Age and incubation time effects onin vitrocaecal fermentation pattern in rabbits before and after weaning

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Marounek ◽  
V. Fievez ◽  
L. Mbanzamihigo ◽  
D. Demeyer ◽  
L. Maertens
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

scholarly journals Robust Inferences from a Before-and-After Study with Multiple Unaffected Control Groups

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengyuan Wang ◽  
Mikhail Traskin ◽  
Dylan S. Small
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Unaffected Control ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Before And After Study

AbstractThe before-and-after study with multiple unaffected control groups is widely applied to study treatment effects. The current methods usually assume that the control groups’ differences between the before and after periods, i.e. the group time effects, follow a normal distribution. However, there is usually no strong a priori evidence for the normality assumption, and there are not enough control groups to check the assumption. We propose to use a flexible skew-t distribution family to model group time effects, and consider a range of plausible skew-t distributions. Based on the skew-t distribution assumption, we propose a robust-t method to guarantee nominal significance level under a wide range of skew-t distributions, and hence make the inference robust to misspecification of the distribution of group time effects. We also propose a two-stage approach, which has lower power compared to the robust-t method, but provides an opportunity to conduct sensitivity analysis. Hence, the overall method of analysis is to use the robust-t method to test for the overall hypothesized range of shapes of group variation; if the test fails to reject, use the two-stage method to conduct a sensitivity analysis to see if there is a subset of group variation parameters for which we can be confident that there is a treatment effect. We apply the proposed methods to two datasets. One dataset is from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to study the impact of the Mariel Boatlift on Miami unemployment rates between 1979 and 1982.The other dataset contains the student enrollment and grade repeating data in West Germany in the 1960s with which we study the impact of the short school year in 1966–1967 on grade repeating rates.

Microbially corrected amino acid composition of rumen-undegraded feed protein and amino acid degradability in the rumen of feeds enclosed in nylon bags

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Varvikko
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
N Dilution Method

1. In the previous work (Varvikko & Lindberg, 1985), 15N-labelled rapeseed (Brassica napus), barley, ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and barley straw were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 5, 12 and 24 h and microbial nitrogen in the residues was quantified using the feed 15N-dilution method. In the present study, residual amino acids (AA) of these feeds were analysed, and microbially corrected AA of feed origin (feed AA) were estimated as the difference between total residual AA and respective microbial AA, assuming a constant AA composition for the microbial protein.2. In barley and barley-straw residues, and also in ryegrass incubated in the rumen for 24 h, very large enrich- ment by microbial N and AA-N was found. The microbial enrichment was rather small in rapeseed residues and ryegrass incubated for 5 or 12 h. During the rumen incubation, feed N and AA-N (g/kg feed dry matter (DM)) decreased very clearly in all the feeds, and feed and incubation time effects were always statistically significant (P < 0.001).3. The slow degradation of essential (E) feed AA compared with the respective non-essential (NE) AA degradation increased the proportion of feed EAA (g/kg determined feed AA) in barley and barley-straw residues. In rapeseed and ryegrass, residual feed EAA: NEAA remained very similar to the original. Branched-chain (Br) AA tended to increase proportionally in all the feed residues, suggesting these AA to be, on average, more resistant against microbial degradation in the rumen than other AA. Similarly, lysine was clearly increased in barley residues. A rumen degradation faster than the average rate caused decreased residual feed glutamic acid in rapeseed; methionine, alanine and glycine in barley; arginine and alanine in ryegrass; and methionine, asparagine and tyrosine in barley straw. Feed and incubation time effects were significant (P < 0.054–001) for feed AA (g/kg determined feed AA) grouped as EAA, BrAA or NEAA, and for most individual AA, as well as for feed AA disappearance (%) and relative amounts (%) of feed AA in the respective residual AA.4. According to present findings, AA composition of the rumen-undegraded vegetable feed residues may markedly differ, either quantitatively or qualitatively (or both), from their original AA composition. When determining the feed AA composition of nylon-bag residues, the microbial error may be very large with starchy or fibrous feeds of low protein content. The microbial AA do not, however, considerably confuse the AA determination of protein-rich feeds.

