The production of carbon electrodes from lignocellulosic biomass of areca midrib through a chemical activation process for supercapacitor cells application

The goal of this work is to establish the technical feasibility of producing activated carbon from pulp mill sludges. KOH chemical activation of four lignocellulosic biomass materials, two sludges from pulp mills, one sludge for a linerboard mill, and cow manure, were investigated experimentally, with a focus on the effects of KOH/biomass ratio (1/1, 1.5/1 and 2/1), activation temperature (400–600°C) and activation time (1 to 2 h) on the development of porosity. The activation products were characterized for their physical and chemical properties using a surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out to establish the effectiveness of the lignocellulosic biomass-derived activated carbon in removing methylene blue (MB), a surrogate of large organic molecules. The results show that the activated carbon are highly porous with specific surface area greater than 500 m2/g. The yield of activated carbon was greater than the percent of fixed carbon in the dry sludge, suggesting that the activation process was able to capture a substantial amount of carbon from the organic matter in the sludge. While 400°C was too low, 600°C was high enough to sustain a substantial rate of activation for linerboard sludge. The KOH/biomass ratio, activation temperature and time all play important roles in pore development and yield control, allowing optimization of the activation process. MB adsorption followed a Langmuir isotherm for all four activated carbon, although the adsorption capacity of NK-primary sludge-derived activated carbon was considerably lower than the rest, consistent with its lower specific surface area.

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Identification of Cacao Peels Potential as a Basic of Electrodes Environmental Friendly Supercapacitors

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 846 ◽

pp. 274-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuli Yetri ◽

Mursida ◽

Dahyunir Dahlan ◽

Erman Taer ◽

Agustino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Activation ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Basic Material ◽

Carbon Electrodes ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Diffraction Curve ◽

X Ray ◽

A Value

Identification of the potential of cacao peel as the basic material of environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes had been identified. This identification was carried out through analysis of specific dimensions, densities, and capacitances. Activated carbon electrodes were made by a combination of chemical and physics activation methods. The technique of preparing carbon electrodes started from pre-carbonization, milling, chemical activation, pellet making, carbonization, and completed it with physics activation. In addition, the chemical activation applied 0.3 M KOH activator, whereas the physical activation used CO2 gas at a temperature of 700°C. The physical properties were tested by density and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dipersive X-Ray (EDX). While the electrochemical properties were tested using the Ciclic Voltammetric (CV) method. The results showed that the mass, diameter, thickness, and density of the electrode decreased after passing the carbonization-activation process. A value of 2θ in the range of 23,569o for the reflection fields 002 and 44,781o for the reflection field 100 was obtained in the XRD measurements . The X-ray diffraction curve pointed out that the surface area of C 0,3 M sample was sizeable with the Lc value and lattice distance d002 around 20,01669 Å and 3,771705 Å. SEM analysis indicated the presence of pores between particles spread almost evenly on the surface of the sample, with an irregular and elongated shape. EDX testing showed carbon element of 87.05% while atomic percentage of 91.02%, and correspondently, electrochemical test showed the value of specific capacitance obtained at a concentration of 0.3 M was 90.2 F/gr with a density of 0.850gr/cm3. From the results of the tests obtained, it was shown that cacao peels was very potential to be used as electrodes for supercapacitors.

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The production of supercapacitor carbon electrodes based on sugar palm fronds using chemical and physical activation combination

Journal of Aceh Physics Society ◽

10.24815/jacps.v10i3.18517 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 66-69

Author(s):

Awitdrus Awitdrus ◽

Decha Apriliany Suwandi ◽

Agustino Agustino ◽

Erman Taer ◽

Rakhmawati Farma

Keyword(s):

Chemical Activation ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Carbon Electrodes ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Co2 Gas ◽

Cyclic Voltammetry Method ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Palm Frond

Abstrak. Pembuatan elektroda karbon superkapasitor berbasis limbah pelepah aren dengan kombinasi pengaktifan kimia dan fisika telah berhasil dilakukan. Aktivasi kimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen pengaktif 0,3 M KOH dan aktivasi fisika menggunakan gas CO2 pada suhu 900oC selama 2,5 jam. Karakterisasi sifat fisis elektroda meliputi susut massa, tebal, diameter, densitas dan derajat kristalinitas. Karakterisasi sifat elektrokimia elektroda dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode siklis voltametri. Setelah proses karbonisasi-aktivasi fisika, massa, tebal, diameter dan densitas elektroda mengalami penurunan persentase masing-masing adalah 60,87; 30,43; 24,08 dan 5,71%. Elektroda PA-0,3 memiliki struktur semi kristalin, yang ditandai dengan adanya dua puncak yang lebar pada sudut hamburan sekitar 25o dan 46o. kapasitansi spesifik elektroda PA-0,3 berdasarkan variasi laju pemindaian adalah 90 F g-1 untuk 1 mV s-1, 82 F g-1 untuk 2 mV s-1, dan 71 F g-1 untuk 5 mV s-1. Abstract. The production of supercapacitor carbon electrodes based on sugar palm frond waste using chemical and physical activation combinations have been successfully carried out. The chemical activation was carried out using 0.3 M KOH activating agent and the physical activation using CO2 gas at a temperature of 900oC for 2.5 h. Characterization of the physical properties of the electrodes includes mass loss, thickness, diameter, density and degree of crystallinity. The electrochemical properties characterization of the electrodes was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry method. After the carbonization-physical activation process, the mass, thickness, diameter, and density of the electrodes decreased in the percentage of 60.87, 30.43, 24.08, and 5.71%, respectively. The PA-0.3 electrode has a semi crystalline structure, which characterized by the presence of two broadening peaks at a scattering angle around of 25o and 46o. The specific capacitance of the PA-0.3 electrode based on the scan rate variations is 90 F g-1 for 1 mV s-1, 82 F g-1 for 2 mV s-1, and 71 F g-1 for 5 mV s-1.Keywords: Sugar palm fronds, Chemical activation, Physical activation, Carbon electrode, Supercapacitor

