Limiting violent spillover in civil wars: the paradoxes of Lebanese Sunni jihadism, 2011–17

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Gade
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Do So

Research on violent spillovers in civil war has often exaggerated the potential for conflict contagion. The case of Lebanon is a counter-example. Despite the massive pressure of the horrific war in next-door Syria, it has, against all odds, remained remarkably stable – despite the influx of more than 1 million Syrian refugees and almost complete institutional blockage. This paper, based on ethnographic research and semi-structured interviews from Lebanon, studies the determination to avoid a violent spillover into Lebanon from the perspective of the country's Sunni Islamists. Recent trends in the scholarly literature have shown that Islamists are not inherently revolutionary, nor always dogmatists, and often serve many social purposes at home. The main argument is that the Syrian war has not been imported into Lebanon; instead, the Lebanese conflict is externalized to Syria. Lebanon's conflicting factions, including the Islamists, have found the costs of resorting to violence inside Lebanon to be too high. Even those Lebanese Sunnis who have crossed the borders to fight in Syria do so because of domestic reasons, that is, to fight against Hezbollah on Syria soil, where they can do so without risking an explosion of the Lebanese security situation. Sectarianism, in the sense of opposition to Hezbollah and the Lebanese Shia, is the main driver of radicalization for Lebanese Sunnis.

scholarly journals Beyond Vulnerability: Syrian Refugees in Urban Spaces in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Glenda Santana de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
New Space ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Do So

Since 2011, 5.6 million people have fled Syria due to ongoing conflict. In Turkey alone, 3.6 million Syrians are confronted with a series of constraints once in the host country. This paper analyses, within the context of urban exile in Turkey, the different experiences and survival strategies of Syrians who are modulated by particular relations of race, class and gender. It aims to explain how refugees manage to create their own visibility in this new space full of limitations, and further explores how their newfound participation in these urban areas can deconstruct dominant representations of refugees, who are otherwise seen as threats or as voiceless victims. In all, this paper aims to go beyond the vulnerability of refugees, without neglecting the violence they endure. To do so, the study was conducted using a series of semi-structured interviews, complemented by an ethnological approach. oach.

Peace Treaties in Civil War

Wars of Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 217-242
Author(s):  
Tanisha M. Fazal
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
International Community ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Do So ◽  
Peace Treaties

This chapter asks: why has the use of peace treaties to conclude civil wars increased in recent years? The main argument of the chapter is that the international community – which often provides critical support to both states and rebels fighting civil wars – has developed a taste for peace treaties. Rebel groups are likely to be willing to sign peace treaties because having a seat at the table accords them some legitimacy. States, while less interested in concluding peace treaties in civil wars, do so under pressure from the international community. But peace treaties are not always an inherent good in that they are not always associated with peace.

Birlikte Yaşama Kültürü Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Politikaları: Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumun Sultanbeyli Örneği Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
Pelin Sönmez ◽  
Abulfaz Süleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Turkish People

