Instrumental Responding following Reinforcer Devaluation

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (2b) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Adams ◽  
Anthony Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Extinction Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Associative Structure ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Reinforcer Devaluation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group

In two experiments, hungry rats were given instrumental lever-press training for an appetitive reinforcer and, in addition, were exposed to another type of food which was not contingent on lever pressing. In the first experiment, exposure to each type of food was on separate days, whereas in the second experiment rats were exposed to each type of food in strict alternation within each session. Subsequently, a food aversion was conditioned to the reinforcer for the experimental group and to the non-contingent food for the control group. In both experiments, animals with an aversion to the reinforcer responded less in an extinction test than animals with an aversion to the non-contingent food. Subsequent reacquisition tests confirmed that the aversion to the non-contingent food in the control group was of comparable strength with that to the reinforcer in the experimental group. The results were discussed in terms of whether the reinforcer is encoded in the associative structure set up by exposure to an instrumental contingency.

scholarly journals The economic efficiency of the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in the rations of highlyproductive cows of the Ukrain-ian Red-Spotted Dairy breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (95) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Kropyvka ◽  
V. S. Bomko ◽  
S. Y. Kropyvka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Mixed Ligand ◽  
Mixed Ligand Complexes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Dairy Breed

The article deals with the results of research on the economic efficiency of the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in the feeding rations of highlyproductive cows of Ukrainian Red-Spotted Dairy breed in the first 100 days of lactation. The research was performed on five groups (one control and four experimental) of analogous cows in the conditions of ALC “Terezyne” Bila Tserkva district of Kyiv region. The control was the optimal dose of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt, which was previously established with a concentration of 1 kg of dry matter (DM) of the feed mixture (FM), mg: Zinc – 60.8; Manganese – 60.8 and Cobalt – 0.78. For the 2nd experimental group, the concentration of these trace elements was increased by 10 %, and in the 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups – on the contrary, the concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of DM of feed mixture was reduced by 10 %, 20 and 30 %, respectively, compared with the control. The best results on milk yield of natural and basic fat content were got from cows of the 4th experimental group, where the concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt due to their mixed ligand complexes in 1 kg of DM of feed mixture was, mg: Zinc – 48.6; Manganese – 48.6; Cobalt – 0.62. The cost of products got from experimental cows ranged from UAH 12702.3 up to UAH 13783.7 and it was the highest in the 4th experimental group. It was set up that for cows of Ukrainian Red-Spotted Dairy breed in the first 100 days of lactation the most economically advantageous was the dose of mixed ligand complexes, in which the concentration of Zinc and Manganese was 48.6 mg, and Cobalt – 0.62 mg/kg DM, which allowed to obtain a profit of 14.37 % more than in the control group. Doses of mixed ligand complexes with a concentration of Zinc and Manganese – 66.9 mg; 54.7 and 42.6 mg, and Cobalt – 0.86 mg; 0.7 and 0.55 mg/kg CF gave a much lower economic effect. Additional profit in the 2nd experimental group amounted to UAH 66.8 or 1.34 %; in the 3rd – UAH 95.6 or 1.92 % and in the 5th – UAH 561.6 or 11.28 %, compared with the control group.

scholarly journals Enzyme Producing Activity of Probiotics and Preparation of Compound Enzyme

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ruokun Yi ◽  
Yanni Pan ◽  
Xingyao Long ◽  
Fang Tan ◽  
Xin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Preventive Drug ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Final Effect ◽  
Single Factor Experiment ◽  
Compound Enzyme

Probiotics are a group of active microorganisms, which benefit the host by colonizing and changing the composition of host flora. It is of great significance to promote the development of human gastrointestinal nutrition and health by regulating the host mucosal and systemic immune function or regulating the balance of intestinal flora. The purpose of this study is to analyze the production activity of the enzyme, evaluate its biological characteristics and safety as a preventive drug, and provide reference for the research of enzyme production and compound enzyme preparation by probiotics. In this study, four groups of probiotics were set up: Clostridium butyricum experimental group, Lactobacillus plantarum experimental group, drinking water control group, and Bacillus licheniformis experimental group. In addition, a variety of complex enzyme experiments were set up to study the influence on the digestive tract and single factor experiment. The results showed that probiotics and compound enzyme preparations could significantly promote the intestinal digestibility. Under the effect of probiotics, the weight of the chicken was almost 1 Jin heavier than that of the control group, and the average digestibility was increased by 4.3%. The effect of the enzyme on digestibility is stronger than that of probiotics, but the final effect tends to be stable.

