Comparing and Modeling the Thermal Inactivation of Bacteriophages as Pathogenic Viruses Surrogates in Chicken Litter Compost

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Hongye Wang ◽  
William Bridges ◽  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Chao Gong ◽  
Xiuping Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

scholarly journals Thermal Inactivation of Desiccation-Adapted Salmonella spp. in Aged Chicken Litter

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (22) ◽  
pp. 7013-7020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Junshu Diao ◽  
Muthu Dharmasena ◽  
Claudia Ionita ◽  
Xiuping Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Cross Tolerance ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Time Required

ABSTRACTThermal inactivation of desiccation-adaptedSalmonellaspp. in aged chicken litter was investigated in comparison with that in a nonadapted control to examine potential cross-tolerance of desiccation-adapted cells to heat treatment. A mixture of fourSalmonellaserovars was inoculated into the finished compost with 20, 30, 40, and 50% moisture contents for a 24-h desiccation adaptation. Afterwards, the compost with desiccation-adapted cells was inoculated into the aged chicken litter with the same moisture content for heat treatments at 70, 75, 80, 85, and 150°C. Recovery media were used to allow heat-injured cells to resuscitate. A 5-log reduction in the number of the desiccation-adapted cells in aged chicken litter with a 20% moisture content required >6, >6, ∼4 to 5, and ∼3 to 4 h of exposure at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. As a comparison, a 5-log reduction in the number of nonadapted control cells in the same chicken litter was achieved within ∼1.5 to 2, ∼1 to 1.5, ∼0.5 to 1, and <0.5 h at 70, 75, 80, and 85°C, respectively. The exposure time required to obtain a 5-log reduction in the number of desiccation-adapted cells gradually became shorter as temperature and moisture content were increased. At 150°C, desiccation-adaptedSalmonellacells survived for 50 min in chicken litter with a 20% moisture content, whereas control cells were detectable by enrichment for only 10 min. Our results demonstrated that the thermal resistance ofSalmonellain aged chicken litter was increased significantly when the cells were adapted to desiccation. This study also validated the effectiveness of thermal processing being used for producing chicken litter free ofSalmonellacontamination.

scholarly journals Validating Thermal Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in Fresh and Aged Chicken Litter

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1302-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkyung Kim ◽  
Junshu Diao ◽  
Marion W. Shepherd ◽  
Randhir Singh ◽  
Spencer D. Heringa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Chicken Litter

ABSTRACTOur results revealed that a 7-log reduction ofSalmonellacan be achieved by exposing fresh chicken litter for 80.5 to 100.8, 78.4 to 93.1, and 44.1 to 63 min at 70, 75, and 80°C, respectively, depending on initial moisture contents. However, the aged chicken litter requires more heat treatment.

Mechanism of Inhibitory Action on Platelet Activation of a Phospholipase A2 Isolated from Lachesis muta (Bushmaster) Snake Venom

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (05) ◽  
pp. 1372-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L Fuly ◽  
Olga L T Machado ◽  
Elias W Alves ◽  
Célia R Carlinis
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Phospholipase A2 ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Apparent Molecular Weight ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Lachesis Muta

SummaryCrude venom from Lachesis muta exhibited procoagulant, proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities. A phospholipase A2, denoted LM-PLA2 was purified from L. muta venom to homogeneity, through a combination of chromatographic steps involving gel-filtration on Sephacryl S-200 HR and reverse phase chromatography on a C2/C18 column. LM-PLA2 presented a single polypeptide chain with an isoelectric point at pH 4.7 and apparent molecular weight of 17 kDa. Partial aminoacid sequence indicated a high degree of homology for LM-PLA2 with other PLA2 from different sources.LM-PLA2 displayed a potent enzymatic activity as measured by indirect hemolysis of red blood cells but it was neither lethal when injected i.p. into mice nor did it present anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, LM-PLA2 displayed a moderate inhibitory activity on the aggregation of rabbit platelets induced by low levels of ADP, thrombin and arachidonate. In contrast, platelet aggregation induced by high doses of collagen was strongly inhibited by LM-PLA2 as well as ATP-release. Treatment of the protein with p-bromophenacyl bromide or 2-mercapto-ethanol, as well as thermal inactivation studies, suggested that the platelet inhibitory effect of LM-PLA2 is dependent on its enzymatic activity. Thus, the platelet inhibitory activity of LM-PLA2 was shown to be dependent on the hydrolysis of plasma phospholipids and/or lipoproteins, most probably those rich in phosphatidylcholine. Surprisingly, lyso-phosphatidylcholine released by LM-PLA2 from plasma was shown to preferentially inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, in contrast to other PLA2s, whose plasma hydrolytic products indistinctly affect platelet’s response to several agonists.

