Evaluation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Commercial Sandalwood Essential Oils and their Comparison with Essential Oil Extracted from Santalum album L

Staphylococcus spp. is not only a commensal bacteria but also a major human pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. Recent evidence suggests that Staphylococcus has the ability to colonize the reproductive system and to affect its structure and functions. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical properties and antibacterial effects of select essential oils (EOs): Amyris balsamifera L., Boswellia carterii Birdw., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fuita, Citrus x aurantium L., Gaultheria procumbens L., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Melaleuca ericifolia Smith., Melaleuca leucadendra L., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Santalum album L., and Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Roberty against 50 Staphylococcus spp. cultures isolated from human semen, specifically Staphylococcus aureus, S. capiti, S. epidermidis, S. haemoliticus, and S. hominis. The disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial potential and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the selected EOs. The best anti-Staphylococcus activities were found with both methods for the essential oils of C. luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, A. balsamifera, C. camphora, and P. cabli.

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Cendana (Santalum album L.) sebagai tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri

Kultivasi ◽

10.24198/kultivasi.v17i1.15804 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mira Ariyanti ◽

Yenni Asbur

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Oil Content ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Economic Value ◽

Volatile Oil ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Functional Value ◽

Sandalwood Oil ◽

Santalum Album L

Abstract. Sandalwood is source of essential oil and as non-wood commodity of forest, which is potential and considered luxurious due to its distinctiveness hard wood and containing specific oil scent. Sandalwood oil can be produced from its wood by extracting from its tree trunks, twigs, brances, or root. The economic value of sandalwood plan is derived from its oil content (santalol) which has unique scent. A volatile oil contained in sandalwood is the sesquiterpenoid compound; among them are α-santalol dan b-santalol. Interaction between genetic factors of plant with its environment is a major factor that determines the growth and development of sandalwood plant that eventually affecting the volatile oil that can be produced. Engineering efforts are required against factors that related with oil extraction in order to obtain its maximum production in both in quantity and quality. Sandalwood oil has high functional value, some of them are as the material for aromatic therapy which is particularly beneficial for human health, as cosmetic material, and as material for medicines.Keywords : sandalwood, essential oil, santalol Sari. Cendana merupakan sumber penghasil minyak atsiri dan merupakan komoditi hasil hutan bukan kayu yang potensial dan tergolong mewah karena sifat kayu terasnya yang khas dan mengandung minyak dengan aroma yang spesifik. Pembuatan minyak cendana dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan batang kayu, ranting, cabang ranting, dan akar pohon cendana. Nilai ekonomi tanaman cendana didapat dari kandungan minyak (santalol) dalam kayu yang beraroma wangi yang khas. Minyak atsiri yang terkandung pada kayu cendana merupakan golongan senyawa sesquiterpenoid diantaranya α-santalol dan b-santalol. Interaksi antara faktor genetik tanaman dengan ling-kungan merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman cendana yang pada akhirnya berpengaruh terhadap produksi minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan. Diperlukan upaya rekayasa terhadap faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan ektraksi minyak cendana sehingga produksi maksimal dicapai baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas. Minyak cendana memiliki nilai fungsi yang tinggi diantaranya sebagai bahan aroma terapi yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kesehatan manusia, bahan kosmetik, dan bahan untuk obat-obatan.Kata kunci : tanaman cendana, minyak atsiri, santalol

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EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM, L.) IN ACEH, INDONESIA AND IT'S ESSENTIAL OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Malaysian Journal of Science ◽

10.22452/mjs.vol38no2.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 31-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deden Nurochman ◽

Juang Rata Matangaran ◽

Gunawan Santosa ◽

Didik Suharjito ◽

Rita Kartika Sari

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Oil Characteristics ◽

Santalum Album L

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SANDALWOOD (SANTALUM ALBUM): ANCIENT TREE WITH SIGNIFICANT MEDICINAL BENEFITS

International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research ◽

10.47070/ijapr.v9i4.1895 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 90-99

Author(s):

Shailja Choudhary ◽

Gitika Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Red List ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Protective Properties ◽

East Indian ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Santalum Album L ◽

Herbal Plant

Santalum album L. is commonly known as East Indian sandalwood, Shrigandha, sandalwood and Chandana. The plant is considered as the oldest, precious and commercially significant herbal plant which is also used as timber in India. The plant is well known for its unique and distinctive fragrance. Also, this plant is considered sacred and its importance and usage are also mentioned in Vedas, Puranas, Buddhism, epics and scriptures. It is used in various religions like Hindu, Buddhism and Jainism culture for auspicious work. The heartwood of the plant is very expensive and is associated with great commercial value in the national and international market as it is enriched with fragranced essential oil. The aromatic essential oil of the plant is used in various perfumes, food products, cosmetics, aromatherapy and pharmaceutical industries. Traditionally, the plant is used in various medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha to cure diseases like jaundice, dysentery, gastric irritability and is used as a tonic for liver, heart, fever, memory improvement, anti-poison and for blood purifier. In Ayurveda, the sandalwood plant is used as an expectorant, diuretic, astringent, stimulant, coolant and sedative agent. Besides this, the plant is associated with reported therapeutic and pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective and cardio-protective properties. Although, due to the overexploitation of the plant it is enlisted in the IUCN Red List. In this review, the traditional medicinal usage of the sandalwood plant and its pharmacological properties along with its modern view is briefly described.

