Caffeine Deprivation State Modulates Expression of Acquired Liking for Caffeine-Paired Flavours

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1356-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Chambers ◽  
Sirous Mobini ◽  
Martin R. Yeomans
Keyword(s):  
Preference Model ◽  
Deprivation State ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Flavour Preference

Previous studies found that caffeine consumers acquired a liking for the flavour of novel caffeinated drinks when these drinks were consumed repeatedly in a caffeine-deprived, but not nondeprived, state. Expression of this acquired liking appeared acutely sensitive to current caffeine deprivation state, but the use of between-subjects designs confounded interpretation of those studies. The present study evaluated these findings further using a within-subject design, with one flavour paired with caffeine (CS +) and the second with the absence of caffeine (CS–). During four CS + and four CS– training days, 32 moderate caffeine consumers alternatively consumed a novel flavoured drink a CS + paired with caffeine and a CS– flavour paired with placebo. Participants evaluated both drinks before and after training in two motivational states: caffeine deprived and nondeprived. As predicted, pleasantness ratings for the caffeine-paired flavour increased overall. However, this acquired liking was only significant when tested in a caffeine-deprived state. These data are consistent with a conditioned-flavour preference model and imply that expression of acquired liking for a novel caffeinated flavour depends on the need for the effects of caffeine at the time when the drink is evaluated.

scholarly journals Expect the unexpected: Processing of sensory information in the anticipation of predictable and unpredictable threats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-115
Author(s):  
Eva Koderman
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Unpleasant Picture ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Threat Of Shock

Abstract Anxiety is characterized by a sustained state of heightened vigilance due to uncertain danger, producing increased attention to a perceived threat in one's environment. To further examine this exploited the temporal resolution afforded by event-related potentials to investigate the impact of predictability of threat on early perceptual activity. We recruited 28 participants and utilized a within-subject design to examine hypervigilance in anticipation of shock, unpleasant picture and unpleasant sound during a task with unpredictable, predictable and no threat. We investigated if habituation to stimuli was present by asking the participants to rate unpleasantness and intensity of the stimuli before and after the experiment. We observed hypervigilance in the unpredictable threat of shock. Habituation was observed for the visual stimuli. The present study suggests that unpredictability enhances attentional engagement with neutral somatosensory stimuli when the threat is of the same modality, meaning we observed the presence of hypervigilance which is a characteristic of anxiety.

scholarly journals Short rest application reduce workload and musculoskeletal complaints public transportation driver

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
I Ketut Sutapa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Musculoskeletal Complaints ◽  
Work Systems ◽  
Work System ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
System Improvement

It was needed an ergonomic work system to increase productivity for the vehicle driver work systems involves a lot of physical activity. Regarding preliminary observations, it showed the work system that was implemented still has shortcomings, unlike the work organization. Therefore, it needs to be prioritized to be improved. It becomes healthier, safer, more comfortable, and more productive. The driver’s work system improvement was carried out with an ergonomics approach. The study design used was the same subject design with ten people sample for each group. The study focused on the application of short rest with indicators of workload and musculoskeletal excitability before and after the short rest application. Based on the results of research and discussion can be concluded. The short rest application reduced the workload of vehicle drivers 28% from the category of moderate workloads to being moderate and reducing musculoskeletal complaints 42.21%.

Prenatal flavour exposure through maternal diets influences flavour preference in piglets before and after weaning

2013 ◽  
Vol 183 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 160-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Figueroa ◽  
D. Solà-Oriol ◽  
L. Vinokurovas ◽  
X. Manteca ◽  
J.F. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Before And After ◽  
Flavour Preference

scholarly journals Exploring the impact of choral singing on mindfulness

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Lynch ◽  
Charlotte E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Choral Singing ◽  
State Mindfulness ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Generative Mechanism ◽  
Condition State ◽  
The Impact

