Development of analytical procedure for selection of control measures to reduce congestions at various freeway bottlenecks

Duanwang Coal Mine in Shanxi province, China, is located at north of Qinshui coalfield which gently inclined and thick seams have been mined. Authorized production capacity of the coal mine is 1.8Mt/a. With the increase of mining depth, the mine gas emission quantity increased. The mine became high gassy one from low gassy mine. Using field measurement and theoretical analysis methods, the following conclusion can be drawn. Gas emission quantity of coal face is directly correlated with mining depth. With the increase of mining depth, both absolute and relative gas emission quantities at coal face increased. The gradient of gas emission quantity was 0.0438-0.1338m3/t/m, the average value was 0.1062m3/t/m. These results would provide a foundation for prediction of the gas emission quantity and selection of gas control measures.

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Children's understanding of homonymy: metalinguistic awareness and false belief

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000900004153 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 367-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

MARTIN J. DOHERTY

Keyword(s):

Theory Of Mind ◽

False Belief ◽

Control Measures ◽

Chronological Age ◽

Metalinguistic Awareness ◽

Older Children ◽

Mental Age ◽

And Control ◽

Selection Of

The aim of this study was to explain why children have difficulty with homonymy. Two experiments were conducted with forty-eight children (Experiment 1) and twenty-four children (Experiment 2). Three- and four-year-old children had to either select or judge another person's selection of a different object with the same name, avoiding identical objects and misnomers. Older children were successful, but despite possessing the necessary vocabulary, younger children failed these tasks. Understanding of homonymy was strongly and significantly associated to understanding of synonymy, and more importantly, understanding of false belief, even when verbal mental age, chronological age, and control measures were partialled out. This indicates that children's ability to understand homonymy results from their ability to make a distinction characteristic of representation, a distinction fundamental to both metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind.

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Comparative appraisal of Kreis methods for the assessment of incipient rancidity in ghee

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-04-2017-0235 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (1) ◽

pp. 240-250

Author(s):

Keyur D. Vaghela ◽

Bhavesh N. Chaudhary ◽

Bhavbhuti Manojbhai Mehta ◽

V.B. Darji ◽

K.D. Aparnathi

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Early Stage ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Kreis Test ◽

Control Measures ◽

Content Type ◽

Oxidative Deterioration ◽

Accelerated Storage ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Selection Of

Purpose There are various Kreis tests reported in the literature with wide variations in the procedure. The purpose of this paper is to select the most suitable and reliable method for the rancidity evaluation in ghee. Design/methodology/approach Ghee samples were prepared from butter by the direct cream method. They were assessed for early-stage oxidative deterioration by four Kreis tests in an accelerated storage trial at intervals of 48 h. The amount of ghee samples, amount of reagents (chloroform, 30 percent trichloroacetic acid, 1 percent phloroglucinol, and ethanol), incubation temperature and duration were different in the four tests. For each method, the ghee samples were also monitored for changes in flavor at intervals of 48 h by sensory evaluation. Relationships among the Kreis values determined by the four different Kreis tests and flavor scores were established using a correlation analysis. Findings The correlation coefficient of the Kreis values determined by different Kreis tests was in decreasing order of: Kreis test-2 (−0.904) > Kreis test-4 (−0.792) > Kreis test-3 (−0.648) > Kreis test-1 (−0.469). Thus, among the four different Kreis tests, Kreis Test-2 reported by Pool and Prater (1945) was found to be more sensitive and more consistent, and have the highest coefficient of correlation (−0.904) with flavor score of ghee during storage at 80±2°C. Practical implications The finding of this study will be useful for the selection of an appropriate and reliable Kreis test that can be used for detecting rancidity in ghee at an incipient stage. The development of rancidity in the ghee leads to formation of off-flavor and such an oxidized product is not accepted by the consumer; this leads to economic loss to the manufacturer. Detection of traces of rancidity at an early stage provides an opportunity for industry personnel to take suitable control measures and/or make decisions regarding utilization of the product. Originality/value The use of a reliable Kreis test that detects traces of rancidity in a ghee can be very useful for enabling suitable measures to be taken to prevent further oxidative deterioration or to dispose of the ghee as early as possible.

