Trichloroethylene and Ocular Malformations: Analysis of Extant Literature

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lavin Williams ◽  
John M. DeSesso
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Developmental Exposure ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Ocular Findings

An evaluation of the scientific literature for trichloroethylene (TCE) identified two reports of ocular defects, specifically microphthalmia/anophthalmia, following prenatal TCE exposure in rats. Herein, these reports are analyzed in detail and interpreted within the context of other developmental TCE exposure studies. The ocular findings following prenatal TCE exposure are reported in studies that were not designed specifically for developmental safety assessment, and thus did not use standard experimental practices. Furthermore, these findings most commonly occurred at TCE doses associated with considerable maternal toxicity. Among the 18 published studies using developmental TCE exposures, only 3 used doses sufficiently high enough to result in maternal toxicity, and of these, only the 2 discussed in detail in this paper demonstrated ocular defects in the offspring. Furthermore, statistically significant effects were only observed at doses that were above the currently accepted guideline limit dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. All other TCE developmental exposure studies failed to demonstrate ocular defects as a result of prenatal exposure. These results suggest that the micro-/anophthalmia findings were likely a consequence of delivery of an extremely high bolus TCE dose that is irrelevant to human environmental exposure scenarios.

Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Leury Max Da Silva Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Vinicius Santos ◽  
Cauê La Scala Teixeira ◽  
Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The 19Th Century

 Bodyweight exercises (also popularly known as calisthenics) is a classic training method and its practice has been widespread since the 19th century, but little evidenced in the scientific literature over the years. This type of training aims to promote multi-system adaptations using body weight as an overload with no or few implements [1–3]. This characteristic makes exercise with body weight easy to apply, in addition to having an excellent cost-benefit ratio when compared to other training possibilities that require machines or materials [4,5].

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Polyacrylamide

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Monomer Content ◽  
Acrylamide Monomers ◽  
Reproductive Study

Polyacrylamide is a polymer of controllable molecular weight formed from the polymerization of acrylamide monomers. Average concentrations of the monomer were reported as less than 0.01% by several manufacturers. Polyacrylamide is used as a foam builder and stabilizer in shampoo products and as a vehicle in sunscreen preparations. An acute oral toxicity study of Polyacrylamide in rats reported that a single maximum oral dose of 4.0 g/kg body weight was tolerated. In a subchronic oral toxicity study in both rats and dogs, animals were given a maximum dose of 464 mg/kg body weight, with no signs of toxicity in any animals. Two separate studies in rats reported no absorption when the compound was administered by gavage. In a 2-year chronic oral toxicity study, rats fed between 500 and 10,000 ppm in their diet had no significant adverse effects. Similar results were obtained in dogs. A 2-year feeding study in rats fed up to 5.0% Polyacrylamide reported no significant adverse effects. Cutaneous tolerance tests performed to evaluate the irritation of Polyacrylamide indicated that the compound was relatively well tolerated. Undiluted Polyacrylamide applied to the conjunctival sac of the rabbit caused a very slight response. No compound-related lesions were noted in a three-generation reproductive study in which rats were fed either 500 or 2000 ppm Polyacrylamide. On the basis of data presented in this report, it is concluded that Polyacrylamide, with less than 0.01% acrylamide monomer content, is safe as a cosmetic ingredient as currently used.

scholarly journals Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of maternal exposure to oral bisphenol A in female mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie Naulé ◽  
Marie Picot ◽  
Mariangela Martini ◽  
Caroline Parmentier ◽  
Hélène Hardin-Pouzet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maternal Exposure ◽  
Developmental Exposure ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Reference Doses

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread estrogenic compound. We investigated the effects of maternal exposure to BPA at reference doses on sexual behavior and neuroendocrine functions of female offspring in C57BL/6J mice. The dams were orally exposed to vehicle alone or vehicle-containing BPA at doses equivalent to the no observed adverse effect level (5 mg/kg body weight per day) and tolerable daily intake (TDI, 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day) level from gestational day 15 until weaning. Developmental exposure to BPA increased the lordosis quotient in naive females exposed to BPA at the TDI dose only. BPA exposure had no effect on olfactory preference, ability to express masculine behaviors or number of calbindin-positive cells, a sexually dimorphic population of the preoptic area. BPA at both doses selectively increased kisspeptin cell number in the preoptic periventricular nucleus of the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle in adult females. It did not affect the number of GNRH-positive cells or percentage of kisspeptin appositions on GNRH neurons in the preoptic area. These changes were associated with higher levels of estradiol (E2) at the TDI dose while levels of LH, estrus cyclicity, ovarian and uterine weights, and fertility remained unaffected. Delay in the time of vaginal opening was observed during the postnatal period at TDI dose, without any alteration in body growth. This shows that developmental exposure to BPA at reference doses did not masculinize and defeminize the neural circuitry underlying sexual behavior in female mice. The TDI dose specifically exacerbated responses normally induced by ovarian E2, through estrogen receptor α, during the postnatal/prepubertal period.

Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids affects body weight, serum leptin levels, and hypothalamic neuropeptide‐Y expression in pre‐pubertal female rat offspring

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Iwasa ◽  
Toshiya Matsuzaki ◽  
Munkhsaikhan Munkhzaya ◽  
Altankhuu Tungalagsuvd ◽  
Takako Kawami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Rat Offspring

scholarly journals Solution Selling in B2B: Perception of Solution Selling in Challenging Times of Management, Salesperson and Customers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guenther Maier
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Leadership Position ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Individual

Globalization and digitalization have yielded new challenges in the B2B sales environment. Besides positive also negative effects appeared in the last decades. Customer behaviour is becoming more complex, and the rivalry between the firms is getting more aggressive. Especially product-centred firms strive to fulfil their financial targets. The actual situation of COVID-19 amplify this situation. This new challenge entails firms and salespeople to find new resilient ways to survive and overcome crisis’s and resist the rivalry of competitors. The present article is based on the theoretical and extant literature of solution selling and customer solutions in different industries. Potential effects on solution selling will be discussed and contributed through empirical interviews with people in a leadership position in sales. This article analyses the individual perception of related stakeholders in B2B sales and will provide valuable insights on solution selling concerning their resilient attribute. This present review will contribute scholars on the existing literature and firms which are seeking for methods to distinct from competitors and to overcome crisis´s. Finally, the gaps in the scientific literature will be discussed for further research.

scholarly journals Probiotics May Improve Serum Folate Availability in Pregnant Women: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (B) ◽  
pp. 1124-1130
Author(s):  
Andrea Ballini ◽  
Luca Signorini ◽  
Alessio Danilo Inchingolo ◽  
Rajiv Saini ◽  
Antonio Gnoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Serum Folate ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
In Pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer a health benefit when administered in adequate amounts. There is evidence in the current literature about the importance of probiotic use in pregnancy. The early supplementation of probiotics in the perinatal and postnatal periods seems to have a positive impact on the overall mother’s health and future health of infants. AIM: Our pilot study aimed to test the ability of specific probiotics strains in combination with the kiwi-unique enzyme actinidin to improve the availability of folic acid in 20 pregnant women. METHODS: We investigate 20 pregnant women in early (4–10 weeks) (6 patients), intermedium (11–20 weeks) (6 patients), and late (21–30 weeks) (8 patients) pregnancy. RESULTS: Our findings show that the tested formula promotes increased concentration of serum folate in women’s blood and contributes to the control of blood sugar and body weight, regardless of the gestational period (early, intermediate or late). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the main results reported in the scientific literature about the importance of probiotics intake in pregnancy.

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