A new look at the correlation coefficient: Correlation as the difference-sum ratio of SSEs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adriano Pareto
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Look

Analysis of Raw Silk Fineness Series and the Fine Limit Point

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Tao ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Wan Chun Fei
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Auto Correlation ◽  
Section Shape ◽  
Fiber Fineness ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fine Limit ◽  
Size Series

In this thesis, the fineness and the size are measured, in order to analyze and compare them. The fineness is measured with the cross-sectional area and the size is measured with traditional gravimetric method. The section shape of raw silk is assumed be approximately elliptical, and the diameters of different grade raw silk are measured in mutual perpendicular directions with Fiber fineness instrument, which connects microscope with computer, and the shapes and diameters of raw silk can be directly watched and measured on the computer screen. Meanwhile the weights of the corresponding segments of the raw silk are weighed. The raw silk fineness series and size series are analyzed through statistic parameters such as the expectation, variance, auto-correlation coefficient, correlation coefficient. And the difference between different grades of raw silk is analyzed. The result of this study is useful for improvement of raw silk reeling process and inspection of raw silk quality.

Comparison of Mammography and Ultrasonography for Tumor Size of DCIS of Breast Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jiantao Wang ◽  
Haiping Wang ◽  
Xinyu Yang ◽  
Liming Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Dense Breast ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
The Difference

Objective: Accurate assessment of breast tumor size preoperatively is important for the initial decision-making in surgical approach. Therefore, we aimed to compare efficacy of mammography and ultrasonography in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast cancer. Methods: Preoperative mammography and ultrasonography were performed on 104 women with DCIS of breast cancer. We compared the accuracy of each of the imaging modalities with pathological size by Pearson correlation. For each modality, it was considered concordant if the difference between imaging assessment and pathological measurement is less than 0.5cm. Results: At pathological examination tumor size ranged from 0.4cm to 7.2cm in largest diameter. For mammographically determined size versus pathological size, correlation coefficient of r was 0.786 and for ultrasonography it was 0.651. Grouped by breast composition, in almost entirely fatty and scattered areas of fibroglandular dense breast, correlation coefficient of r was 0.790 for mammography and 0.678 for ultrasonography; in heterogeneously dense and extremely dense breast, correlation coefficient of r was 0.770 for mammography and 0.548 for ultrasonography. In microcalcification positive group, coeffient of r was 0.772 for mammography and 0.570 for ultrasonography. In microcalcification negative group, coeffient of r was 0.806 for mammography and 0.783 for ultrasonography. Conclusion: Mammography was more accurate than ultrasonography in measuring the largest cancer diameter in DCIS of breast cancer. The correlation coefficient improved in the group of almost entirely fatty/ scattered areas of fibroglandular dense breast or in microcalcification negative group.

scholarly journals Ionospheric Peak Parameters Retrieved from FY-3C Radio Occultation: A Statistical Comparison with Measurements from COSMIC RO and Digisondes Over the Globe

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1419
Author(s):  
Han Wang ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
Xiaohua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Solar Activity Period

In this study, two ionospheric peak parameters (ICPs), NmF2 and hmF2, derived from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) ionospheric electron density profiles (EDPs) obtained by Feng-Yun 3C (FY-3C) mission are compared with those derived from the observations of the Constellation Observing System for the Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission and the measurements from 24 digisonde stations distributed around the world during the year from 2014 to 2017. The FY-3C derived ICPs and the COSMIC-derived ICPs are provided by the National Satellite Meteorological Centre (NSMC) and the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC), respectively. The correlation and bias analyses are carried out in the comparison under the collocation criterion with the time interval of 1 h and the space interval of 3° in latitude and 5° in longitude. When comparing the ICPs derived from the two RO missions, the difference in the azimuth of occultation planes (DAOPs) between the matched pairs is limited to be within 20°. The comparison results are analyzed for different solar activity periods, and solar elevation angle (SEA) is taken for the first time as a factor that represents the comprehensive impacts of latitude zones, seasons, and local time of the observations. The results are shown as follows: (1) Both the COSMIC RO-derived and the digisonde-observed ICPs are in good agreement with the FY-3C RO-derived ones. The correlation coefficient (CC) between the NmF2 and hmF2 derived by COSMIC RO and FY-3C RO is 0.965 and 0.916, respectively, while the correlation coefficient between the NmF2 and hmF2 derived by digisonde and FY-3C RO is 0.924 and 0.832, respectively. The quality of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs are reliable enough for further applications. (2) The CC of NmF2 is, in general, higher than that of hmF2 when comparing FY-3C RO with other observations, and the overall MAB and MRB of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs during the higher solar activity period are higher than the ones during the lower solar activity period. The difference between the two RO missions is much smaller than that one between FY-3C RO and digisonde. (3) For a certain solar activity period, the standard deviations of the absolute bias (SDAB) and the standard deviations of the relative bias (SDRB) of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs compared with digisonde-derived ones generally increases with the increase of SEA, while the SDAB and SDRB of FY-3C RO-derived ICPs both get the minimum values for the AOP interval near to 90°.