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Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Accurate and Prompt Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Diagnosis Using the Rational Selection of Serological Biomarkers

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11111970 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1970

Author(s):

Theano Lagousi ◽

John Routsias ◽

Vana Spoulou

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Control Measures ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Protein Antigens ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Diagnostic Kits ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Iga Antibody ◽

Serological Biomarkers ◽

Selection Of

Prompt COVID-19 diagnosis is urgently required to support infection control measures. Currently available serological tests for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies use different target antigens, although their sensitivity and specificity presents a challenge. We aimed to develop an “in-house” serological ELISA to measure antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by combining different protein antigens. Sera (n = 44) from COVID-19-confirmed patients were evaluated against different SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens and all potential combinations using ELISA. Patients’ sera were also evaluated against commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits. The mixture containing RBD 2.5 μg/mL, S2 1 μg/mL and N 1.5 μg/mL was found to be the most potent. Plates were incubated with patients’ sera (1:100), and goat anti-human alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG, ΙgM and IgA antibody was added. The cut-off value for each assay was determined using the mean optical density plus two standard deviations of pre-pandemic controls. The “in-house” ELISA displayed 91% sensitivity and 97% specificity for IgG antibodies, whereas its sensitivity and specificity for IgM and IgA were 75% and 95% and 73% and 91%, respectively. The “in-house” ELISA developed here combined three SARS-CoV-2 antigens (RBD, S2 and N) as capture antigens and displayed comparable and even higher sensitivity and specificity than otherwise quite reliable commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits.

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In Vitro Analytical System for Determining the Ability of Antibiotics at Residue Levels to Select for Resistance in Bacteria

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/71.2.295 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 295-298

Author(s):

Marietta Suebrady ◽

Robert J Strobel ◽

Stanley E Katz

Keyword(s):

Analytical Procedure ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Residue Levels ◽

Analytical System ◽

Selection Of

Abstract An analytical procedure, based on the concept that exposure of bacteria to antibiotics will result in the selection of a resistant population, was developed. Two strains of enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli CS-1 and Enterobacter cloacae B520, which are sensitive to a wide variety of antibiotics, were used as the test organisms. E. coli CS-1 were exposed to 1.00 μg antibiotic or antimicrobial/mL; E. cloacae B520 were exposed to 0.01, 0.10, 0.50,1.00, and 5.00 μg/mL. Both organisms developed increased resistance to other antibiotics after exposure to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, as measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). E. cloacae B520 showed increased resistance to ampicillin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol after exposure to levels as low as 0.10 μg/mL. Exposure to streptomycin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, bacitracin, flavomycin, virginiamycin, and monensin at levels of 1.00 μg/mL did not increase the MIC. Exposure to 5.00 *tg streptomycin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, and monensin/mL increased the MIC ofE. cloacae to one of the antibiotic markers. These increased MICs exceeded the 95% confidence limits of the MIC values of the unexposed organisms.

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Large outbreak of E. coli O157 in 2005, Ireland

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/esm.12.02.00683-en ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 5-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

M Mannix ◽

D Whyte ◽

E McNamara ◽

N O’Connell ◽

R FitzGerald ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phage Type ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Control Measures ◽

Outbreak Strain ◽

E Coli ◽

Large Outbreak ◽

Group Water ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Control Study ◽

Selection Of

In October/November 2005, the largest outbreak of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) ever recorded in Ireland occurred. Eighteen E. coli O157 culture-positive cases, phage type 32, verotoxin 2 positive, were identified in a small rural area of mid-west Ireland. Half of these patients were asymptomatic. Two children were admitted to hospital with haemolytic uraemic syndrome, one of whom required peritoneal dialysis, and both recovered. All 18 culture-positive patients had indistinguishable or closely related pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Nine of the VTEC O157 culture-positive individuals were in preschool children attending two local crèches. Several culture-positive individuals apparently had exposure to a vulnerable private group water scheme (GWS) in an agricultural area. No microbiological evidence of VTEC was found in food or water. One veterinary sample (an animal rectal swab) was positive for E. coli O157 and the PFGE strain was indistinguishable from the outbreak strain. A case control study showed analytical epidemiological evidence of risk related to potential exposure to the GWS but not related to reported consumption of that water. Selection of cases and controls proved challenging. Transmission occurred primarily in childcare and family settings, with significant person-to-person spread. Control measures included voluntary closure of the crèches, exclusion of culture-positive individuals in risk groups until microbiological clearance was achieved and the issuing of a ‘boil water’ advisory for drinking water pending upgrading of disinfection facilities.

