Mortality, production performance, water intake and organ weight of the heat stressed broiler chicken given savory (Satureja khuzistanica) essential oils through drinking water

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

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How well does a telephone questionnaire measure drinking water intake?

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00528.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 619-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Brent Robertson ◽

Andrew Forbes ◽

Martha Sinclair ◽

Jim Black ◽

Mark Veitch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Questionnaire Measure ◽

Telephone Questionnaire

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The voluntary intake of acetate by dairy cows given ammonium salts of short-chain fatty acids in their drinking water

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100026490 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 473-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. Jackson ◽

J. Hodgson ◽

J. A. F. Rook

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Water Intake ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Sole Source ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Short Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

A solution of ammonium salts of a mixture of short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetic acid) was added to the sole source of drinking water of 10 lactating Jersey cows. There was considerable variation in the concentration of salts tolerated without depression in water intake. Some animals refused solution offered at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w) whereas one animal accepted solution at a concentration of 8% (w/w) and had a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 836 g acetic acid.2. Adjustment of the pH of the drinking solution to 6·5–7·5 increased the tolerance to the salts solution of animals which showed a low tolerance to the unadjusted solution. A mean daily intake equivalent to 480 g acetic acid was achieved without a significant depression of water intake. Replacement of 50 % of the ammonium ions by calcium increased the intake of salts by some cows but two out of eight refused the solution at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w).3. The addition of saccharine, vanilla or aniseed to a solution of the ammonium salts gave little or no improvement in acetate intake but sodium cyclamate, ethyl acetate or molasses reduced the variability between animals in their tolerance to the solution and increased the mean intake of salts. With an addition of molasses, which gave the most marked response, there was a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 495±26 g acetic acid.

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Effect of the Feed Additive Clinoptilolite (ZeoFeed) on Nutrient Metabolism and Production Performance of Laying Hens

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb201079s9s029 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 79 (9) ◽

pp. S29-S34 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Miroslav Macháček ◽

Vladimír Večerek ◽

Nora Mas ◽

Pavel Suchý ◽

Eva Straková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Laying Hen ◽

Production Performance ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Control Group ◽

Egg Weight ◽

Indicator Method ◽

Balance Tests ◽

Gross Energy

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two levels of clinoptilolite administered in feed (2% and 4%) on some selected performance indicators, metabolic utilization of basic nutrients and the health status of laying hens. The selected 24 Bovans Goldline hybrid laying hens were divided into three equal groups, two experimental groups (E1 and E2) and one control group (C). The laying hens were housed individually in cages with an automatic supply of drinking water, manual feeding, in a setting with controlled light and temperature regimens. Hens from individual groups were all fed a complete feed mix of the same composition and the only difference was in clinoptilolite supplementation: feed mixes for E1 and E2 groups contained 2% and 4% of clinoptilolite (commercial additive ZeoFeed) respectively, replacing the same amounts of wheat. The hens received feed mixes and drinking water ad libitum. During this 28-day experiment, feed consumption and the number and weight of eggs laid were monitored individually for each hen. At the end of the experiment, the balance test using the indicator method (Cr2O3) was performed in all eight hens in each of the groups. The results of balance tests were then used to calculate the metabolic utilization of selected nutrients (nitrogen, fat, ash, nitrogen-free extracts, starch, gross energy, Ca, P). After the balance tests, blood samples for haematological and biochemical examinations were collected via puncture of the vena basilica. The addition of 2% clinoptilolite to feed mix resulted in a highly significant (P ⪬ 0.01) increase in mean egg weight to 64.69 g, but the addition of 4% clinoptilolite in group E2 resulted in a highly significant (P ⪬ 0.01) decrease in mean egg weight to 62.20 g compared to the control (63.73 g). Moreover, daily feed mix consumption in group E1 decreased to 114 g per one laying hen/day compared to the controls (118 g per one laying hen/day). In group E2 (4% clinoptilolite), daily consumption of feed mix increased compared with the controls to 124 g. The 2% clinoptilolite supplementation of E1 group feed slightly increased metabolic utilization of fat, nitrogen-free extracts, starch and gross energy compared to group C. Results of haematological test of the hens’ blood showed significant changes in haemoglobin, whose values in groups C and E1 were significantly higher (P ⪬ 0.05) than in group E2. Differences in the values of the biochemical indicators monitored (total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and the AST enzyme) between group C and experimental groups E1 and E2 were not significant and remained within the range of reference values.

