scholarly journals THE INDIVIDUAL ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY OF ANTIBODIES TO STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATES

1968 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietmar G. Braun ◽  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Additional Absorption ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Restricted Pattern

Although a single electrophoretically uniform antibody component with specificity for the group carbohydrate may comprise the bulk of the γ-globulin in rabbits immunized with streptococcal vaccines, this is not always the case. Not infrequently, electrophoresis may reveal multiple antibody components. Nevertheless, it has been feasible by various preparative procedures to isolate from a single antiserum at least two antibody components with similar reactivity for the carbohydrate both of which are electrophoretically monodisperse. Light chains from such antibodies reveal a restricted pattern when examined by disc electrophoresis. Antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrates have been examined for their individual antigenic specificity. Goats were immunized with isolated Group C and Group A-variant antibodies raised in rabbits. Individual antigenic specificity of these antibodies was brought out by absorption of the goat anti-antiserum with Fr II of pooled normal rabbit sera. Additional absorption of the goat anti-antisera with Fr II diminished but did not eliminate the reactivity for the homologous antibody. Immunoelectrophoretic studies with papain fragments of purified streptococcal antibodies localized the specificity to the Fab fragment. Specificity was not confined to the isolated light chains of the antibody.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY OF MYELOMA PROTEINS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard M. Grey ◽  
Mart Mannik ◽  
Henry G. Kunkel
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Fab Fragment ◽  
Myeloma Protein ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Myeloma Proteins ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Specificity

The specific antigenic structure of individual myeloma proteins was investigated for the presence of similar antigenic determinants in pooled γ-globulin and for the localization of these determinants on the γ-globulin molecules. Quantitative precipitin analyses demonstrated that in most instances absorption of antisera specific for an individual myeloma protein with large amounts of γ-globulin markedly reduced or completely removed the reactivity of the antiserum for the homologous myeloma protein. In only one instance did strong specificity remain after absorption with 100 mg of Fr II per cc of antiserum. The antigenic determinants responsible for the individual specificity were localized in all cases studied solely to the Fab fragment produced by papain digestion. After reductive cleavage, three patterns of localization were observed. Individual specificity could be localized either to; (a) isolated heavy chains, (b) isolated light chains, (c) antigenic determinants present only when light and heavy chains were recombined. After immunization with whole myeloma proteins, individual specificity was localized in part at least to the isolated heavy chain in four of six proteins studied. It was localized to the light chains in three of five type L proteins but in none of six type K proteins. In the instances where individual specificity of the myeloma protein was present on the light chains, it was shown that the Bence Jones protein from the same patient also contained the individual specificity. Immunization with isolated heavy or light chains furnished further evidence for the individual specificity of both types of chains. These studies on myeloma proteins furnished evidence concerning the portions of the γ-globulin molecule subject to individual antigenic variation. The light chains, particularly the L type and the Fd portion of the heavy chains were primarily involved. Evidence for the importance of the quaternary structure was also obtained from the necessity in some instances for light and heavy chains to be associated in order for individual specificity to be observed. The Fc fragment of the heavy chains on the other hand showed very limited variation which was related to subgroup specificity.

scholarly journals INDUCTION OF RABBIT ANTIBODY WITH MOLECULAR UNIFORMITY AFTER IMMUNIZATION WITH GROUP C STREPTOCOCCI

1970 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Eichmann ◽  
Henry Lackland ◽  
Leroy Hood ◽  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Rabbit Antibody ◽  
N Terminus

Antibodies with uniform properties may occur in rabbits after immunization with Group C streptococci. These precipitating antibodies possess specificity for the group-specific carbohydrate. Not uncommonly, their concentration is between 20 and 40 mg/ml of antiserum. Evidence for molecular uniformity in the case of one of these antibodies, described in detail here, includes: individual antigenic specificity; monodisperse distribution of the light chains by alkaline urea polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis; and a single amino acid in each of the first three N-terminal positions of the light chains. When the amino acid sequence of rabbit antibody b+ light chains (κ type) are aligned against their human κ counterparts, a definite homology is observed between the N-terminus of the human and the rabbit variable region.

Etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnostics, pathogenesis of impetigo and treatment methods

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Laknitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual

Currently, one of the priority medical and social problems is the optimization of treatment methods for pyoderma associated with Streptococcus pyogenes — group A streptococcus (GAS). To date, the proportion of pyoderma, the etiological factor of which is Streptococcus pyogenes, is about 6 % of all skin diseases and is in the range from 17.9 to 43.9 % of all dermatoses. Role of the bacterial factor in the development of streptococcal pyoderma is obvious. Traditional treatment complex includes antibacterial drugs selected individually, taking into account the antibiotic sensitivity of pathognomonic bacteria, and it is not always effective. Currently implemented immunocorrection methods often do not take into account specific immunological features of the disease, the individual, and the fact that the skin performs the function of not only a mechanical barrier, but it is also an immunocompetent organ. Such an approach makes it necessary to conduct additional studies clarifying the role of factors of innate and adaptive immunity, intercellular mediators and antioxidant defense system, that allow to optimize the treatment of this pathology.