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Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14112951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 2951

Author(s):

Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽

Jarosław Serafin ◽

Andy M. Booth ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Porous Structure ◽

Computer Analysis ◽

Density Functional ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Activation Process ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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Synthesis and Characterisation of Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid as Activating Agent in Rubber Seed Shell Activated Carbon Production for CO2 Capture

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.82.1.8595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 85-95

Author(s):

Nawwarah Mokti ◽

Azry Borhan ◽

Siti Nur Azella Zaine ◽

Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Green Technology ◽

Activation Process ◽

Rubber Seed ◽

Activating Agent

The use of an activating agent in chemical activation of activated carbon (AC) production is very important as it will help to open the pore structure of AC as adsorbents and could enhance its performance for adsorption capacity. In this study, a pyridinium-based ionic liquid (IL), 1-butylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [C4Py][Tf2N] has been synthesized by using anion exchange reaction and was characterized using few analyses such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FTIR. Low-cost AC was synthesized by chemical activation process in which rubber seed shell (RSS) and ionic liquid [C4Py][Tf2N] were employed as the precursor and activating agent, respectively. AC has been prepared with different IL concentration (1% and 10%) at 500°C and 800°C for 2 hours. Sample AC2 shows the highest SBET and VT which are 392.8927 m2/g and 0.2059 cm3/g respectively. The surface morphology of synthesized AC can be clearly seen through FESEM analysis. A high concentration of IL in sample AC10 contributed to blockage of pores by the IL. On the other hand, the performance of synthesized AC for CO2 adsorption capacity also studied by using static volumetric technique at 1 bar and 25°C. Sample AC2 contributed the highest CO2 uptakes which is 50.783 cm3/g. This current work shows that the use of low concentration IL as an activating agent has the potential to produce porous AC, which offers low-cost, green technology as well as promising application towards CO2 capture.

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Preparation of porous carbon electrodes from semen cassiae for high-performance electric double-layer capacitors

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c7nj04922f ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 6763-6769 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ji-Shi Wei ◽

Suige Wan ◽

Peng Zhang ◽

Hui Ding ◽

Xiao-Bo Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Double Layer ◽

Porous Carbon ◽

Electric Double Layer ◽

High Performance ◽

Carbon Electrodes ◽

Activation Process ◽

Effective Activation ◽

Porous Carbon Electrodes ◽

Double Layer Capacitors ◽

Electric Double Layer Capacitors

A mild and effective activation process for high-performance carbon based electric double-layer capacitors.

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Preparation of Highly Porous Carbon through Slow Oxidative Torrefaction, Pyrolysis, and Chemical Activation of Lignocellulosic Biomass for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01260 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 9309-9329 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Gunes A. Yakaboylu ◽

Tugrul Yumak ◽

Changle Jiang ◽

John W. Zondlo ◽

Jingxin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Porous Carbon ◽

High Performance ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Highly Porous

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Adsorption Property, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Activated Carbon Fiber Prepared from Liquefied Wood by Zncl2 Activation

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12091377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ruoke Ma ◽

Xianxian Qin ◽

Zhigao Liu ◽

Yunlin Fu

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

Adsorption Property ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Activated Carbon Fiber ◽

Activation Process ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Liquefied Wood ◽

Zncl2 Activation ◽

Mb Adsorption

Activated carbon fiber was prepared from liquefied wood by chemical activation with ZnCl2 (Z-LWACF) at different impregnation ratios, with a particular focus on its adsorption property, kinetic and isotherm. The characterization and properties of Z-LWACFs were investigated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), methylene blue (MB) and iodine adsorption. Two activation process methods were employed to prepare Z-LWACF and contrasted with others fibers. The results showed that the Z-LWACF obtained by one-step ZnCl2 activation present higher yields and specific surface area than others fibers. Besides, the change of MB adsorption value at different impregnation ratios was consistent with pore structure distribution above 1.5 nm pore size, indicating that larger micropores (1.5 to 2 nm) and mesopores played a major role in the MB adsorption by Z-LWACF. The kinetics of MB adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption rate was controlled by chemisorption. It was also found that MB adsroption by Z-LWACF belonged to monolayer adsorption and Z-LWACF was easy to adsorb MB.