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Water intake of pigs consuming tiamulin during the nursery phase1

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kimberly A Vonnahme ◽

Adam Mueller ◽

Daniel A Nelson ◽

Manuel Alexander Vasquez-Hidalgo ◽

Deborah Amodie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Animal Health ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Water System ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Daily Water Intake ◽

Original Product ◽

Effect Of Treatment

Abstract Mass medication to manage population health can be achieved by providing therapeutics in the drinking water. Young nursery pigs are highly sensitive to the flavor and smell of water. Medications that reduce water palatability often lead to an interruption in water and feed intake. With the availability of several generic water-soluble antimicrobials for pigs, questions have arisen about their palatability compared with the original product. In this study, we compared the intake of water containing tiamulin hydrogen fumarate from two different manufacturers with the intake of unmedicated water. The hypothesis was that the intake of tiamulin-containing water would be similar to unmedicated water. Water intake was monitored upon entry into the nursery and just prior to leaving the nursery. Also, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were determined. A total of 300 pigs were individually weighed (4.2–10.9 kg; avg = 6.8 kg) for randomization to pen (n = 30 pens). The experiment had two time points: 1) early nursery (periods 1–3) and 2) late nursery (period 4). Pens were randomly assigned to a sequence (period 1–3) in a crossover experimental design containing three 10-d periods, with 5 d for the resetting of baseline where unmedicated water was provided followed by 5 d on tiamulin source addition [i.e., TriamuloxTM (Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ); Denagard (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN)] or unmedicated water. After period 3 was concluded, all pens were given unmedicated water (via nipple waterers) and the number of pigs per pen was reduced to six pigs to maintain adequate space per pig. Ten days prior to pigs leaving the nursery, a fourth period was performed. After a 5-d water baseline was achieved, pens were treated with either unmedicated water or Triamulox- or Denagard-containing water. Pigs had ad libitum access to water and feed. During the testing periods, daily water intake was measured by a cup water system in each pen. Feed intake was measured every 5 d. There was no effect of treatment on initial body weights or weights at the beginning or end of each period (P ≥ 0.51). Therefore, there was no effect of treatment on ADG (P ≥ 0.23). Water intake (P ≥ 0.16) and FE (P ≥ 0.35) were not affected by treatment. Water consumption was similar among all treatments in each of the four periods. There appears to be no aversion to water intake when tiamulin hydrogen fumarate is added to the drinking water.

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Identification and management of microbial contaminations in a surface drinking water source

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2007.137 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (S1) ◽

pp. 67-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. Åström ◽

T. J. R. Pettersson ◽

T. A. Stenström

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Raw Water ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

E Coli ◽

The City

Microbial contamination of surface waters constitutes a health risk for drinking water consumers which may be lowered by closing the raw water intake. We have evaluated microbial discharge events reported in the river Göta älv, which is used for raw water supply to the city of Göteborg. Elevated levels of faecal indicator bacteria were observed during periods of closed raw water intake. High bacteria levels were, however, also occasionally detected during periods of open intake, probably as a result of microbial discharge far upstream in the river which may be difficult to predict and manage by closing the intake. Accumulated upstream precipitations, resulting in surface runoff and wastewater contaminations in the catchment, correlated positively with the levels of total coliforms, E. coli, intestinal enterococci and sulfite-reducing clostridia. Levels of faecal indicator organisms were negatively correlated to the water temperature due to enhanced survival at lower temperatures. Wastewater discharges from a municipality located just upstream of the water intake resulted in elevated E. coli concentrations downstream at the raw water intake for Göteborg. To improve the prediction of microbial contaminations within the river Göta älv, monitoring data on turbidity and upstream precipitation are of particular importance.

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The use of metronidazole, tinidazole and dimetridazole in eliminating trichomonads from laboratory mice

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1258/002367788780746287 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 361-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. D. Roach ◽

P. M. Wallis ◽

M. E. Olson

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Sucrose Solution ◽

Laboratory Mice

Metronidazole, tinidazole and dimetridazole were administered in the drinking water for 5 days to mice experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas muris and Tetratrichomonas microta. Mice were successfully infected with T. muris and T. microta recovered from infected gerbils. The trichomonas infection was successfully eliminated in mice given a 1% sucrose solution containing 2·5 mg/ml metronidazole or tinidazole. Mice receiving 1·0 mg/ml metronidazole, 1·0 mg/ml tinidazole and 1·2, 5·0 and 10·0 mg/ml dimetridazole failed to eliminate the trichomonas organism. A reduction in water intake was only noted with mice receiving 10 mg/ml dimetridazole. In mice receiving only 1% sucrose the infection was not eliminated.

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