Türkiye, Cumhuriyet tarihinin en yoğun zorunlu göç dalgasını 2011 yılından bu yana süren Suriye Savaşı ile yaşamaktadır. Suriye vatandaşlarının geçici koruma statüsü altında Türkiye toplumuna her açıdan entegrasyonları günümüzün ve geleceğin politika öncelikleri arasında düşünülmelidir. Öte yandan ülkeye kabul edilen sığınmacıların kendi kültürel kimliğini kaybetmeden içinde yaşadığı ev sahibi topluma uyumu, ortak yaşam kültürünün gelişmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu makalede, "misafir" olarak kabul edilen Suriyeli vatandaşların Türk toplumunca kabul edilmeleri ve dışlanma risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik devlet politikaları ortaya konularak, üye ve aday ülkelere göçmenlerin dışlanmasını önlemek için Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından sunulan hukuki yapı ve kamu hizmeti inisiyatifleri incelenmekte, birlikte yaşam kültürü çerçevesinde Suriyeli vatandaşlara yönelik  toplumsal kabul düzeyleri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: göçmen ve sığınmacılara karşı toplumsal dışlanmayı engellemek için benimsenen yasa ve uygulamaların etkisi ve İstanbul-Sultanbeyli bölgesinde Suriyeli sığınmacılarla ilgili toplumsal algı çalışmasının sonuçları. Bölgede ikamet eden Suriyelilere yönelik toplumsal kabul düzeyinin yüksek olduğu görülürken, halkın Suriyelileri kendilerine  kültürel ve dini olarak yakın hissetmesi toplumsal kabul düzeyini olumlu etkilemektedir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAn evaluation of the European Union and Turkish policies regarding the culture of living togetherThis article aims to determine the level of social acceptance towards Syrians within the context of cohabitation culture by evaluating EU’s legal structure and public service initiatives in order to prevent Syrian refugees from being excluded in member and candidate countries and by revealing government policies on acceptance of Syrians as “guest” by Turkish society and minimizing the exclusion risks of them. This article consists of two main parts, one of which is based on the effects of law and practices preventing refugees and asylum seekers from social exclusion, and the other is on the results of social perception on Syrians in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul. At the end of 5-years taking in Syrian War, it is obvious that most of more than 3 million Syrian with unregistered ones in Turkey are “here to stay”. From this point of view, the primary scope of policies should be specified in order to remove side effects of refugee phenomenon seen as weighty matter by bottoming out the exclusion towards those people. To avoid possible large-scale conflicts or civil wars in the future, the struggle with exclusion phenomenon plays a crucial role regarding Turkey’s sociological situation and developing policies. In the meaning of forming a model for Turkey, a subtitle in this article is about public services for European-wide legal acquis and practices carried out since 1970s in order to prevent any exclusion from the society. On the other hand, other subtitles are about legal infrastructure and practices like Common European Asylum and Immigration Policies presented in 2005, and Law on Foreigners and International Protection introduced in 2013. In the last part of the article, the results of a field survey carried out in a district of Istanbul were used to analyze the exclusion towards refugees in Turkey. A face-to-face survey was randomly conducted with 200 settled refugees in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul, and their perceptions towards Syrian people under temporary protection were evaluated. According to the results, the level of acceptance for Syrians living in this district seems relatively high. The fact that Turkish people living in the same district feel close to Syrian refugees culturally and religiously affect their perception in a positive way: however, it is strikingly seen and understood that local residents cop an attitude on the refugees’ becoming Turkish citizens.

Home, Sweet Home: Negotiating Intimacy in Brazilian Elitist Closed Condominiums

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 374-395
Author(s):  
Rafael Ignacio Estrada Mejia ◽  
Carla Guerrón Guerron Montero
Keyword(s):  
Collective Mode ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Social Distinction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collective Production ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

This article aims to decrease the cultural invisibility of the wealthy by exploring the Brazilian emergent elites and their preferred living arrangement: elitist closed condominiums (BECCs) from a micropolitical perspective.  We answer the question: What is the relationship between intimacy and subjectivity that is produced in the collective mode of existence of BECCs? To do so, we trace the history of the elite home, from the master’s house (casa grande) to contemporary closed condominiums. Following, we discuss the features of closed condominiums as spaces of segregation, fragmentation and social distinction, characterized by minimal public life and an internalized sociability. Finally, based on ethnographic research conducted in the mid-size city of Londrina (state of Paraná) between 2015 and 2017, we concentrate on four members of the emergent elite who live in BECCs, addressing their collective production of subjectivity. 