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Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Rice Husk-Based Activated Carbon

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 875-877 ◽

pp. 196-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohd Faisal Taha ◽

Ahmad S. Rosman ◽

Maizatul S. Shaharun

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Textural Properties ◽

Activation Process ◽

Adsorption Studies ◽

Three Samples ◽

Equilibrium Data

The potential of rice husk-based activated carbon as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. Rice husk-based activated carbon was preparedviachemical activation process using NaOH followed by the carbonization process at 500°C. Morphological analysis was conducted using field-emission scanning electron microscope /energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX) on three samples, i.e. raw rice husk, rice husk treated with NaOH and rice husk-based activated carbon. These three samples were also analyzed for their C, H, N, O and Si contents using CHN elemental analyzer and FESEM/EDX. The textural properties of rice husk-based activated carbon, i.e. surface area (253 m2/g) and pore volume (0.17 cm2/g), were determined by N2adsorption. The adsorption studies using rice husk-based activated carbon as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution were carried out at a fixed initial concentration of Pb (II) ion (150 ppm) with varying adsorbent dose as a function of contact time at room temperature. The concentration of Pb (II) ion was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The removal of Pb (II) ion from aqueous solution increased from 35 % to 82 % when the amount of rice husk-based activated carbon was increased from 0.05 g to 0.30 g. The equilibrium data obtained from adsorption studies was found to fit both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.

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315 EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL OR ELECTRICAL ACTIVATION OF BOVINE OOCYTES

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv18n2ab315 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 265

Author(s):

M. P. Milazzotto ◽

W. B. Feitosa ◽

R. Simões ◽

C. M. Mendes ◽

M. E. O. A. Assumpção ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Transfer ◽

Embryo Quality ◽

Calcium Influx ◽

Polar Body ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Electrical Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Oocyte Activation ◽

Blastocyst Formation ◽

First Polar Body

Activation of in vitro matured oocytes is essential for the success of nuclear transfer embryo production. Oocyte activation is promoted by the release of intracellular calcium and influx of extracellular ions, and can be chemically induced by calcium ionophores such as A23187 (CA) or ionomycin (IO). Electrical stimulation (EL) is an essential stage in nuclear transfer protocols for the fusion of enucleated oocytes with the donor's cell nucleus. Moreover, EL can be used as an alternative method to induce calcium influx through the formation of pores in the plasma membrane. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of electrical pulse vs the use of different calcium ionophores (A23187 or ionomycin) as primary agents of bovine oocyte activation, with or without the addition of BSA, on the rate of blastocyst formation and blastocyst quality. BSA was used to quench the activation process after a 5-min exposure to CA or IO. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in TCM-199 medium with FCS and hormones for 18 h at 38.5�C and 5% CO2 in air. After removal of cumulus cells, oocytes presenting the first polar body were selected and maintained in SOFaa medium to complete 24 h of maturation. They were then divided into five treatments groups 1-CA (CA 5 mM, 5 min); 2-CAB (CA 5 mM, 5 min; BSA, 5 min); 3-IO (IO 5 mM, 5 min); 4-IOB (IO 5 mM, 5 min; BSA, 5 min); and 5-EL (EL 1.5 kV/cm, 20 �s, 2 pulses). After treatments, oocytes were kept in 6-dimethylaminopurine for 3 h and cultured in SOFaa medium for 7 days at 38.5�C and 5% CO2 in air. Rates of cleavage and blastocyst were evaluated respectively on Days 2 and 7 of culture. To evaluate embryo quality, Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining was used. Data were evaluated by ANOVA and submitted to LSD test for embryo rates and t-test for embryo quality. Four replicates were carried out with a total of 89 oocytes per treatment. There was a difference (P < 0.05) in rate of development to blastocyst between treatments 1-CA (54.4%a), 3-IO (51.4%a), and 5-EL (54.5%a) compared with 4-IOB (18.3%b). Treatment 2-CAB (39.8%ab) did not show any difference from the others. There was no difference (P > 0.05) among treatments in total number of cells: 1-CA (63.1a), 2-CAB (57.2a), 3-IO (60.9a), 4-IOB (72.4a), and 5-EL (58.4a). However, there was a difference (P < 0.01) in the percentage of viable cells between treatments 1-CA (49.9%a), 2-CAB (45.8%a), 3-IO (64.9%a), and 4-IOB (50.9%a) in comparison to 5-EL (82.7%b). In conclusion, BSA, when associated with IO, had a negative effect on embryonic developmental rates. The different calcium ionophores used and the BSA did not improve embryo quality. Although there were no significant differences between electrical and chemical activation on the rate of blastocyst formation, it is important to point out that higher quality embryos were achieved by using electrical activation. This work was supported by FAPESP 03/00156-9.

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