F-specific bacteriophage as an indicator of human viruses in natural waters and sewage effluents in Northern New Zealand

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Specific Bacteriophage ◽  
Beach Water

To assess the F-specific bacteriophage as an indicator of pathogenic viruses, a comparative study has been made of the occurrence of F-phage and human enteroviruses in sewage wastes and the marine environment. Although F-phage seemed in several respects to match pathogen behaviour, its low abundance in bathing beach water, uncertainty as to its source and other detection irregularities make its use as an indicator problematical.

scholarly journals Thermal Inactivation of Susceptible and Multiantimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella Strains Grown in the Absence or Presence of Glucose

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 4123-4128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Bacon ◽  
J. R. Ransom ◽  
J. N. Sofos ◽  
P. A. Kendall ◽  
K. E. Belk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
Acid Adaptation ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Peptone Water

ABSTRACT The heat resistance of susceptible and multiantimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains grown to stationary phase in glucose-free tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE−G; nonadapted), in regular (0.25% glucose) TSBYE, or in TSBYE−G with 1.00% added glucose (TSBYE+G; acid adapted) was determined at 55, 57, 59, and 61°C. Cultures were heated in sterile 0.1% buffered peptone water (50 μl) in heat-sealed capillary tubes immersed in a thermostatically controlled circulating-water bath. Decimal reduction times (D values) were calculated from survival curves having r 2 values of >0.90 as a means of comparing thermal tolerance among variables. D 59°C values increased (P < 0.05) from 0.50 to 0.58 to 0.66 min for TSBYE−G, TSBYE, and TSBYE+G cultures, respectively. D 61°C values of antimicrobial-susceptible Salmonella strains increased (P < 0.05) from 0.14 to 0.19 as the glucose concentration increased from 0.00 to 1.00%, respectively, while D 61°C values of multiantimicrobial-resistant Salmonella strains did not differ (P > 0.05) between TSBYE−G and TSBYE+G cultures. When averaged across glucose levels and temperatures, there were no differences (P > 0.05) between the D values of susceptible and multiantimicrobial-resistant inocula. Collectively, D values ranged from 4.23 to 5.39, 1.47 to 1.81, 0.50 to 0.66, and 0.16 to 0.20 min for Salmonella strains inactivated at 55, 57, 59, and 61°C, respectively. zD values were 1.20, 1.48, and 1.49°C for Salmonella strains grown in TSBYE+G, TSBYE, and TSBYE−G, respectively, while the corresponding activation energies of inactivation were 497, 493, and 494 kJ/mol. Study results suggested a cross-protective effect of acid adaptation on thermal inactivation but no association between antimicrobial susceptibility and the ability of salmonellae to survive heat stress.

scholarly journals Degradation of keratan sulphate by β-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B

1981 ◽  
Vol 193 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Ludolph ◽  
E Paschke ◽  
J Glössl ◽  
H Kresse
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Sandhoff Disease ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Polymeric Substrate ◽  
Keratan Sulphate ◽  
Human Enzyme ◽  
Tay Sachs Disease

Enzymic cleavage of beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues of keratan sulphate was studied in vitro by using substrate a [3H]glucosamine-labelled desulphated keratan sulphate with N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing end. Both lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B are proposed to participate in the degradation of keratan sulphate on the basis of the following observations. Homogenates of fibroblasts from patients with Sandhoff disease, but not those from patients with Tay–Sachs disease, were unable to release significant amounts of N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine. On isoelectric focusing of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from human liver the peaks of keratan sulphate-degrading activity coincided with the activity towards p-nitrophenyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminide. A monospecific antibody against the human enzyme reacted with both enzyme forms and precipitated the keratan sulphate-degrading activity. Both isoenzymes had the same apparent Km of 4mM, but the B form was approximately twice as active as the A form when compared with the activity towards a chromogenic substrate. Differences were noted in the pH–activity profiles of both isoenzymes. Thermal inactivation of isoenzyme B was less pronounced towards the polymeric substrate than towards the p-nitrophenyl derivative.

Methods to obtain thermal inactivation data for pathogen control in low-moisture foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 174-187
Author(s):  
Teng Cheng ◽  
Juming Tang ◽  
Ren Yang ◽  
Yucen Xie ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Low Moisture Foods

scholarly journals Insight into the mechanism of thermostabilization of GH10 xylanase from Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1 by the mutation of S92 to E

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-390
Author(s):  
Manami Suzuki ◽  
Teisuke Takita ◽  
Kohei Kuwata ◽  
Kota Nakatani ◽  
Tongyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Gh10 Xylanase ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT The mechanism of thermostabilization of GH10 xylanase, XynR, from Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1 by the mutation of S92 to E was investigated. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that thermostabilization was driven by the decrease in entropy change of activation for thermal inactivation. Crystallographic analysis suggested that this mutation suppressed the fluctuation of the amino acid residues at position 92-95.

scholarly journals Tannic acid-functionalized HEPA filter materials for influenza virus capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kim ◽  
Jinhyo Chung ◽  
Sang Hyun Lee ◽  
Jeong Hyeon Yoon ◽  
Dae-Hyuk Kweon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Capture Efficiency ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Filter Materials ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Cost Efficient

AbstractInfluenza, one of the most contagious and infectious diseases, is predominantly transmitted through aerosols, leading to the development of filter-based protective equipment. Though the currently available filters are effective at removing submicron-sized particulates, filter materials with enhanced virus-capture efficiency are still in demand. Coating or chemically modifying filters with molecules capable of binding influenza viruses has received attention as a promising approach for the production of virus-capturing filters. For this purpose, tannic acid (TA), a plant-derived polyphenol, is a promising molecule for filter functionalization because of its antiviral activities and ability to serve as a cost-efficient adhesive for various materials. This study demonstrates the facile preparation of TA-functionalized high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter materials and their efficiency in influenza virus capture. Polypropylene HEPA filter fabrics were coated with TA via a dipping/washing process. The TA-functionalized HEPA filter (TA-HF) exhibits a high in-solution virus capture efficiency of up to 2,723 pfu/mm2 within 10 min, which is almost two orders of magnitude higher than that of non-functionalized filters. This result suggests that the TA-HF is a potent anti-influenza filter that can be used in protective equipment to prevent the spread of pathogenic viruses.

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