Relationships among attitudes and subjective norms: Testing the theory of reasoned action across cultures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Sun Park
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Subjective Norms

scholarly journals Examining Factors Influencing Customer Intention to Use Islamic Home Financing: A Study in UTM

2018 ◽  
pp. 648-653
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Religious Obligation

Islamic home financing is a kind of product offered by Islamic banks, which is based on the principle of Sharia. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) as basis, this study examine factors that influence customers intention in using Islamic home financing. 342 usable surveys are obtained from Islamic bank customers which are the staff in UTM. There are six determinant factors which are attitudes, subjective norms, religious obligation, price and product knowledge were tested. The outcomes show that attitude, religious obligation and product knowledge significantly influenced customers’ intention to use Islamic home financing while price and subjective norms are not significant. The results would help bankers to improving the strategies about the factors that they need the effective market Islamic home financing products in order to be more competitive and known to customers.

The application of the theory of reasoned action on services of Islamic rural banks in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsan Effendi ◽  
Miftahuddin Murad ◽  
Ahmad Rafiki ◽  
Mitra Musika Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Use Of Services

Purpose The Islamic rural banks have the potential to grow in Indonesia. It is important to learn and study the consumer behaviors toward the Islamic rural banks’ services to plan for future strategies. The purpose of this paper is to test the applicability of the theory of reasoned action in predicting the customers’ decision to use the Islamic rural banks’ services. Design/methodology/approach The descriptive and structural equation model analyses were used to analyze the data. A random sampling technique is adopted with a sample size of 180 consumers of the Islamic rural banks. There are variables to be tested such as Sharia system compliance, product knowledge on Sharia, promotion, services, attitude, subjective norms, intention and customer decisions to use the Islamic rural banks’ services. Findings The results found that the Sharia system compliance, promotion, services, attitude, subjective norms and intention variables have a significant effect on the use of services at Islamic rural banks. Only product knowledge on Sharia variable has been found to be insignificant. Originality/value The model can be used to prepare better strategies to attract more customers as well as increase public awareness toward Islamic rural banks’ products and services. The results are useful as a benchmark for policymakers to improve the establishment of Islamic rural banks particularly in Indonesia.

The Influence of Social Interactions and Subjective Norms on Social Media Postings

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050023
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Arpaci
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Behavioural Intentions

This study investigated the influence of social interactions and subjective norms on individuals’ social media postings. The study developed a theoretical model by extending the Theory of Reasoned Action with social interactions. A CB-SEM analysis was conducted to test the hypothesised relationships based on the data collected from 312 social media users. Results indicated that social interactions (i.e. likes, shares, comments and follows) were significantly related to the attitude towards the selfie-posting behaviour. Further, the attitude and subjective norms were significantly related to behavioural intentions, which together accounted for a significant amount of variance in the actual behaviour. The findings contributed to literature by introducing the significant role of “social interactions” in predicting the attitude towards the selfie-posting behaviour.

scholarly journals The Reasoned Action Approach and the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior

Psychology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Hagger
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Reasoned Action Approach ◽  
Behavior Intention ◽  
Actual Control

