaos. In addition, a small but enthusiastic band of people, inside and outside of government, worked hard to improve the lot of the poor and the institutions that served them.

“An Urgent Need for Hygiene”

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-124
Author(s):  
Amanda M. López
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Siglo Xix

In 1909, the Mexico City Department of Public Works installed two crematory ovens in the capital’s municipal cemetery, the Panteón de Dolores, in culmination of a late nineteenth-century campaign by officials that advocated cremation as a modern and hygienic form of burial for all Mexicans. In practice, all classes rejected cremation and only the very poor were cremated. This essay examines the arguments for and against cremation and the implementation and daily practice surrounding cremation in Mexico City from the 1870s–1920. The establishment of cremation was part of the Porfirian project to modernize and sanitize Mexico that targeted the poor as an obstacle to progress. En 1909, el Departamento de Obras Públicas de la ciudad de México instaló dos hornos crematorios en el cementerio municipal de la capital, el Panteón de Dolores, en culminación de una campaña a finales del siglo XIX por los funcionarios que defendían la cremación como una forma moderna e higiénica de entierro para todos los mexicanos. En práctica, todas las clases rechazaron cremación y sólo los muy pobres fueron cremados. Este ensayo examina los argumentos a favor y en contra de la cremación y la implementación y la práctica diaria que rodea la cremación en la ciudad de México entre 1870–1920. El establecimiento de la cremación era parte del proyecto porfiriano de modernizar y desinfectar México que apuntó a los pobres como un obstáculo al progreso.

scholarly journals Ontario Retailers in the Early Twentieth Century: Dismantling the Social Bridge

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-227
Author(s):  
David Monod
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working People ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract This article explores the theory that late-nineteenth century and eary-twentieth century retailing served as an avenue to upward mobility. An examination of retailing in Ontario suggests two things: first, that shopkeeping was a deeply stratified occupation in which the poor remained marginalized at the bottom: and second, that over the course of the early twentieth century interest in retailing declined among working people as the business of storekeeping “professionalized”.

A Question of Breeding: Zootechny and Colonial Attitudes toward the Tropical Environment in the Late Nineteenth-Century Philippines

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Bankoff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Tropics

“The horse of these islands has arrived at such a state of degeneration,” concludes a report to the Governor-general of the Philippines in 1883, “that it is useless to think of its rejuvenation, it being much easier and more convenient to create a new breed with the importation of mares and Stallions from Spain” (Raza de Caballeria de Filipinas 1883). The debate over the colonial government's attempt to improve equine bloodlines through a selected breeding program with Arab stallions in the 1880s reveals much about changing Spanish attitudes toward nature in tropical regions. Although colonialism had endured in the Philippines since 1565, it was only in the nineteenth century that Europeans began to see themselves as maladapted to settlement in the islands. The tropics were increasingly regarded as a hostile and deleterious environment, and prolonged exposure to a hot and moist climate was blamed for the poor health of individuals and a progressive degeneration of race. Yet far from having to await the advances in bacteriology and parasitology of a new century (Anderson 1995), Spaniards displayed a growing conviction as to the efficacy of their own ability to control the natural world through an understanding of the processes of acclimatization.

scholarly journals HISTÓRIA AMBIENTAL: O SANEAMENTO DA CIDADE DO RIO DE JANEIRO

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinéa Da Silva Figueira Rodrigues ◽  
Antonio Carlos de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
City Center ◽  
Current Form ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Control ◽  
The City

RESUMOO objetivo central deste estudo é analisar o processo histórico do saneamento na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no final do século XIX, principalmente, nas suas três últimas décadas, com enfoque nos aspectos socioambientais,a partir de fontes acadêmicas contemporâneas e primárias. Acreditamos que através desta perspectiva histórica seja possível discutir, também, de forma atual, os diversos temas interdisciplinares principalmente em educação ambiental. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, nas últimas décadas do século XIX, passa por graves problemas de habitação, sobretudo com o crescimento populacional,acentuou-se ainda mais o esgotamento de grande parte dos mananciais que abasteciam a cidade. Esse cenário potencializa as doenças epidêmicas e, em contrapartida,cria-seuma medicina urbana. Assim, forma-se um saber ‘médico-administrativo’ que visava a ‘higienização’ da cidade e o seu ‘embelezamento’. O modelo são as cidades europeias, com a ‘limpeza e o arejamento do ar’ e, principalmente, com o afastamento da população pobre do centro da cidade. Assim, fundam-se as bases para a normatização e para o controle da sociedade. Palavras-chave: saneamento; educação ambiental; socioambiental; história ambientalABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to investigate the historical process ofsanitation improvement in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the late nineteenth century, mainly in its last three decades, with a focus on socialenvironmental aspects, from contemporary and primary academic sources. We believe that through this historical perspective it is possible to discussal so the current form, the various interdisciplinary themes in the environmental education.Rio de Janeiro city, in the last decades of the nineteenth century, undergoes severe housing problems, especially with population growth, deepened further depletion of most fountains that supplied the city. This scenario is seasonable toepidemic diseases and, on the other hand,an urban medicine is created. Thus, they form a knowledge 'medical-administrative' aimed at 'cleaning' of the city and its 'embellishment'. The modelsareEuropean cities, with the 'cleaning and aeration of the air', and especially with the removal of the poor from the city center. Therefore, the basis for the regulation and control of society are founded.Key words: sanitation, environmental education, socio environmental; environmental history

scholarly journals “We Might be Trusted”: Female Poor Law Guardians and the Development of the New Poor Law: The Case of Bolton, England, 1880–1906

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven King
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
High Social Status

This article uses the only surviving working diary of an English female Poor Law guardian in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to explore two interrelated bodies of historiography. First, it engages with an historiography of the New Poor Law which has by and large seen the late nineteenth century as a period of atrophication. Second, it engages with a literature on female Poor Law guardians which has on balance questioned their achievements and seen such women as subject to all sorts of conflict and discrimination. The article argues that both perspectives may be questioned where we focus on local Poor Law policies and local women. Using the example of Bolton, in England, it is argued that the boards of Poor Law unions were riven by fracture lines more important than gender. Within this context, women of relatively high social status were able to manipulate the Poor Law agenda to make substantial changes to the policy and fabric of the late Victorian Poor Law. Rather than conflict, we often see a warm appreciation of the pioneering work of female Poor Law guardians.

Climate and Culture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve E. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Racial Ideologies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Political Patronage ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact

This chapter emphasizes the intersection of natural (environmental) and social factors that made droughts calamitous for the poorest sertanejos. It traces the construction of the northeast (nordeste) as an identifiable region within modern Brazil, perceived as a challenge to modernization efforts due to its environment and its citizens’ mixed racial heritage. The chapter introduces central aspects of the sertão’s geography and economy, briefly outlining changes from the colonial period to the twentieth century. The role of the Great Drought (1877-1879) in shaping landholding patterns is emphasized, along with the impact that the Canudos rebellion had on other Brazilians’ views of sertanejos. Brazilian racial ideologies of the late nineteenth century are analysed in relation to the marginalization of sertanejos. The dynamics of political patronage by Brazil’s rural coronéis are introduced to explain how drought aid was often funnelled to wealthy landowners rather than to the poor. Finally, popular views of twentieth century drought works are accessed through reference to folk poems known as cordéis.

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