What is Ethnography? Teaching ethnographic sensibilities without fieldwork

Journal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole McGranahan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Pedagogical Strategies ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Learn By Doing ◽  
Do So

How do we teach undergraduate students to think ethnographically, to recognize something as ethnographic and not just as qualitative? Importantly, how do we do so not in the field, where students might learn by doing their own research, but in the static classroom? One approach is to have students cultivate a concept, awareness, and practice of an ethnographic sensibility, that is, of a sense of the ethnographic as the lived expectations, complexities, contradictions, possibilities, and ground of any given cultural group. Such a view opens up an understanding of ethnography and ethnographic research as more than available qualitative methods. Instead, it takes an ethnographic approach to be an epistemological one. Yet, how might we do this? In this article, I discuss my pedagogical strategies for teaching students an ethnographic sensibility without having them conduct fieldwork. I argue that it is both possible and valuable to generate an ethnographic sensibility in the classroom. 

scholarly journals Educação Ambiental crítica aplicada à compreensão dos problemas da Terra Indígena Lagoa da Encantada: proposições no âmbito escolar a partir da percepção dos membros-chave da etnia Jenipapo Kanindé, Aquiraz, Ceará – Brasil

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-274
Author(s):  
Aline Neris de Carvalho Maciel ◽  
Francisco Otávio Landim Neto ◽  
Edson Vicente da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Local School ◽  
Indian People ◽  
Indian Land ◽  
Do So ◽  
Environmental Planning And Management

O presente artigo objetivou analisar como o povo Jenipapo Kanindé, da Terra Indígena (TI) Lagoa da Encantada (Aquiraz, Ceará), compreende a Educação Ambiental (EA). Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com membros-chave da comunidade e escolhida a escola local como ambiente favorável à EA crítica. Adotou-se uma adaptação das “Fases de Planejamento e Gestão Ambiental” estabelecidas por Rodriguez e Silva (2013) como percurso metodológico e a divisão da EA definida por Layrargues e Lima (2014) para categorizar as respostas dos entrevistados. Percebeu-se que a etnia possui uma visão não crítica da EA, desde sua conceituação até suas possibilidades de atuação no combate aos problemas existentes na TI. Por fim, estabeleceram-se proposições em EA crítica, com foco na educação indígena diferenciada que é promovida na escola local. O presente artículo objetiva analizar como el pueblo Jenipapo Kanindé, de la Tierra Indígena (TI) Lagoa da Encantada (Aquiraz, Ceará), percibe la a Educación Ambiental (EA). Para tanto, fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas con integrantes clave de la comunidad y definida la escuela local como ambiente favorable a la EA crítica. Fueron adoptadas y adaptadas las “Fases de Planeamiento y Gestión Ambiental” establecidas por Rodriguez y Silva (2013) como recorrido metodológico y la división de la EA definida por Layrargues y Lima (2014) para categorizar las respuestas de los entrevistados. Fue constatado que la etnia tiene una visión no crítica de la EA, desde su conceptuación hacia sus posibilidades de actuación en el combate a los líos existentes en la TI. Al final, son hechas propuestas en EA crítica, mirando la educación indígena diferenciada que es promovida en la escuela local. The present paper aimed to analyze how the Jenipapo Kanindé people of the Indian Land (IL) Lagoa Encantada (Aquiraz, Ceará) understands Environmental Education (EE). To do so, semi-structured interviews were applied to key members of the community and a local school was chosen as a place favorable to critical EE. An adaptation of “Phases of Environmental Planning and Management” by Rodriguez and Silva (2013) and the classification of EE defined as in Layrargues and Lima (2014) were adopted as a methodological pipeline and to categorize the respondents’ answers, respectively. It was realized that the ethnic group has a non-critical perception of EE, starting from its conceptualization to taking possible measures to fight against the ongoing problems in the IL. Finally, purposes of critical EE focused on the differential education of the indian people promoted in the local school were established.

scholarly journals PLANNING OF PRIVATE GATED DEVELOPMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF GATED VS NON-GATED NEIGHBOURHOODS, CITY OF GURUGRAM, INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The City

