ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FLOWERING AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT OF OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA CUTTINGS DURING THE THREE WEEKS BEFORE PLANTING

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitzchak Gutterman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Lateral Branches

Opuntia ficus-indica(prickly pear) is a widespread desert perennial cactus shrub. The plants produce either lateral branches or flowers from the axillary meristems, depending on maternal and environmental influences.The flower buds develop from the axillary meristems mainly at the margin of the apical part of the terminal flat branch segments. Flower bud meristems start to be active and secrete mucus in January. The red-bracted flower buds start to appear in March/April, flowers open in May/June, and fruit matures in June/August.This study focused on the appearance of flower buds, flowers, and fruits after induction ofO. ficus-indicaone-segment branch cuttings by environmental factors during the 3-week healing period after cutting and before planting. The influence of treatments such as temperature, light intensity, and day length on flower bud appearance and fruit development is described.

THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE GROWTH OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Hall ◽  
R. A. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

A study of the effect of environmental factors on the growth and development of the lowbush blueberry was carried out using clonally propagated plants. In a preliminary study a definite photoperiodic response was found. Under 8-hour days flower buds were formed and no vegetative growth occurred. Under 16-hour days vegetative growth resulted and no flower bud formation occurred. In a replicated greenhouse experiment, seven clones produced flower buds with 8-, 10-, and 12-hour days, but produced none with 14- or 16-hour days. One clone produced flower buds with 8-, 10,- 12-, and 14-, but none with 16-hour days. Two clones were able to produce flower buds under all five photoperiods. Under 8- and 10- hour photoperiods no vegetative growth occurred. Under 12, 14, and 16 hours progressively more vegetative growth occurred. In an experiment on the interaction of temperature and photoperiod, vegetative growth was significantly greater at 70° F than at 50° F with the differences being accentuated by day length. Flower bud formation occurred with 11- and 13-hour photoperiods regardless of temperature, but was more pronounced at the higher temperatures. At 70° F, 15-hour photoperiod, no flower buds were formed while at 50° F, 15 hours, three clones produced no flower buds and six clones produced an abnormal type of inflorescence. Similar abnormal inflorescences were produced by giving plants 2, 3, or 4 weeks of 8-hour days. Six weeks of 8-hour days was sufficient to initiate normal inflorescences. Shade, provided by two layers of cheesecloth, significantly reduced the number of flower buds compared with full sunlight. The growth of the lowbush blueberry under field and laboratory conditions is discussed in relation to environmental factors.

FLOWER AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE XEROPHYTE OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitzchak Gutterman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Apical Part ◽  
Terminal Segment ◽  
Prickly Pear ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Opuntia Ficus Indica

The developmental stages of the flower bud of Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear), from the initial active meristem of the axillary flower bud to the mature fruit, including pollination and seed development, are followed. This xerophyte develops flower buds mainly from the axillary buds on the margin of the apical part of the terminal segment of the flat, leafless branch (platiclades). Flower bud meristems start to be active and secrete mucus in January. The red-bracted flower buds start to appear in March/April, flowers open during May/June, and fruit matures during June/August. The developmental stages were divided into 11 stages, and some were photographed by SEM.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals Flower Bud Density Affects Vegetative and Fruit Development in Field-grown Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. Maust ◽  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
R.L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Southern Highbush

Floral budbreak and fruit set in many southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars (hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum L. with other species of Vaccinium) begin prior to vegetative budbreak. Experiments were conducted with two SHB cultivars, `Misty' and `Sharpblue', to test the hypothesis that initial flower bud density (flower buds/m cane length) affects vegetative budbreak and shoot development, which in turn affect fruit development. Flower bud density of field-grown plants was adjusted in two nonconsecutive years by removing none, one-third, or two-thirds of the flower buds during dormancy. Vegetative budbreak, new shoot dry weight, leaf area, and leaf area: fruit ratios decreased with increasing flower bud density in both cultivars. Average fruit fresh weight and fruit soluble solids decreased in both cultivars, and fruit ripening was delayed in `Misty' as leaf area: fruit ratios decreased. This study indicates that because of the inverse relationship between flower bud density and canopy establishment, decreasing the density of flower buds in SHB will increase fruit size and quality and hasten ripening.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Load Influences Blueberry Vegetative and Fruit Development

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 682e-682
Author(s):  
B.E. Maust ◽  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
R.L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Southern Highbush