Since the inception of the theory of reasoned action in late 1970s by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen, the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior and, in its more recent incarnation, the reasoned action approach, have been among the most influential approaches to predicting and understanding intentional behavior. The theories have been widely applied across multiple behaviors, contexts, and populations. With their roots in attitude theory and the social cognitive tradition, the theories focus on individuals’ beliefs with respect to future performance of a given behavior. The theory of reasoned action was the earliest version of the theory. The central construct of the theory is intention, a motivational construct that is considered the most proximal determinant of behavior. Intention reflects the extent to which an individual is likely to plan to do, and invest effort in pursuing, a given behavior. Intention is conceptualized as a function of two belief-based constructs: attitudes and subjective norms. Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations of performing the behavior in future, while subjective norms reflect beliefs that significant others would want them to perform the behavior. The theory of reasoned action demonstrated effectiveness in predicting variability in people’s behavior across many contexts, populations, and behaviors. Ajzen modified the theory of reasoned action to account for behaviors that were not under the complete control of the individual. The theory of planned behavior introduced perceived behavioral control as an additional predictor of intentions. In circumstances where individuals’ perceptions of control closely reflect actual control, perceived behavioral control would determine the strength of the Intention-Behavior Relationship. When their perceived behavioral control was high, individuals would be more likely to act on their intentions. Ajzen also proposed that when perceived behavioral control closely reflects actual control, it will directly predict behavior. Fishbein and Ajzen proposed the reasoned action approach as a further development in their theory based on research. The reasoned action approach extends the theory of planned behavior by differentiating between different subcomponents of the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control constructs in the theory of planned behavior. The popularity of the theories is due to their relative simplicity and flexibility, as well as their effectiveness in accounting for substantive variance in behavior. The theories have also served as the basis for extended theories that encompass new constructs toward developing more comprehensive explanations of behavior, and to test salient processes that determine action such as the relationship between intentions and behavior. This annotated bibliography outlines key books, chapters, and articles that chart the progress of these theories from their origins and development to their application and extension. The list of readings offered in this bibliography is not exhaustive, but aims to provide readers with a representative overview of the origins of the theories, key theoretical assumptions and debates, the empirical evidence testing the theories, and research on extensions and practical application of the theories.

scholarly journals Gambaran perilaku yang berperan terhadap kondisi obesitas pada perempuan dewasa muda di Jakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Teddy Kurniawan Kawi ◽  
Margaretha Purwanti ◽  
Wieka Dyah Pertasari
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Subjective Norms

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku yang berperan terhadap obesitas pada perempuan dewasa muda, menurut Theory of Reasoned Action  (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1975) dan teori Self-Efficacy (Bandura, 1986). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif terhadap tiga perempuan dewasa muda (27-31 tahun) yang berdomisili di Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun tiap partisipan memiliki latar belakang berbeda yang membentuk kondisi obesitas, terdapat kesamaan dalam aspek-aspek yang mendasari perilaku. Pada aspek attitude, partisipan menganggap makan sebagai cara menghadapi kondisi stres. Pada aspek subjective norms, partisipan merasakan dukungan dari orang terdekat, namun tidak ditunjukkan melalui tindakan nyata. Faktor mood yang negatif dan pengetahuan minimal akan perilaku sehat pada setiap partisipan juga memengaruhi keyakinan diri (self-efficacy) dalam berperilaku. Faktor biologis dan lingkungan  cukup berperan terhadap pembentukan kondisi obesitas. Hasil studi ini merekomendasikan rancangan intervensi yang berfokus pada attitude, subjective norms, dan self-efficacy dari perilaku yang berperan terhadap kondisi obesitas.

scholarly journals Consumer Purchase Intentions Regarding Fair-Trade Coffee And The Role Of Virtual Reality: An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Fair Trade Coffee ◽  
Sustainable Products

Fair-trade is an alternative approach to trading that has a goal of sustainable development and creating a better opportunity for producers in third world countries. Fair-trade coffee represents the largest category under this umbrella. Globally, Generation Z’s consumption and adoption of ethical/sustainable products creates new challenges and opportunities for producers and marketers. Virtual reality has seen to educate, market, and create value with its media richness, presence, interactive, and immersive qualities. As a result, VR has positioned itself to be a very strong communication tool for social scientists and marketers to add value, communicate effective messages, and impact consumer behaviour. This research examines consumer purchase intentions regarding Fair-trade coffee through the lenses of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the exploratory effect of virtual reality in the context of Generation Z. A first analysis will allow me to outline, present, and test a model regarding Fair-trade coffee consumption in the scope of the Theory of Reasoned Action. Additionally, a second analysis will leverage VR in an exploratory manner to see if this has an effect on the dimensions outlined in the model. The dimensions presented to impact Fair-trade coffee purchase intentions are personal values, knowledge of Fair-trade, general attitudes towards purchasing Fair-trade coffee, and subjective norms. By analyzing data from 314 respondents, this study found that competence, knowledge of Fair-trade, skepticism, and concern are significant predictors of product interest and likeability. Knowledge of Fair-trade and Skepticism are significant predictors of price acceptability. Furthermore, subjective norms are a significant predictor of purchase intentions. Lastly, virtual reality was found to have an inconclusive effect on the dimensions outlined in the conceptual model.