Variations in the Sensitivity of Instrumental Responding to Reinforcer Devaluation

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2b) ◽  
pp. 77-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Food Aversion ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Instrumental Training ◽  
Distributed Training ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extended Training ◽  
Response Practice ◽  
Reinforcer Devaluation ◽  
Successful Integration

In five experiments hungry rats were trained to make a lever press response for a sucrose reinforcer. That sucrose was subsequently devalued by conditioning a food-aversion to it, and the ability of the rats to integrate knowledge about the instrumental contingency with that gained from aversion training was assessed in an extinction test. Experiment I showed successful integration following limited but not extended instrumental training. Experiment II suggested that the crucial factor was the spacing of training; successful integration was seen after massed but not distributed training. The third experiment implicated distributed experience with the reinforcer, rather than distributed response practice, in failures of integration. Experiment IV showed that if the distribution of food-aversion learning was dissimilar to that of instrumental training then a failure of integration could result; this finding was able to account for the distribution of training effects seen in previous studies, but not the effect of extended training. Experiment V replicated the extended training effect seen in Experiment I, and provided evidence that this may reflect the degree of exposure to the reinforcer rather than the extent of response practice.

scholarly journals Computer Network Reliability Improvement Method Based on Genetic Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2066 (1) ◽  
pp. 012039
Author(s):  
Kun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
Network Reliability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Computing Industry ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Improvement Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract With the continuous growth of economy and the continuous development of society, once the computer came out, it has been rapidly developed and popularized, especially now, people’s life is more and more inseparable from the computer, and they have a serious dependence on the computer. Some industries even directly use the computer as the business pillar, once such industries leave the computing industry Therefore, the reliability of computer network is a very important topic. It is very important to improve the reliability of computer network. In order to explore the effect of genetic algorithm on improving the reliability of computer network, two experimental groups are set up in this paper. The experimental group adds genetic algorithm in its computer network operation, while the control group uses the traditional algorithm. Finally, the experimental results show that the accuracy and security of the computer network in the experimental group are higher than those in the control group. For example, the highest accuracy and security of the experimental group are 99.78% and 98.83% respectively, while the highest accuracy and security of the control group are 84.31% and 88.58%. These experimental data show that the genetic algorithm can play a positive effect on the security of computer network.

Clinical study on harvesting lymph nodes with carbon nanoparticles for advanced gastric cancer: A prospective randomized trail.

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
Ziyu Li ◽  
Sheng Ao ◽  
Jiafu Ji
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Advanced Gastric Cancer ◽  
Carbon Nanoparticles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Clinical Trial Information

159 Background: There were no ideal materials nor quantizing regime for surgeons’ training on harvesting lymph nodes in advanced gastric cancer(AGC). A prospective randomized trial on Carbon Nanoparticles (CNP),a kind of lymphatic tracers, was designed to find a solution. Methods: Patients with previously untreated resectable AGC were eligible for inclusion in this study. All patients were randomly allocated to two subgroups. In experimental group, total of 1.0 mL CNP was injected into the subserosa of stomach around the tumor before gastrectomy with D2 dissection performed. On the contrary, the same procedure was performed directly without any coloring materials in control arm. Following surgery,the investigator harvested lymph nodes (LNs), counted colored LNs and measured the diameters with pathologist. Results: 30 patients were enrolled in the study. We observed no serious adverse effects related to CNP injection. The rate of stained LNs was 46.6%. The mean number of harvested LNs was larger in experimental than control group (38.33 vs. 28.27, p=0.041). Smaller diameter was recorded in experimental arm (3.32vs4.30mm,p=0.023), which might clarify the reason why the number of LNs was larger with CNP. In addition, we set up a model for predicting total number of LNs based on the data of CNP-staining LNs and metastatic LNs(MLNs), which might help the surgeons review their work of removing LNs so as to improve their surgical skills. Conclusions: CNP was a kind of safe materials and surgeons could harvest more LNs with it in AGC, which might benefit from the harvest of more smaller ones. Further study was needed to prove the model’s practicability. Clinical trial information: NCT02123407.

scholarly journals Hybrid Blood Purification Therapy Based on Camel Nanoantibody Immunoadsorbent on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Nephrology Department

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tao Ma ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Xiuyong Li
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Blood Purification ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Curative Effect ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Blood Purification Therapy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Better Than

This paper proposes a study on the effect of hybrid blood purification therapy based on camel nanoantibody immunoadsorbent on chronic renal failure patients in nephrology department. In this paper, the hybrid blood purification therapy based on camel nanoantibody immunoadsorbent was applied to patients with chronic renal failure, and the curative effect of the patients was studied. In order to highlight the effect, a control group was set up for comparison. In this paper, the clearance effect of small molecule toxin, middle molecular toxin, and dialysis adequacy was analyzed. This study found that the average dialysis adequacy of the control group was 1.23% and that of the experimental group was 1.26%. The dialysis adequacy of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. In addition, the clearance effect of small and medium molecular toxins in the experimental group was significantly better than that in the control group. It can be seen that the hybrid blood purification therapy based on camel nanoantibody immunoadsorbent is effective in the treatment of chronic renal failure patients in the department of nephrology. Therefore, it is of great value to apply camel nanoantibody in the clinical treatment of renal failure.