scholarly journals Gene-Based Nonparametric Testing of Interactions Using Distance Correlation Coefficient in Case-Control Association Studies

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Yingjie Guo ◽  
Chenxi Wu ◽  
Maozu Guo ◽  
Xiaoyan Liu ◽  
Alon Keinan
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
P Value ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Distance Correlation ◽  
The Difference

Among the various statistical methods for identifying gene–gene interactions in qualitative genome-wide association studies (GWAS), gene-based methods have recently grown in popularity because they confer advantages in both statistical power and biological interpretability. However, most of these methods make strong assumptions about the form of the relationship between traits and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which result in limited statistical power. In this paper, we propose a gene-based method based on the distance correlation coefficient called gene-based gene-gene interaction via distance correlation coefficient (GBDcor). The distance correlation (dCor) is a measurement of the dependency between two random vectors with arbitrary, and not necessarily equal, dimensions. We used the difference in dCor in case and control datasets as an indicator of gene–gene interaction, which was based on the assumption that the joint distribution of two genes in case subjects and in control subjects should not be significantly different if the two genes do not interact. We designed a permutation-based statistical test to evaluate the difference between dCor in cases and controls for a pair of genes, and we provided the p-value for the statistic to represent the significance of the interaction between the two genes. In experiments with both simulated and real-world data, our method outperformed previous approaches in detecting interactions accurately.

scholarly journals Influence of gustatory and olfactory perception in the oral phase of swallowing in smokers

CoDAS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoline Weber dos Santos ◽  
Simone Soares Echeveste ◽  
Deisi Cristina Gollo Marques Vidor
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Average Degree ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Taste Test ◽  
Sensory Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensory Tests

Purpose: To analyze the difference between nonsmokers and smokers on the changes in the perceptions of smell and taste and to verify the influence of these aspects in the emergence of compensatory movements during swallowing. Methods: To evaluate these aspects, capabilities of olfactory and gustatory recognition were observed, as well as the compensation swallowing. Twenty-four patients were evaluated in each study group aged from 18 years, grouped in a stratified way. The olfactory evaluation consisted in presenting seven essences and one of three options should be chosen. For the taste test, 16 flavors were offered in a non-sequential and decreasing way in amount of solute. Swallowing solid and liquid was evaluated, in which aspects of compensation perioral muscles were observed. Results: Worst performance in olfactory and gustatory tests among smokers (p≤0.01) was found. Through the results of χ2 and Fisher's exact tests, it was found that the contraction of the mentalis muscle is less observed in non-smokers, and smokers have an average degree of statistically significant change compared to nonsmokers. Furthermore, through the Spearman correlation coefficient, it was found that the worsening in the sensory tests implies increased compensation during swallowing in smokers. Conclusion: These data allowed us to verify that the sensory changes have influence on swallowing pattern, indicating that these changes are aspects that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of changes in swallowing.