A wealth of academic research demonstrates an empirical link between choral singing and well-being. This study investigated the construct of state mindfulness as a potential generative mechanism by which this link exists. A within-subject design measured levels of state mindfulness in choristers before and after a choir rehearsal. Assessing state mindfulness before and after listening to a piece of music at home acted as the control condition. State mindfulness was assessed by the Mindful State Questionnaire (MSQ) among a sample of 83 adult amateur choristers (65 females, mean age 51.9 years). The development and psychometric properties of the MSQ are described. Paired t-tests revealed significant increases in levels of state mindfulness for both conditions (choir singing; t = 10.82, p < .001, η2 = 0.58; listening to music; t = 4.48, p < .001, η2 = 0.21), however the effect sizes and confidence intervals indicated a far greater effect for the choral singing condition. Limitations and future recommendations are discussed, with examples of opportunities to incorporate these findings into the promotion of mental health in Ireland.

scholarly journals Redesign the Lampit to Reduce the Workload in Dusun Semaja, Tabanan, Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Artayasa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
T Test ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Paired T Test

Lampit is one of the traditional means of cultivating rice fields, which functions to level the land for planting rice. The operation of lampit can increase the work pulse up to 50% above the resting pulse and is included in the category of moderate to heavy workloads. At the end of the operation of lampit, it may cause complaints, especially on the buttocks and back, which is caused by the small and hardness of the lampit rod. There was an improvement to the lampit seating design by adding foam pads and adjusting the pressure lever found on the lampit stem to overcome this problem. This research is an experimental study using the same subject design, selected 30 research subjects from farmers in Dusun Semaja Antosari Tabanan Bali. The workload is evaluated based on the work pulse measured using the ten pulses method. In addition, the pulse was measured before and after the improvement of the lampit design. The data compared were the mean values before and after improvement, which were analyzed using paired t test (α = 0.05). The result is a significant decrease in the work rate of 19.35% (p <0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the improved design of the lampit can reduce the workload. Therefore, farmers should continue using and perfecting the improved lampit.

scholarly journals PEMBERIAN BUAH PISANG, ISTIRAHAT PENDEK DAN PEREGANGAN MENURUNKAN KELUHAN MUSKULOSKELETAL, KELELAHAN DAN MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS PEMANEN PENGGUNA ALAT EGREK PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT PT. SSD KALIMANTAN TIMUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhana Damantalm ◽  
Ketut Tirtayasa ◽  
I Putu Gede Adiatmika ◽  
Ida Bagus Adnyana Manuaba ◽  
I Dewa Putu Sutjana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Musculoskeletal Problems ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Comparison Data

In cutting of fresh palm coconut by using of egrek tools have repeatition movement and need extra of muscle strength. The worker have exhaution experience, so sometimes they took a rest in working time. Using of muscle continously and unergonomic position of worker could lead musculosceletal problems. In order to balance of enough nutrient and proper worker’s posture. The aim of this research to prove that consumption of banana, short rest and stretching in reducing of musculosceletal problems, exhaution and increasing of permanent palm coconut worker productivity in using of egrek tools. The research was done in form of PT. SSD Berau, with treatment by subject design toward 16 workers sample. Period I (P0) of harvest process without intervention and period II (P1) of harvest process with intervention. Exhaution  was using 30 item of rating scale exhaution and productivity based on output and input comparison. Data tasted by t-paired test in testing of musculosceletal problem, exhaution and productivity difference in significant level ? = 0.05 before and after working. And t-independent test for difference between groups. The result of research with intervention of musculoskeletal problems of period I before work 37.44 ± 1,21 and after 69.25 ± 2.24, period II before work 37.75 ± 1,13 and after 47,25 ± 4,95 decrease of 31.77%; exhaution period I before working 39.31 ± 1.35 and after 72.63 ± 1.50, period II before work 36.69 ± 1.62 and after 55.38 ± 1.78 decrease of 23.75%, productivity period I 0.51 ± 0.08 and period II 0.70 ± 0.06 increase of  38.40%. There was decreasing in musculoskeletal problems, exhaution and increase productivity with signifikan level (p <0.05).It can be concluded the giving of banana, short rest and stretching decrease musculoskeletal problems, exhaution and increase productivity of harvesters egrek tool user of palm oil plantation PT. SSD. It suggested to apply the interventions in oil palm plantations in reducing musculoskeletal problems, exhaution for increased productivity.