Adaptation with Four Dimensional Personalization Criteria Based on Felder Silverman Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Drissi Samia ◽  
Abdelkrim Amirat
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Learning Content ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Experimental Group

In the past decades, various systems have been proposed to provide students with a better learning environment by taking personal factors into account. Learning styles have been one of the widely adopted factors in the previous studies as a reference for adapting learning content or organizing the content. However, very few researchers give an idea of matching e-media with appropriate teaching and learning styles and very few studies give an idea of which appropriate combinations of electronic media and learning styles are more effective than other. In this paper, the authors aim to prototype an AFDPC-FS system (Adaptation with Four Dimensional Personalization Criteria based on Felder Silverman model). Their system presents a general framework for combining and adapting teaching strategies, learning styles and electronic media according to Felder-Silverman's learning style model. An experiment was designed to explore the effect of adaptation to different learning styles when learning materials were matched with learning styles. In particular it was set up to see whether there are significant differences in learning achievement and cognitive load between two groups, an experimental group who studied with learning style-fit version and a control group who studied with non-fit version of the system without adaptation to learning styles. The experimental results showed that the proposed system could improve the learning achievements of the students. Moreover, it was found that the students' cognitive load was significantly decreased.

Morphometric analysis of peroxisomes in hepatocytes of alcohol-fed rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1100-1101
Author(s):  
D.C. Dominguez ◽  
J.T. Ellzey
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Paired Control ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Liver Peroxisomes ◽  
Single Lesion

Peroxisomes which participate in 1ipid metabolism have been shown to be altered in several metabolic disorders and toxic conditions. In alcoholic liver disease, the single lesion most frequently found is lipid accumu1ation in hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms for this 1ipid accumu1ation are not clear. The occurrence of modifications of liver peroxisomes due to excess alcohol consumption has not been subjected to a controlled study. We utilized a combination of cytochemica1 and morphometrictechniques to study the size and number of liver peroxisomes in rats fed an alcohol-supplemented diet compared to those of matched-paired control animals.Male Sprague-Daw1ey rats (400-500 g) received a liquid diet. The experimental group (N = 5/group) was fed a diet containing 30% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) and the control group was fed an isocaloric diet to 30% EDC. A pair feeding procedure was employed to control for caloric intake. Small pieces of liver randomly selected, were fixed in 2.3% -glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, incubated in a DAB medium and postfixed with. 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide. EM photographs were taken from sections of 3 tissue blocks from each sample (7,200X) with a Zeiss EM10-A (60 kV). With the use of a point counting method and a digital planimeter the volume density (Vv) and numerical density (Nv) were determined.

Values and intergroup perceptions of East Germans and West Germans in 1998 1This research was supported by a grant from the German Research Society (We 1106/3-1).

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
Jörg Doll ◽  
Michael Dick
Keyword(s):  
Research Society ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
The West ◽  
Need For Uniqueness ◽  
German Research ◽  
East German ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
East West

The studies reported here focus on similarities and dissimilarities between the terminal value hierarchies ( Rokeach, 1973 ) ascribed to different groups ( Schwartz & Struch, 1990 ). In Study 1, n = 65 East Germans and n = 110 West Germans mutually assess the respective ingroup and outgroup. In this intra-German comparison the West Germans, with a mean intraindividual correlation of rho = 0.609, perceive a significantly greater East-West similarity between the group-related value hierarchies than the East Germans, with a mean rho = 0.400. Study 2 gives East German subjects either a Swiss (n = 58) or Polish (n = 59) frame of reference in the comparison between the categories German and East German. Whereas the Swiss frame of reference should arouse a need for uniqueness, the Polish frame of reference should arouse a need for similarity. In accordance with expectations, the Swiss frame of reference significantly reduces the correlative similarity between German and East German from a mean rho = 0.703 in a control group (n = 59) to a mean rho = 0.518 in the experimental group. Contrary to expectations, the Polish frame of reference does not lead to an increase in perceived similarity (mean rho = 0.712).

Rorschach Characteristics in Adolescents with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Santoantonio ◽  
L. Yazigi ◽  
E. I. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Control Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personality characteristics in adolescents with SLE. The research design is a case-control study by means of the Rorschach Method and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Study group: 30 female adolescents with lupus, 12–17 years of age. The SLE Disease Activity Index was administered during the period of psychological evaluation. Control group: 32 nonpatient adolescents were matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic level. In the Wechsler Intelligence Scale the mean IQ of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (77 and 98, respectively, p < .001). In the Rorschach, the lupus patients showed greater difficulty in interpersonal interactions, although they displayed the resources to process affect and to cope with stressful situations. A positive moderate correlation (p = .069) between the activity index of the disease and the affect constriction proportion of the Rorschach was observed: the higher the SLEDAI score, the lower the capacity to process affect. There is a negative correlation between the activity index of the disease and the IQ (p = .001): with a higher activity index of the disease, less intellectual resources are available.

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