A Correlation between Radiotherapy Dose on the Mediastinal Lymphoma and Cardiovascular Dose with Using Respiratory Control System

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Е. Филатова ◽  
E. Filatova ◽  
О Ламанова ◽  
O Lamanova ◽  
П. Филатов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Ascending Aorta ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Mediastinal Lymphoma ◽  
Coefficient Corrélation ◽  
Radiotherapy Dose

Purpose: To find a correlation between prescribed dose on the irradiation area and dose on heart and ascending aorta, using the "breath holding" method in classical radiotherapy course for patients with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin mediastinal lymphomas. Material and methods: For patients of reproductive age with diagnose Hodgkin, non-Hodgkin mediastinal lymphomas we conducted radiotherapy with contouring of tumor, and critical structures, include heart and ascending aorta. Radiotherapy was conducted on breath holding (ABC) for shielding radiation dose from heart, ascending aorta and lungs. We did calculations of length and diameter of the contoured aorta and dose that it and heart took. Also, we did correlation calculation of relationship between prescribed dose on the tumor and doses cover to the heart and aorta on 6 and 10 MV nominal energies. Results: According to the protocol RTOG 1005 for the heart zone, exceeding the threshold level for V20 < 5 % occurred in 11 cases out 21, and 8 cases from them are for 10 MV energy. For V10 < 30 % it happened in nine cases from 21, and seven cases from them are for 10 MV energy too. The correlation coefficient between the prescribed dose and the received dose for protocol RTOG 1005 V10 < 30 % was 0.71 and it showed the highest value. This index is lower on 13 % for protocol RTOG 0623 (V67) – 0..58, and it has the weakest coefficient correlation (V33) – 0.45. The value of the correlation coefficient for the aorta decreased with an increase in the volume to which the prescribed dose of the irradiation area falls and, consequently a 10 and 20 % of the aorta volume is getting a maximum value from the prescribed dose. Conclusion: Our research showed what contouring of ascending aorta is obligatorily procedure, because the average dose on it was 10.73 Gy for 10 MV and 6.50 Gy for 6 MV energies. It is obvious that using 6 MV energy is more organ-preserving method of thea radiotherapy treatment when using a such techniques as ABC. It is a very important to study the issue of the permissible dose per volume of ascending aorta without critical consequences for cardiovascular system. In addition, it particularly important if we take into account that all patients had a chemotherapy course before radiation therapy which also caused cardiotoxicity.

Uncertainty analysis of fission fraction for reactor antineutrino experiments

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (20) ◽  
pp. 1650120 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Ma ◽  
F. Lu ◽  
L. Z. Wang ◽  
Y. X. Chen ◽  
W. L. Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Daya Bay ◽  
Neutrino Experiment ◽  
Open Source Code ◽  
Reactor Neutrino ◽  
Antineutrino Flux ◽  
The Difference

Reactor simulation is an important source of uncertainties for a reactor neutrino experiment. Therefore, how to evaluate the antineutrino flux uncertainty results from reactor simulation is an important question. In this study, a method of the antineutrino flux uncertainty result from reactor simulation was proposed by considering the correlation coefficient. In order to use this method in the Daya Bay antineutrino experiment, the open source code DRAGON was improved and used for obtaining the fission fraction and correlation coefficient. The average fission fraction between DRAGON and SCIENCE code was compared and the difference was less than 5% for all the four isotopes. The uncertainty of fission fraction was evaluated by comparing simulation atomic density of four main isotopes with Takahama-3 experiment measurement. After that, the uncertainty of the antineutrino flux results from reactor simulation was evaluated as 0.6% per core for Daya Bay antineutrino experiment.

The Effect of Aging on the Lactate Threshold in Untrained Men

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Fiona Iredale ◽  
Myra A. Nimmo
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Reserve Capacity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Treadmill Protocol

Thirty-three men (age 26–55 years) who did not exercise regularly were exercised to exhaustion using an incremental treadmill protocol. Blood lactate concentration was measured to identify lactate threshold (LT, oxygen consumption at which blood lactate concentration begins to systematically increase). The correlation coefficient for LT (ml · kg−1 · min−1) with age was not significant, but when LT was expressed as a percentage of peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), the correlation was r = +.69 (p < .01). This was despite a lack of significant correlation between age and VO2 peak (r = −.33). The correlation between reserve capacity (the difference between VO2 peak and LT) and age was r = −.73 (p < .01 ), and reserve capacity decreased at a rate of 3.1 ml · kg−1 · min−1 per decade. It was concluded that the percentage of VO2 peak at which LT occurs increases progressively with age, with a resultant decrease in reserve capacity.

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