The cities are expanding rapidly all over the world. India has also experienced this phenomenon and has continued the pace of growth. The recent trends in spatial growth of the cities are a new phenomenon in Indian urban landscape. The cities in India are witnessing development with the help of private developers for the last couple of decades. Being private properties these are by nature of exercising control have gates and boundaries. In scholarly literature these are called as Gated Community/Gated Development. Authors have argued them from various perspectives of anthropology, law, management and sociology etc. but very little has been discussed about their planning and morphology. Although, the rise of Gated Development is majorly attributed to the sense of fear and need for security, yet architects and urban designers, and even sociologist stress upon other methods to make the neighbourhoods secured. Hence the security aspects are not made part of the research here. The aspects of how these gated development impacts the perception of neighbourhood by residents is not touched upon. The paper discusses the distinction between the gated and non-gated neighbourhoods and also how residents perceive their neighbourhoods at large. For explaining this phenomenon, three neighbourhoods in the city of Gurugram in Haryana state in India have been identified as case study. These are identified on the basis of different morphological images that are identified. Space syntax and space cognition through sketch mapping is used for the analysis of the three neighbourhoods. The paper suggest that the continuity and connectivity of any spatial configuration is of utmost importance to make neighbourhood environment worthy of living life more socially connected.

scholarly journals Frontiers of cosmopolitanism: Educational enclaves and the extractive roots of international schools

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308275X2110596
Author(s):  
Matthieu Bolay ◽  
Jeanne Rey
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
International Schools ◽  
International School ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
International Teachers ◽  
Spatial Practices ◽  
School Sector ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

This article situates international expatriate schools in their cultural and political economy by drawing attention to the tensions between a cosmopolitan educational ethos and processes of social, economic and legal enclavement. Based on extensive multi-sited ethnographic research in the international school sector, we show how cosmopolitan claims of openness mirror a relative closure and ‘offshore-like’ enclavement. To do so, we build upon the notions of modularity and extractivism, which we use as heuristics to analyse social and spatial practices of defining boundaries. Gazing beyond the main foundational myth of international schools, we first outline their concomitant extractive roots. Second, we shed light on the conditions of international teachers’ circulation worldwide. Third, we examine the territorial entanglements and disentanglements that characterise international schools. Finally, we investigate the tensions induced by a cosmopolitan educational ethos whose discourse of inclusion is inevitably paired with practices of exclusion.

scholarly journals Etude De La Pertinence Des IG Comme Outil De Différenciation Des Produits De Terroir: CAS DE l’IGP Argane Dans La Ville d’Agadir Et Regions

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (31) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
El Bakkouri Bouchra ◽  
Souaf Malika ◽  
Elwazani Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Geographical Indications ◽  
Geographical Indication ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
The City ◽  
Do So

The differentiation of local products is considered as a necessity nowadays given the standardization flows are increasing. This differentiation can be established especially through the Distinctive Signs of Origin and Quality (DSOQ). Our work has shown through the example of the PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) Argane, that GIs are a relevant tool for the differentiation of local products if they (GIs) are placed in a favorable context to their application. Our paper answers the following question: "To what extent geographical indications are meant as an effective tool for differentiation of local products: case of the PGI Argane in the city of Agadir and regions? To do so, we used an exploratory qualitative study through semi-structured interviews with a sample of people representing different stakeholders of Agadir and its regions, preceded of course by a literature review on the different key concepts.

scholarly journals A comparison of the suitability of FIDIC and NEC conditions of contract in Palestine

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haytham Besaiso ◽  
Peter Fenn ◽  
Margaret Emsley ◽  
David Wright
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Do So

Purpose The standard forms of construction contract are receiving greater attention in the management of projects scholarship as they probably influence the project success and project disputes. The extant literature suggests that the standard forms of construction contract are one of the top sources of disputes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the standard forms of construction contract, FIDIC and NEC, in reducing disputes in the Palestinian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach The researchers have used qualitative methods to collect data and more specifically have undertaken 12 semi-structured interviews. Findings The study reveals that the standard forms of construction contract can be a tool to minimise disputes, but certainly not to eradicate them, and NEC appears to be more capable than FIDIC to do so. Originality/value This study contributes to knowledge by bringing an industrial perspective into the role of standard forms of contract in disputes creation and avoidance. The interviewees, recurrent users of FIDIC contract, criticised certain features and expressions and proposed some solutions.

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