A field experiment was conducted in Gainesville, Fla., with two southern highbush blueberry cultivars, `Misty' and `Sharpblue', to investigate the influence of varying flower bud load on the timing and extent of vegetative and reproductive development. Flower bud load was adjusted on three different canes on ten plants by removing none, one-third, or two-thirds of the flower buds. Vegetative budbreak, leaf area, fruit number, and fruit fresh weight and dry weight were measured. Vegetative budbreak was delayed with increasing flower bud load. Vegetative budbreak, leaf area, and leaf area: fruit ratio decreased with increasing flower bud load. Fruit maturity was delayed and average berry fresh weight and dry weight declined with decreasing leaf area:fruit ratio. Responses were similar for both cultivars although `Misty' was more adversely affected by high flower bud load and low leaf area: fruit ratio.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of RNA-Seq Studies Reveals Genes With Dominant Functions During Flower Bud Endo- To Eco-Dormancy Transition in Prunus Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Canton ◽  
Cristian Forestan ◽  
Claudio Bonghi ◽  
Serena Varotto
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud

Abstract In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.

scholarly journals Interaction of environment conditions and genotypes on expression of genetic background in micro-phenophases of strawberry mixed flower bud

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Selamovska ◽  
Suzana Kratovalieva ◽  
Katerina Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Sum Of Effective Temperatures

The aim of this research is differentiation or micro-phenophases of reproductive organs on two junebearing strawberry (Fragaria x anannassa) varieties senga sengana and pocahontas, depending on climate conditions, rosettes ordering and cultivate manner (orchard mulched on black foil and orchard on bare soil). The beginning of differentiation of flower buds is genetic characteristic depending on climate conditions (insulations, day length, higher midday and night air temperatures from 1.05 till the beginning of differentiation, the sum of rainfalls from the beginning of May until the end of July), order of rosettes and cultivate manner The sum of effective temperatures over 10?C from 1st of May till the beginning of differentiation has no influence on beginning of flower buds differentiation. First morphological changes of the apical meristem were started in the first decade of August that has coincided with the day length of 14 hours and day insulations of 9.3 hours. Micro-phenophases were undergoing almost at the same time in both varieties, only the beginning at pocahontas was 2-3 days earlier. Primary rosettes differ 10-15 days earlier than the secondary rosettes. Plants that grown on black foil had 7-10 days earlier flower bud differentiation compared to those grown on bare soil.

Jojoba flower buds: effects of preconditioning temperature.

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Dunstone
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Bud Dormancy ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Lower Treatment ◽  
Pretreatment Temperature

The environmental factors which control the reproductive cycle of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider), were studied under controlled conditions. Plants were placed under a warm pretreatment temperature which resulted in the growth of new shoots bearing dormant flower buds. The plants were later moved to lower treatment temperatures which have been shown to break flower bud dormancy. Pretreatment temperature affected the percentage of nodes which produced flower buds. Both the pretreatment and the treatment temperature affected flowering percentage, there being an optimum pretreatment effect at 30/25�C day/night temperatures. Flowering percentage responded to absolute treatment temperature rather than to the drop in temperature from pretreatment to treatment. Flowering percentage increased with decrease in treatment temperature down to 15/10�C (male clone) and 12/7�C (female clone). The lowest pretreatment-treatment temperature combination was associated with the production of female flower parts on the male inflorescences.

Environmental Factors Affecting the Yield of Tea (Camellia sinensis). II. Effects of Soil Temperature, Day Length, and Dry Air

1982 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Tanton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Variable ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Short Days

SUMMARYTemperature is the major environmental variable affecting the yield of tea, but within the framework of a temperature model shoot extension is severely depressed when daily maximum vapour pressure deficits rise above 2.3 kPa. Day length does not affect shoot extension when the nights are cool (10°C), but growth rate is depressed by short days (11 h) when nights are warm (20°C). Soil temperatures between 18–25°C do not affect shoot extension.

scholarly journals The development of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) in Polish conditions. II. Flowering and fruiting

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leszek S. Jankiewicz ◽  
Jan Borkowski
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Husk Tomato ◽  
Generative Organs ◽  
Vegetative Season

The reproductive development of tomatillo (husk tomato) was investigated in the conditions of central Poland. The developmental cycle of tomatillo in Poland lasts 20-23 weeks, including 6 weeks in a greenhouse or a tunnel and is longer than in Mexico (15 weeks). The plant grows well in Poland and is fruiting aboundantly. The cv. Rendidora B1 was early fruiting and sensitive to drought so it should be cultivated in a garden. Cvs Bujna and Antocyjanowa were medium late or late and suitable for open-field cultivation. Fruit development lasts about 6 weeks. Fruiting was concentrated on the apparent lateral branches of the 1st and 2nd order during the large part of a vegetative season. Among the abscised generative organs predominated flowers and at the end of vegetative season the flower buds. The maximum abscission of flower buds and flowers took place about 2-4 weeks after the most intensive flowering and fruit set. The fruits of many individuals are easily cracking. After being abscised they are attacked frequently by <i>Botrytis</i> sp.

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