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Knowledge and practice of malaria prevention and management among non-medical students of university of Nigeria, Nsukka

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180220 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 461

Author(s):

Chigozie Gloria Anene-Okeke ◽

Abdulmuminu Isah ◽

Deborah Oyine Aluh ◽

Amuche Linda Ezeme

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Malaria Prevention ◽

Common Species ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mosquito Net ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Inadequate Knowledge ◽

Study Results ◽

Selection Of ◽

Structured Questionnaire

Background: Inadequate knowledge, misconceptions about the transmission, perception and management of malaria has been reported among various strata of the society and this can adversely affect malaria control measures. This study sought to assess knowledge and prevention practices of malaria among non-medical student in University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among non-medical students. A simple randomized system was adopted for this study in the selection of the three faculties among the several faculties of non-medical students. A well-structured questionnaire which comprised of both open and close ended questions was adopted and used to elicit information from the students. Results: A total of 800 consenting UNN students participated in this study Less than one-tenth of the respondents (5.4%, n=43) reported that Plasmodium falciparum is the most common species that causes malaria. More than half of the respondents (53.5%, n=427) had treated mosquito net in their rooms, however only three hundred and thirty eight (42.3%) of them reported that they sleep under the mosquito treated net. There was a strong evidence of association between knowledge of Malaria and level of academic study (X2=11.01, p=0.015). Conclusions: The study results revealed that non-medical students of University of Nigeria Nsukka campus had an appreciable knowledge on prevention and management of malaria which was however, not translated into practice.

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Trematode Infections in Freshwater Snails and Seasonal Variations in Iringa and Arumeru Districts, Tanzania

Tanzania Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/tvj.v36i1.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 23-33

Author(s):

J. Nzalawahe

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Measures ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Wet Season ◽

Larval Trematode ◽

Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trematode Infections ◽

Selection Of

Understanding of the larval trematode infections in snail intermediate hosts is essential in designing appropriate control measures. The current study was designed to determine larval trematode infection and seasonal variations in freshwater intermediate host snails Iringa and Arumeru Districts where trematode infections in cattle are endemic. A repeated cross-sectional study was adopted whereby Snails were collected three times a year (dry, early wet and mid wet). The selection of water bodies for sampling was based on random sampling and snails were collected by scooping method. The collected snails were identified based on the published morphological keys. A total of 2,016 snails were collected and 134 (6.6%) were found to be infected with trematode larvae. Six species of snails were identified that were Radix natalensis, Bulinus africanus group snails, Bulinus tropicus group snails, Bulinus forskalli group snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Ceratophallous natalensis. Five morphologically different types of cercariae were identified that included gymnocephalous, amphistomes, mammalian Schistosoma, avian Schistosoma and Xiphidiocercariae. The findings on overall seasonal snail infection rates indicated low rate during the wet season while peak of infections were in the dry and early wet seasons. It is concluded that domesticated ruminants in the study areas are at high risk of getting infected with the trematodes (Fasciola and amphistomes) during dry and early wet seasons. Therefore, deworming of domesticated ruminants with an effective flukicide is recommended at the end of the wet season and followed by a treatment in mid dry season and the last treatment in early wet season.

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Some aspects of topology and kinematics of a 3DOF translational parallel mechanism

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering ◽

10.2478/ijame-2014-0001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 5-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Bałchanowski

Keyword(s):

Kinematic Analysis ◽

Inverse Kinematics ◽

Parallel Mechanism ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Analytical Procedure ◽

Method Of Determination ◽

Fixed Orientation ◽

Three Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Selection Of

Abstract The paper presents elements of the topology, geometry and the kinematic analysis of a translational parallel mechanism with three degrees of freedom. In such mechanisms the selection of a proper structure and geometry ensures that the driven link maintains a fixed orientation relative to the base. The method of determination of the configuration of mechanisms using contour vector notation was elaborated in the paper. The equations for the analysis of the direct and inverse kinematics task are determined. An analytical procedure for determining the system’s singular positions is presented and illustrated with examples

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Risk-based eradication as a control measure to limit the spread of LA-MRSA among Danish pig herds – a simulation study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-49752-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jana Schulz ◽

Anette Boklund ◽

Nils Toft ◽

Tariq Halasa

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Simulation Study ◽

Control Measure ◽

Random Selection ◽

Control Measures ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Potential Control ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Almost All ◽

Selection Of

Abstract A national screening in 2016 identified 88% of Danish pig herds positive for livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). This highlights the importance of evaluating potential control measures that could reduce the prevalence of LA-MRSA among Danish pig herds. In addition to describing the effects of (1) reduced within-herd transmission, (2) increased biosecurity, and (3) movement restrictions, the eradication of LA-MRSA as a potential control measure was investigated using a simulation model mimicking the spread of LA-MRSA among pig herds between 2006 and 2015. The latter strategy was simulated either as eradication of a random selection of herds for surveillance or as a risk-based selection of herds based on their potential to spread LA-MRSA via pig movements in four different scenarios: low- vs. high-prevalence scenarios with control measures starting in 2007 and in 2010. Almost all control measures showed the potential to reduce the spread of LA-MRSA among pig herds, especially when implemented intensively and when control measures were combined. Risk-based selection of herds for eradication led to a greater relative reduction compared to random selection. In the high-prevalence scenario in particular, combinations including risk-based eradication led to the greatest relative reduction.

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