scholarly journals Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Long-Term Strenuous Exercise

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde G. Nielsen ◽  
Olav Øktedalen ◽  
Per-Kristian Opstad ◽  
Torstein Lyberg
Keyword(s):  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
J Curve ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plasma Cytokines ◽  
Open Window ◽  
Response To Exercise

The open window theory indicates altered immunity 3 to 72 hours after exercise. The J-curve describes the risk of illness in response to exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines before and after long-term strenuous exercise. Fourteen marathon and 16 half-marathon runners and 10 military cadets participating in a military ranger-training course were recruited to this study. Within-subject design was used measuring levels of plasma cytokines before, during, and after exercise. Plasma cytokines were measured using Luminex multiplex technology and ELISA. Comparing pre/post plasma levels both the marathon- and the half-marathon runners showed heavily increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8 (P<0.001). LPS stimulation among the half-marathon runners decreased the postrace levels of IL-6, IL-1b, and TNFαby 45%, 24%, and 43%, respectively (P<0.01). During the ranger training course the spontaneous and LPS-stimulated levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1b, and TNFαchanged in a similar fashion as in the half-marathon runners although the fluctuations were smaller. Our study supports the open window and the J-curve theory; the immune system is more activated and the subjects are more threatened to infectious pathogens after intensive physical activity and in the period after exercise.

scholarly journals REDESAIN ALAT KERJA BERBASIS ANTROPOMETRI ORANG BALI DAN REMODELING SIKAP KERJA MENURUNKAN POSTURAL STRES PRAMUGRAHA HOTEL PURI SARON SEMINYAK-KUTA BALI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
NK Dewi Irwanti
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Musculoskeletal Complaints ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Postural Stress ◽  
Work Posture ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Body Map

Working with a trolley that is incompatible with anthropometry has risks in increasing postural stress, which manifests as fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints. This study aims to determine the room attendant fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints level when using a trolley; to find out the work posture score on activities using a trolley; to find out a trolley design which is compatible with Balinese anthropometry; to find out work posture score on the activity of using the trolley. This research was conducted experimentally using the same subject design (treatment by subject design). The number of samples was 14 employees. Two treatments were applied to the subjects, namely Period I or PI (the samples were working with the trolley) and Period II or PII (sample or room attendant Hotels working trolley according to Balinese anthropometry). Fatigue is measured using a questionnaire of 30 items of rating scale, musculoskeletal complaints using the Nordic body map. Measurement data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis. Comparative analysis of the variables of fatigue, and muscle complaints using the Wilcoxon Test with a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05). The results showed that the mean fatigue and muscle complaints before and after work were significantly different where the value of p ​​​<0.05. Total RULA analysis score before treatment 6, after treatment 3. Work tool design is based on total ergonomic approach through TTG and SHIP approach. Keywords: Trolley, Anthropometry, Postural Stress, RULA Analysis

scholarly journals Aplikasi Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) pada Redesign Alat Parut Kelapa untuk Ibu Rumah Tangga

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Roberta Zulfhi Surya ◽  
Rusdi Badruddin ◽  
M. Gasali
Keyword(s):  
Research Finding ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Body Map