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GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Contents and Physical Properties of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus grandis from PT. Toba Pulp Lestari

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.21620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 2319-2322

Author(s):

Z. Alfian ◽

H. Marpaung ◽

M. Taufik ◽

S. Lenny ◽

Andriayani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Chemical Contents

Essential oils are volatile oils with different compositions according to their source of production and comprise a mixture of substances having different chemical and physical properties. One of the plants containing essential oil is Eucalyptus grandis grown at PT Toba Pulp Lestari (Indonesian company). The purpose of this work is to know the chemical contents and physical properties of essential oil from Eucalyptus grandis as well as to utilize unused leaves at PT. Toba Pulp Lestari to serve as an essential oil. The essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis leaves was extracted using hydrodistillation method, then essential oil is analyzed by GC-MS. The essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis leaves was obtained 0.4 %. The physical properties test with determination of density and refractive index of essential oil respectively were obtained at 0.9143 and 1.4653 nD at 29.4 ºC. The results of GC-MS analysis of essential oil showed 12 components viz. α-pinene (45.21 %), camphene (1.38 %), β-pinene (1.11 %), camphogen (0.74 %), 1,8-cineole (36.55 %), α-campholene aldehyde (0.73 % ), pinocarvone (0.83 %), α-terpineol (8.87 %), β-caryophyllene (1.72 %), spathulenol (0.84 %), elemol (0.85 % ) and 1-nonadecene (1.17 %).

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A Pilot Study on the Physiological Effects of Three Essential Oils in Humans

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1601101034 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1601101

Author(s):

Martina Höferl ◽

Christina Hütter ◽

Gerhard Buchbauer

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Physiological Effects ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Stress Indicator ◽

East Indian ◽

Santalum Album L ◽

Western Australian

In the present study, the physiological effects on 32 humans exposed to experimental stress provoked by inhalation of the essential oils of East Indian sandalwood ( Santalum album L.), Western Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum R.Br.) and lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia MILL.) were investigated. During individual testing sessions, several saliva samples were collected, blood pressure was regularly measured and parameters of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, skin conductance response) were continuously monitored. Salivary cortisol, as an endocrine stress indicator, was determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Statistical analyses evidenced that the tested sandalwood essential oils significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, especially during the recreation phase. This finding corresponds with a distinct reduction of salivary cortisol levels during recreation in the Western Australian sandalwood oil compared with the control. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that essential oils can alleviate the physiological reactions to psychological stress and facilitate recovery after exposition to stress.

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Assessment of morphological and genetic variability through genic microsatellite markers for essential oil in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

3 Biotech ◽

10.1007/s13205-019-1758-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tanzeem Fatima ◽

Ashutosh Srivastava ◽

P. V. Somashekar ◽

Vageeshbabu S. Hanur ◽

M. Srinivasa Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variability ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Santalum Album L

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Antioxidant and stress modulatory efficacy of essential oil extracted from plantation-grown Santalum album L.

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111623 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 140 ◽

pp. 111623 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohankumar A. ◽

Kalaiselvi D. ◽

Levenson C. ◽

Shanmugam G. ◽

Thiruppathi G. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Santalum Album L

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Karakteristik Minyak Atsiri Daun Melaleuca leucadendra L. dari Empat Lokasi yang Berbeda Di Kabupaten Paser Kalimantan Timur

ULIN Jurnal Hutan Tropis ◽

10.32522/ujht.v5i2.5489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Agmi Bagus Kartiko ◽

Harlinda Kuspradini ◽

Enih Rosamah

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

Distillation Process ◽

Great Demand ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

Visual Color ◽

Melaleuca Leucadendra

Cajuput oil, which comes from the Melaleuca, is one of the NTFPs that is widely used for various health or pharmaceutical products so that it is a product that is in great demand. This study aimed to measure the yield and analyze the physical properties of M. leucadendra L. essential oil which comes from Paser, East Kalimantan. Samples were taken from 4 different locations, namely Rantau Panjang, Jone, Padang Pangrapat and Pondong Baru. Essential oils were obtained from distillation process using the water and steam method. The physical characteristics of essential oils were analyzed including visual color and refractive index using a hand refractometer. The results of M. leucadendra L. oil distillation from 4 locations, namely Rantau Panjang, Jone, Padang Pangrapat and Pondong Baru. showed the various yields, among others, 0.030%, 0.066%, 0.104% and 0.031%. The color of the essential oil observed also varied from yellow to orange and the refractive index range obtained was 1,429-1,450. The results of this study have the potential as a new source of cajuput oil originating from East Kalimantan, however further research is needed to find out about the appropriate distillation technique in order to increase the yield of M. leucadendra essential oil.

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Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Three Medicinal Plants from Algerian Semi-Arid Climatic Zone

Phytothérapie ◽

10.3166/phyto-2019-0150 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (S1) ◽

pp. S155-S163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Mehalaine ◽

O. Belfadel ◽

T. Menasria ◽

A. Messaili

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Salvia Officinalis ◽

Thymus Algeriensis

The present study was carried out to determine, for the first time, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils derived from the aerial parts of three aromatic plants Thymus algeriensis Boiss & Reut, Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Salvia officinalis L. growing under semiarid conditions. The essential oils were chemically analyzed and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and their antimicrobial activity was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using both agar disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. The major constituents of Thymus algeriensis essential oil were identified as camphor (13.62%), 1,8-cineol (6.00%), borneol (5.74%), viridiflorol (4.00%), and linalool (3.93%). For Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil, 48 compounds were characterized, of which the main constituents were camphor (17.09%), Z-β-ocimene (10.88%), isoborneol (9.68%), α-bisabolol (7.89%), and borneol (5.11%). While, Salvia officinalis essential oil was characterized by β-thujone (16.44%), followed by viridiflorol (10.93%), camphor (8.99%), 1,8-cineol (8.11%), trans-caryophyllene (5.85%), and α-humulene (4.69%) as the major components. Notably, results from antibacterial screening indicated that Thymus algeriensis and Salvia officinalis essential oils exhibited a strong inhibitory effect against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil. Further, less activity was recorded against Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the three tested essential oils.

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