Service differentiation as an improvement strategy for access to water in urban low-income areas: evidence from three Kenyan cities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Akosua Sarpong Boakye-Ansah ◽  
Klaas Schwartz ◽  
Margreet Zwarteveen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Service Differentiation ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Access To Water

Improving access to water supply and sanitation in urban India: microfinance for water and sanitation infrastructure development

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 887-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Davis ◽  
Gary White ◽  
Said Damodaron ◽  
Rich Thorsten
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

This article summarises initial findings of a study to explore the potential of providing micro-financing for low-income households wishing to invest in improved water supply and sanitation services. Through in-depth interviews with more than 800 households in the city of Hyderabad in India, we conclude that, even if provided with market (not concessional) rates of financing, a substantial proportion of poor households would invest in water and sewer network connections.

Demand for Rental Housing: Evidence from Slum Settlements in Delhi

Urbanisation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Manish Gupta ◽  
Ruchita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Housing Consumption ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Housing Attributes ◽  
Good Access ◽  
Important Form

Government policies have largely focussed on ownership-based models while addressing the challenge of low-income housing in urban India. Possibilities of rental housing, which is an important form of housing for the urban poor, have not been explored meaningfully. This article estimates the demand for rental housing and its attributes in Delhi’s slums using primary survey data of tenant households. Estimates of demand for rental housing attributes reveal rent to be higher for dwellings that have a separate kitchen, bathroom, reasonably good access to water and wide approach roads. The results further show the demand for rental housing to be inelastic with respect to price (i.e., rent) and income. However, rent has a greater influence on housing consumption than income. Households prefer living closer to their workplace and value security of tenure. Policies aimed at moderating rents are likely to be more effective in enhancing housing consumption. The policy focus should be on improving infrastructure in the slums, their in situ redevelopment and ensuring security of tenure.

scholarly journals Determinants in implementing a public policy for an essential volume of free water in Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Vargas ◽  
Léo Heller
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Free Water ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
User Groups

Abstract Within the framework for the realization of the human right to water and sanitation, States have the obligation to implement programs and public policies that satisfy the basic needs of their population, especially its most vulnerable demographics. In Colombia, this challenge has been addressed through policies that provide a determined essential amount of free water to people whose access to water and sanitation services are limited due to low income. Through a review of legal and technical documents as well as relevant literature, this article presents an analysis of the particular determinants involved in implementing this program in Bogotá and Medellín, as well as some related concerns. Among such factors, we discuss the evolution and changes of the tariff model used in service provision, estimates of basic consumption, the role of social movements and collective action, and user disconnection due to non-payment. The main particularities and differences of each case highlighted the inconveniences related to the method of identifying eligible users and applying assistance to beneficiary user groups, and the need for national guidelines in implementing this policy.

2002 Stockholm Statement: Urgent action needed for water security: Recommendations from the Stockholm Water Symposia, 1998-2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Urgent Action

Water on our planet. The Development Target set by the UN Millennium Assembly is to halve by 2015 the proportion of people living in extreme poverty, suffering from hunger or unable to reach or afford safe drinking water. It will not be possible to achieve these goals unless governments realize that water is fundamental for almost any kind of development and human activity. Something must be fundamentally wrong when enormous interests and financial resources are engaged in finding water on other planets while we pay insufficient attention to water on our planet on which humanity's survival and quality of life genuinely depend. While part of the explanation may be the commonplace character of water in most industrialized countries, it should be stressed that the majority of the low income countries with large undernutrition are located in the dry climate tropics where daily access to water is every-one's number one priority.

scholarly journals Factors affecting household access to water supply in residential areas in parts of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (43) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Isaiah Sewanu Akoteyon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Grid Method ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Access To Water

AbstractAccess to water is vital for sustainable human socio-economic development. The study examined factors affecting households’ access to water supply in three residential areas in parts of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was employed to administer questionnaires to 200 households. The study area was delineated into residential types using the grid method. The result shows the dominance of improved water sources in the high/medium-income residential areas. Households in the medium-income area recorded the highest access in terms of distance to, and safety of water supply. The factor analysis explains 77.41% of the variance with three components, namely: water access, demographic and economic attributes. The results of the analysis of variance reveal three significant variables, namely: main water source, income and cost, which is significant at p<0.01. The regression equation model obtained is given as Y = 2.059 + 0.307MWS + 0.286INM + 0.164CST. The study concluded that main water source, income and cost are the factors affecting access to water supply in the study area. The study recommends investment in water infrastructure, giving a higher priority to low-income residential areas for improved healthy living and sustainable socio-economic development.

A multidisciplinary community level approach to improving quality in early years’ settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-447
Author(s):  
Lynn Buckley ◽  
Shirley Martin ◽  
Margaret Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Quality Improvement Strategy ◽  
Childhood Care