scholarly journals Analysis of the sources of COVID-19 transmission in France by Self-assessment Web-application before and after the Partial Autumnal Lockdown: Observational Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Denis ◽  
Anne-Lise Septans ◽  
Florian Le Goff ◽  
Stephan Jeanneau ◽  
François-Xavier Lescure
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
National Media ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave

BACKGROUND We developed a questionnaire on a web-application for COVID-19 circumstances of contamination analysis in France during the 2nd wave of pandemic. OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact on contaminations characteristics of the second partial lockdown in France to adapt health public restrictions to further pandemic surges. METHODS Between 12/15/2020 and 12/24/2020, after a national media campaign, users of sourcecovid.fr web-application were asked questions about their own or a close relative COVID-19 contamination after 8/15/2020 in France. Data of contamination’s circumstances were assessed and compared before and after the second partial lockdown which occurred on 10/25/2020 during the second wave of pandemic and was ongoing on 12/24/2020. RESULTS As of December 24, 2020, 441 000 connections on web-application were observed. 2218 questionnaires were assessable for analysis. 61.8% were sure of their contamination origin and 38.2% thought they knew it. The median age of users was 43.0 years (IQR 32 to 56), 50.7% were male. The median incubation time of the assessed cohort was 4.0 days (IQR 3 to 5). Private area (family and friends) was the main source of contamination (50.2%) followed by work colleagues: 27.7%. The main time of contamination of the day was the evening (35.3%) before the lockdown and was reduced to 18.2% after it (P<0.001). The person who transmitted the virus to the user before and after the lockdown was significantly different (P<0.001): a friend (29.0% vs 14.1%), a family close relative (23.1% vs 32.7%), a work colleague (23.9% vs 34.2%). The main location where the virus was transmitted to the users before and after lockdown was significantly different too (P<0.001), respectively: Home (21.3% vs 25.5%), at work (22.4% vs 29.6%), collective places (33.0% vs 15.0%), and care centers (4.4% vs 9.7%). CONCLUSIONS Modalities of transmissions significantly changed before and after the 2nd lockdown in France. The main sources of contaminations remained the private area and work colleagues. Work became the main location of contamination after lockdown whereas collective places contaminations were strongly reduced. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04670003

scholarly journals Influence of ZrO2 Addition on Structural and Biological Activity of Phosphate Glasses for Bone Regeneration

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4058
Author(s):  
M. Mohan Babu ◽  
P. Syam Prasad ◽  
P. Venkateswara Rao ◽  
S. Hima Bindu ◽  
A. Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Glass Forming Ability ◽  
Phosphate Glasses ◽  
Bioactive Materials ◽  
Glass Forming ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Zirconium doped calcium phosphate-based bioglasses are the most prominent bioactive materials for bone and dental repair and regeneration implants. In the present study, a 8ZnO–22Na2O–(24 − x)CaO–46P2O5–xZrO2 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, all are in mol%) bioglass system was synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching process at 1100 °C. The glass-forming ability and thermal stability of the glasses were determined by measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm), using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The biological activity of the prepared samples was identified by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectra (SEM-EDS), before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various intervals of 0, 1 and 5 days, along with the magnitude of pH and the degradation of glasses also evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the glass-forming ability and thermal stability of glasses increased with the increase in zirconia mol%. The XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS data confirmed a thin hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer over the sample surface after incubation in SBF for 1 and 5 days. Furthermore, the development of layer found to be increased with the increase of incubation time. The degradation of the glasses in SBF increased with incubation time and decreased gradually with the increase content of ZrO2 mol% in the host glass matrix. A sudden rise in initial pH values of residual SBF for 1 day owing to ion leaching and increase of Ca2+ and PO43− ions and then decreased. These findings confirmed the suitability of choosing material for bone-related applications.