scholarly journals The Reasoned Action Approach and the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S Hagger
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Reasoned Action Approach ◽  
Behavior Intention ◽  
Actual Control

Since the inception of the theory of reasoned action in late 1970s by Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen, the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior and, in its more recent incarnation, the reasoned action approach, have been among the most influential approaches to predicting and understanding intentional behavior. The theories have been widely applied across multiple behaviors, contexts, and populations. With their roots in attitude theory and the social cognitive tradition, the theories focus on individuals’ beliefs with respect to future performance of a given behavior. The theory of reasoned action was the earliest version of the theory. The central construct of the theory is intention, a motivational construct that is considered the most proximal determinant of behavior. Intention reflects the extent to which an individual is likely to plan to do, and invest effort in pursuing, a given behavior. Intention is conceptualized as a function of two belief-based constructs: attitudes and subjective norms. Attitudes are positive or negative evaluations of performing the behavior in future, while subjective norms reflect beliefs that significant others would want them to perform the behavior. The theory of reasoned action demonstrated effectiveness in predicting variability in people’s behavior across many contexts, populations, and behaviors. Ajzen modified the theory of reasoned action to account for behaviors that were not under the complete control of the individual. The theory of planned behavior introduced perceived behavioral control as an additional predictor of intentions. In circumstances where individuals’ perceptions of control closely reflect actual control, perceived behavioral control would determine the strength of the Intention-Behavior Relationship. When their perceived behavioral control was high, individuals would be more likely to act on their intentions. Ajzen also proposed that when perceived behavioral control closely reflects actual control, it will directly predict behavior. Fishbein and Ajzen proposed the reasoned action approach as a further development in their theory based on research. The reasoned action approach extends the theory of planned behavior by differentiating between different subcomponents of the attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control constructs in the theory of planned behavior. The popularity of the theories is due to their relative simplicity and flexibility, as well as their effectiveness in accounting for substantive variance in behavior. The theories have also served as the basis for extended theories that encompass new constructs toward developing more comprehensive explanations of behavior, and to test salient processes that determine action such as the relationship between intentions and behavior. This annotated bibliography outlines key books, chapters, and articles that chart the progress of these theories from their origins and development to their application and extension. The list of readings offered in this bibliography is not exhaustive, but aims to provide readers with a representative overview of the origins of the theories, key theoretical assumptions and debates, the empirical evidence testing the theories, and research on extensions and practical application of the theories.

scholarly journals Customer’s Intention with Moderating Role of Pricing on Islamic Personal Financing of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-308
Author(s):  
Sadia Saeed ◽  
Dr. Hina Shahab ◽  
Dr. Shehla Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Financial industries are rapidly accepting the Islamic banking system. Using theory of reasoned action (TRA) model the study investigates the three factors including attitude, religiosity and subjective norms in measuring the intention of customers to adopt Islamic banking products along with moderating role of pricing. The sample of 220 banks consumers from two cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad are gathered using convenient sampling. Regression results suggest that all three factors influence the intention of customers in buying Islamic banking products. Moreover, pricing moderates the relationship in developing intention of customer to adopt Islamic personal financing in the context of religiosity.The finding of the study identifies that Islamic bankers should adopt pricing policy based upon fair practices of Shariah. In addition awareness to people about Islamic products through marketing is essential in clearing their misconceptions towards investment in Islamic products.