This paper explores the processes involved in developing, embedding and sustaining an ECCE practitioner capacity building programme in the community through an interagency approach, which utilises mentoring and coaching strategies for increased knowledge and skills uptake. There is now conclusive international evidence that early childhood care and education (ECCE) is vital in children’s learning and development, and that the benefits are long-lasting, and are more cost-effective than educational investments and remedial interventions later in life. This signifies the importance of high quality ECCE for development and learning, and highlights the potential impact of early childhood intervention programmes. This paper explores the implementation of a quality improvement strategy in seven ECCE centres to improve child-outcomes as part of the Young Knocknaheeny Area Based Childhood Programme (YK). Utilising evidence-based programmes, practitioners from a range of disciplines, working in a low-income community with high levels of adversity, are immersed in an environment of continuous learning in line with best practice implementation science. The core elements of the quality improvement strategy focused on language supports for staff (Hanen Learning Language and Loving It™ training), curriculum enhancement ( HighScope curriculum training), onsite mentoring for staff, and an Environment Enhancement Fund for each centre. The implementation of a Mentoring Programme involved weekly site visits by a specialist onsite mentor in which the implementation of curriculum content and the suggested environmental changes and teaching strategies were overseen and supported. Pre and post Environmental Rating Scale (ERS) assessments; ITERS-R (crèche) and ECERS-3 (pre-school); showed significant improvements in the quality of ECCE services in the YK catchment area following ECCE practitioners participation in the quality improvement initiative. Pre-school rooms across the seven ECCE centres experienced an overall improvement of +2.5 on the ERS scales, and crèche rooms experienced an overall improvement of +2.4. Approximately 700 children aged 1 to 5 years indirectly benefitted from YK-delivered curriculum and language training programmes in their ECCE settings.

A small improvement: small cities lag in expanding household water coverage across urban India

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-482
Author(s):  
Nidhi Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
State Level ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Multilevel Linear Regression

Abstract This paper investigates how progress towards meeting the sustainable development goal of providing universal and equitable access to drinking water for all is distributed across the spectrum of urban settlements. The study measures how urban local governments (N = 3,547) in a rapidly urbanizing country, India, have increased their coverage of water supply to households between 2001 and 2011. I use theories on multilevel governance of urban services to develop a multilevel linear regression to model the city- and state-level factors associated with growth in water supply coverage. The results show that 68% of cities and towns have recorded water coverage growth, but the extent of this progress is unequally distributed across cities in different states and between cities of different sizes. Small cities and towns, which house over two-thirds of India's urban population, have recorded significantly lower water coverage growth rates as have cities in low-income states. These findings suggest that policies for urban water infrastructure development should focus on smaller cities and towns if we are to achieve spatial equity in access to water for all in an increasingly urban world.

Successful Implementation of the World Health Organization Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy in a Referral Hospital in Mali, Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Allegranzi ◽  
Hugo Sax ◽  
Loséni Bengaly ◽  
Hervé Riebet ◽  
Daouda K. Minta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Hand Hygiene Improvement ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Objective.To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the World Health Organization hand hygiene improvement strategy in a low-income African country.Design.A before-and-after study from December 2006 through June 2008, with a 6-month baseline evaluation period and a follow-up period of 8 months from the beginning of the intervention.Setting.University Hospital, Bamako, Mali.Participants.TWO hundred twenty-four healthcare workers.Methods.The intervention consisted of introducing a locally produced, alcohol-based handrub; monitoring hand hygiene compliance; providing performance feedback; educating staff; posting reminders in the workplace; and promoting an institutional safety climate according to the World Health Organization multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy. Hand hygiene infrastructure, compliance, healthcare workers' knowledge and perceptions, and handrub consumption were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up.Results.Severe deficiencies in the infrastructure for hand hygiene were identified before the intervention. Local handrub production and quality control proved to be feasible, affordable, and satisfactory. At follow-up, handrubbing was the quasi-exclusive hand hygiene technique (93.3%). Compliance increased from 8.0% at baseline to 21.8% at follow-up (P< .001). Improvement was observed across all professional categories and medical specialities and was independently associated with the intervention (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-3.5). Knowledge enhanced significantly (P< .05), and perception surveys showed a high appreciation of each strategy component by staff.Conclusions.Multimodal hand hygiene promotion is feasible and effective in a low-income country. Access to handrub was critical for its success. These findings motivated the government of Mali to expand the intervention nationwide. This experience represents a significant advancement for patient safety in developing countries.

scholarly journals Environmental equity as a criterion for water management

2014 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grande ◽  
C. Galvão ◽  
L. Miranda ◽  
I. Rufino
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Environmental Equity ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Abstract. Environmental equity is a concept derived from the (un)equal exposure to environmental degradation by different social groups, usually minorities and low-income people exposed to major environmental risks, also known as environmental justice. It is assumed that no group of people, independent of race, ethnicity or socio-economic class, should support, either in concentrated or unevenly distributed form, the negative environmental impacts resulting from industrial, agricultural, commercial and infrastructure activities or government programs and policies. In this paper the concept of environmental equity is explored as a criterion for water management through the analysis of a typical coupled human–natural system: the Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir, located in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Inefficient water resource management has caused unequal access to water by the population, particularly during drought periods. However, census data indicate that population have practically the same access to water, which actually is not able to reflect the actual picture. This study argues that environmental equity can be an additional criterion to improve water management.

Determinants of rural sanitation in India and implications for public policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil De
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Household Head ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Access To Water

Abstract This article attempts to find the economic and non-economic factors determining sanitation coverage in a low income country like India. Based on National Sample Survey data of India, the analysis finds that income has a low impact, while non-economic factors have an equal or higher impact on access to and use of latrines. The number of household members has a negative impact on both access to and use of latrines. Access to and use of latrines depends on gender, age, and education of the household head. Both access and use also depend on the main occupation, religion, and caste of households. Access to water supply and dwelling materials also impacts access to and use of latrines. Households headed by younger people or those living in hired houses are more likely to access public or common latrines. Access to sanitation also depends on the region and hence the norms and customs of the region. Contrary to expectations, a lesser proportion of households have access to latrines if they own a house versus those who reside in hired dwellings. Quality, cleanliness of latrines and other personal preferences matter in the use of latrines. Public and community toilets for youths, more than one latrine for larger households, and social campaigning are suggested for public policy.

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