Catalog Maintenance and Authority Control in Discovery Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 469-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Harpel-Burke
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Authority Control ◽  
Discovery System ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Over Time ◽  
New Discovery

With the implementation of discovery systems, cataloging maintenance and authority control activities need to be re-evaluated. The online survey product Qualtrics™1 was used to solicit completion of only one survey per library (275) who has adopted a discovery system. Questions about changes in tasks and staffing before and after implementation of commercial discovery systems (AquaBrowser®2, EBSCO Discovery Services™3, Encore™4, Primo®5, Summon™6, and WorldCat®7 Local) were central to the survey. Ninety-eight libraries responded with usable surveys (36% response rate). Results indicated that there were no significant differences between maintenance and authority control tasks before and after discovery implementation. Although the length of time since implementation compared to workflow changes indicates that change decreases over time, effects of the discovery system may not yet have reached maintenance and authority control staff. Cataloging staff were also surveyed to measure their awareness on how local holdings in the new discovery environment are presented to the public. Results also indicate that significantly more survey respondents anticipate that their legacy OPAC will persist alongside their discovery system.

Incubation Time Effects on Imazaquin Desorption as Determined by Nonequilibrium Thin-Soil Disc Flow

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
M. Cade Smith ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Joseph H. Massey ◽  
Michele Boyette ◽  
William Kingery
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Time Effects

scholarly journals Phycoremediation of textile wastewater using indigenous microalgae

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadele Assefa Aragaw ◽  
Abraham M. Asmare
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Dye Wastewater ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Photo Bioreactor ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract The recognition that environmental pollution is a worldwide threat to public health and environmental degradation has given rise to new initiatives for environmental restoration for both economic and ecological reasons. There are several methods to treat the dye contaminated industrial wastewater; of which biological treatment methods are economical and environmentally friendly. The bacteria and fungi remediation of dye pollutants has been well characterized over a period of more than 30 years. So, finding other biological methods in addition to bacteria and fungi is great important in the world. As a result, investigating and evaluating Phycoremediation techniques of dye wastewater (bioremediation using Microalgae) have gained a great deal of attention because of their versatility and capacity than bacteria and fungi. The aim of the research is to study Phycoremediation of Textile Wastewater Using indigenous Microalgae. Physico-chemical parameters such as color, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand of the waste were determined with ASTM standard methods before and after bioremediation. Photo bioreactor systems were used for Phycoremediation treatment techniques. PH, incubation time and temperature effects were determined on a photo bioreactor treatment and optimal experimental condition was ascertained. Instrumental analytical techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR) were used to determine percent decolorizations of dye wastewater before and after bioremediation; and the actual break down of the dye functional groups. The maximum reductions of the basic parameters; COD, BOD and TDS were obtained 91.50%, 91.90% and 89.10% respectively. The optimum operating conditions in the photo bioreactor system were found incubation time 20 days, 30°C; with 10% of inoculums at a pH of 8. Under these conditions, a maximum of 82.6% decolorization was achieved in 20 days. The experimental investigations evidently tell us algae undoubtedly have the potential to rapidly, efficiently and effectively remove dyes wastewater.

Properties of Fibrinogenolysis and Fibrinolysis Products in Immune Assays

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. K Beller ◽  
M Maki
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Radial Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ca Ions ◽  
Immune Assays ◽  
Product Fraction

SummaryAn evaluation of split products derived from fibrinogen and fibrin gave the following results:1. Fibrinogen can be assayed in the presence of split products by the following techniques: Fibrinogen assay according to Ratnoff and Menzie and immuno radial diffusion after heat precipitation. Using the thrombin clotting time the recovery is improved if the incubation time is extended up to 24 hrs and further by adding Ca ions.2. On immune electrophoresis split products separate only in serum but not in plasma. If however, euglobulin fractions and acidified plasma were prepared separation occured.3. The larger split product, fraction D, derived from fibrinogen is heat labile, whereas it is heat stabile if it is derived from fibrin. Thrombin as well as large concentrations of plasmin stabilize the split product from fibrinogen against heat.4. The prolongation of thrombin clotting time in the presence of fibrinogenolysis split products disappears after heating. Split products derived from fibrin do not prolong the thrombin clotting time. A prolongation however, develops after heating.5. It is suggested that differentiation between intravascular coagulation and proteolysis is possible on the basis of the combined techniques of immune electrophoresis, radial diffusion method and the thrombin clotting time before and after heating.

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