Grate the coconut is one of kitchen activity which faces by housewife in daily life. A coconut grater product which is distibuted in market, one of them is manual crank system. Housewife complain that they feel painfull in their body, especially at hand. Waist and back after using available old tool. This research is purposed to improve the design of coconut grater with crank system by ergonomic function deployment (EFD) approach, also to known mosculuskletal reducing of housewife as user and show differention time of grater after redesign done. Research was conducted in RT. 001 RW.005 Tembilahan, Indragiri Hilir District. Research model used treatment by subject design with total sample is 12 housewife which is calculation by Colton Formula. Improvement new coconut grater design with crank system which EFD got by creat the matrix house of ergonomic (HOE) and determination of anthropometry data. Mosculuskletal complain on housewife is measured by making the Nordic Body Map (NBM) Questionnaire work sheet. Time of grated the coconut got by testing coconut grater by crank system on before and after using. Research finding after redesign of coconut grater of crank system shown that design of coconut grater of crank system with EFD and base on ergonomic acpects (effective, confort, savety, healthy and efficient. Mosculuskletal complaint that happend on housewife decrease about 0,285 or 17,39%. Time of grate is also faster around 5 minutes or has imporove 30,1%. Keywords: Ergonomic Function Deployment, Mosculuskletal, Time of grateAbstrakPemarutan kelapa adalah salah satu pekerjaan dapur yang dihadapi ibu rumah tangga sehari-hari. Produk alat parut kelapa yang sudah beredar di pasaran salah satunya adalah produk pemarut kelapa dengan cara manual menggunakan sistem engkol. Ibu rumah tangga mempunyai keluhan rasa sakit pada bagian anggota tubuh terutama tangan, pinggang dan punggung setelah menggunakan alat parut kelapa yang sudah ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk perbaikan rancangan alat parut kelapa sistem engkol yang berbasis Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD), juga mengetahui penurunan muskuloskeletal ibu rumah tangga sebagai pengguna, serta mengetahui perbedaan waktu pemarutan kelapa setelah dilakukan perancangan ulang. Penelitian dilakukan di RT. 001 RW. 005 Kelurahan Tembilahan Barat Kecamatan Tembilahan Hulu Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir. Model penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan sama subjek (treatment by subjects design) dengan jumlah sampel 12 ibu rumah tangga yang didapat dari perhitungan rumus Colton. Perbaikan rancangan alat parut kelapa sistem engkol yang berbasis Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) didapat dengan membuat matriks House of Ergonomic (HOE) dan penentuan data antropometri. Keluhan muskuloskeletal ibu rumah tangga diketahui dengan membuat lembar kerja kuisioner Nordic Body Map (NBM). Waktu pemarutan kelapa didapat dengan menguji alat parut kelapa sistem engkol antara sebelum dan sesudah perancangan. Hasil penelitian setelah dilakukan perancangan ulang alat parut kelapa sistem engkol menunjukkan bahwa rancangan alat parut kelapa sistem engkol yang berbasis Ergonomic Function Deployment (EFD) adalah memiliki aspek-aspek ergonomi yang lengkap yaitu efektif, nyaman, aman, sehat, dan efisien (ENASE). Keluhan muskuloskeletal ibu rumah tangga mengalami penurunan sebesar 0.285 atau 17.39%. Waktu pemarutan kelapa juga lebih cepat 5 menit atau mengalami peningkatan sebesar meningkat 30.10% setelah perancangan ulang alat parut kelapa sistem engkol.Kata kunci: Ergonomic Function Deployment, Muskuloskeletal, Waktu Pemarutan

scholarly journals Olfactory perceptual decision-making is biased by motivational state

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. e3001374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Shanahan ◽  
Surabhi Bhutani ◽  
Thorsten Kahnt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Motivational State ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Brain Mechanism ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Food Odors

Growing evidence suggests that internal factors influence how we perceive the world. However, it remains unclear whether and how motivational states, such as hunger and satiety, regulate perceptual decision-making in the olfactory domain. Here, we developed a novel behavioral task involving mixtures of food and nonfood odors (i.e., cinnamon bun and cedar; pizza and pine) to assess olfactory perceptual decision-making in humans. Participants completed the task before and after eating a meal that matched one of the food odors, allowing us to compare perception of meal-matched and non-matched odors across fasted and sated states. We found that participants were less likely to perceive meal-matched, but not non-matched, odors as food dominant in the sated state. Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data revealed neural changes that paralleled these behavioral effects. Namely, odor-evoked fMRI responses in olfactory/limbic brain regions were altered after the meal, such that neural patterns for meal-matched odor pairs were less discriminable and less food-like than their non-matched counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that olfactory perceptual decision-making is biased by motivational state in an odor-specific manner and highlight a potential brain mechanism underlying this adaptive behavior.

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