Propensity to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery and Services in Seoul

10.31355/37 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 001-016
Author(s):  
Kit Teng Phuah ◽  
Kelly Kai Seng Wong ◽  
Jenn Ling TingJL
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Psychological Attributes ◽  
The Impact

NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose................................................................................................................................................................................................. The focus of this study is to find the relationship between the components in Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes (social status) which influence Seoul Korea female intention to undergo cosmetic surgery in Seoul, Korea. Background................................................................................................................................................................................................... South Korea was ranked third in the world of cosmetic surgery in 2015. The Korean cosmetic surgery market is a promising market with 24% market share of the total world market. The market data about female willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery strongly suggests that marketers who work in the beauty and health industries associated with cosmetic surgery should pay attention to Seoul Korean women who are in the age group under 40 years old as the potential target market. In Korea, cosmetic surgery is frequently mentioned in normal conversation as a general topic and it is naturally settled as a culture. Methodology................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Seoul Korean female behavior with respect to use of cosmetic surgery is approximately determined by factors underlying the consumer’s behavioral intent. Thus, the theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is used in this study because it attempts to explain consumer intentions and has a strong power of prediction of utility for a wide range of human behavioral attributes such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes. A survey was conducted in Seoul, Korea where 400 female were interviewed by self-administrated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regressions were used to examine the factors that influence Seoul Korean female intention to engage in cosmetic surgery. Contribution................................................................................................................................................................................................... This research provides an insight to the health and beauty industry, marketers, decision makers and academics on the factors that influence Seoul Korea female intention to engage with cosmetic surgery. Findings According to the research findings, Seoul Korean female attitude towards cosmetic surgery are generally positive, or favorable intention. That is to say, they usually think that the most effective way to improve their appearance and social status is to undergo cosmetic surgery. The study results (both qualitative and quantitative) support the proposition that the variables such as the media and the celebrities play important role in influencing females to do surgery. The results also provide important information to formulate and design strategies for the development and effective conduct of advertisements and promotions of cosmetic surgery. Lastly, other potential influencing factors were psychological attributes which are self-esteem and social status. Recommendations for Practitioners............................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested that psychologists can try to find the clinical roles in helping the cosmetic surgery patients by identifying patients who may not adjust well psychologically or psycho-socially after surgery. Psychologists can examine the issues related to cosmetic surgery due to the increasing popularity and the link between appearance, body image, eating disorders, sexual functioning and social phobia. Recommendations for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................... To help to fill in the research gaps, it is recommended to examine on how cosmetic surgery makes patients feel, how cosmetic surgery affects those around the recipients and what the effect of cosmetic surgery would be on children and teenagers. Impact on Society The increasing number of cosmetic surgery is having a dramatic impact on the Korean society. In Korea, the number of cosmetic procedures has nearly doubled in the past few years. Distorted perception of self-image, over dependence on the social media is enormous and cannot be overstated had also caused the dramatic rise of cosmetic surgery. The impact of social media has resulted in the rising demand for injectable facial fillers, liposuction, breast implants, buttock augmentation and Botox among younger generation. Future Research.............................................................................................................................................................................................. It is suggested to conduct further research involving Korean females who have undergone cosmetic surgery. The extended research should attempt to determine the level of satisfaction towards non-core and post cosmetic surgery services. That is, after sales services, the skills and knowledge of the doctor, the clinic environment and other attributes that further define the total or augmented product.

Investigating the Factors of Consumers’ Purchase Intention Towards Life Insurance in Bangladesh: An Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Nomi ◽  
Md. Mahiuddin Sabbir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Theory Of Reasoned Action ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Consumer Purchase Intention

This study aims to examine the factors that influence consumer purchase intention towards life insurance. The study included religiosity, risk aversion motives, saving motives, and financial literacy with classical Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), therefore extending the model. A convenience sampling method was employed to collect data from 315 respondents working in different public and private institutions in Bangladesh. Collected data were analysed using the structural equation model (SEM). The results revealed that attitude, subjective norms, risk aversion motives, saving motives, and financial literacy have a significant positive impact on consumer purchase intention towards life insurance. Moreover, religiosity was found to have a negative impact on purchase intention. In addition, saving motives was found as a mediator in the relationship between risk aversion motives and purchase intention, as well as between financial literacy and purchase intention. Since attitude and subjective norms were found to have the most effect on purchase intention, the study implicated that marketers should emphasise company image, reputation, and the credibility of the agents, together with the significant others to whom we often turn to before making any financial decision. Finally, the study offered directions for further research after divulging several limitations.

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