BINDING OF AGGREGATED IgG Fab-FRAGMENTS AND LIGHT CHAINS TO SOME GROUP A, C and G STREPTOCOCCI

2009 ◽  
Vol 91B (1-6) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
CLAËS SCHALÉN ◽  
ULF ZÄTTERSTRÖM ◽  
MAJ-LIS SVENSSON ◽  
POUL CHRISTENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Light Chains ◽  
Fab Fragments ◽  
Group A

Treatment of Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Prevention of Rheumatic Fever: A Statement for Health Professionals

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Dajani ◽  
Kathryn Taubert ◽  
Patricia Ferrieri ◽  
Georges Peter ◽  
Stanford Shulman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
The Individual

Primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever is accomplished by proper identification and adequate antibiotic treatment of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GAS) tonsillopharyngitis. Diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis is best accomplished by a throat culture. Penicillin (either oral penicillin V or injectable benzathine penicillin) remains the treatment of choice, because it is cost effective, has a narrow spectrum of activity, has long-standing proven efficacy, and GAS resistant to penicillin have not been documented. Various macrolides, oral cephalosporins, and other β-lactam agents are acceptable alternatives, particularly in penicillin-allergic individuals. The individual who has had an attack of rheumatic fever is at very high risk of developing recurrences after subsequent GAS pharyngitis and needs continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent such recurrences (secondary prevention). The duration of prophylaxis depends on the number of previous attacks, the time lapsed since the last attack, the risk of exposure to streptococcal infections, the age of the patient, and the presence or absence of cardiac involvement. Penicillin is again the agent of choice for secondary prophylaxis, but sulfadiazine or erythromycin are acceptable alternatives in penicillin-allergic individuals. This report is an update of a 1988 statement by this committee. It expands on the previous statement, includes more recent therapeutic modalities, and makes more specific recommendations for the duration of secondary prophylaxis.

Conclusion: Ensemblance

Ensemblance ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 230-243
Author(s):  
Luis de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual

At the end of this book, we understand that esprit de corps, in all its ambiguity, is the reflection of our modern evaluative ambiguities towards the collective and the individual. Is the group a cognitive prison, the locus of social control, be it political or economic? Or can esprit de corps be a sphere of resistance and well-belonging? Is the individual the engine of history or a social automaton? From the different analyses proposed in the book, four dynamic types or moments of esprit de corps emerge: creative, autonomist, conformative, and universalist. The author argues that autonomist esprit de corps is a model from which we can learn to answer questions of well- or ill-belonging in times of regimental capitalism. With the evolution of digital networks and big data, new forms of esprit de corps are emerging. But it seems that many still haven’t solved what is perhaps the most important question of our modernity: not ‘to be or not to be’, but rather to belong or not to belong.

Public Libraries in the Modern World

2018 ◽  
pp. 239-263
Author(s):  
M.N. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Public ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Independent Decision

Modern society has various needs such as education, research, cultural advancement, information, spiritual and ideological pursuits, pastime and recreation. Society has founded various institutions to serve these needs, among them the library occupies a prominent place; the library is able to meet all of them in equal measure. The public library is the local centre of information making all kinds of knowledge and information made available to its users. The public library, the local gateway to knowledge, provides a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision making and cultural development of the individual and social group. A public library as enunciated in the UNESCO Manifesto (1994) is expected to play the libraries role in three main areas like information, education and culture. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how the public libraries support and guides the digital and modern world.

scholarly journals Age and Method of Inoculation Influence the Infection of Worker Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) by Nosema ceranae

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almudena Urbieta-Magro ◽  
Mariano Higes ◽  
Aránzazu Meana ◽  
Laura Barrios ◽  
Raquel Martín-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Nosema Ceranae ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Age Cohort ◽  
Group A ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Individual

The microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae is a highly prevalent, global honey bee pathogen. Apis mellifera is considered to be a relatively recent host for this microsporidia, which raises questions as to how it affects its host’s physiology, behavior and longevity, both at the individual and colony level. As such, honey bees were inoculated with fresh purified spores of this pathogen, both individually (Group A) or collectively (Group B) and they were studied from 0 to 15 days post-emergence (p.e.) to evaluate the effect of bee age and the method of inoculation at 7 days post-infection. The level of infection was analyzed individually by qPCR by measuring the relative amount of the N. ceranae polar tubule protein 3 (PTP3) gene. The results show that the bee’s age and the method of infection directly influence parasite load, and thus, early disease development. Significant differences were found regarding bee age at the time of infection, whereby the youngest bees (new-born and 1 day p.e.) developed the highest parasite load, with this load decreasing dramatically in bees infected at 2 days p.e. before increasing again in bees infected at 3–4 days p.e. The parasite load in bees infected when older than 4 days p.e. diminished as they aged. When the age cohort data was pooled and grouped according to the method of infection, a significantly higher mean concentration and lower variation in N. ceranae infection was evident in Group A, indicating greater variation in experimental infection when spores were administered collectively to bees through their food. In summary, these data indicate that both biological and experimental factors should be taken into consideration when comparing data published in the literature.

The R2-haplotype associated Asp2194Gly mutation in the light chain of human factor V results in lower expression levels of FV, but has no influence on the glycosylation of Asn2181

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (03) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dirven ◽  
Hans Vos ◽  
Rogier Bertina ◽  
Marijn Kolfschoten
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Apc Resistance ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lower Expression

SummaryThe R2 haplotype of the FV gene spans from exon 8 through 25 and comprises several strongly linked polymorphisms in the FV gene, including some missense mutations. Carriership of the R2-FV allele has been associated with reduced plasma FV levels, increased FV1/FV2 ratios and mild APC resistance. Some studies have reported that carriership of the R2-FV allele is associated with an increased risk of venous thombosis. At this moment, the individual contribution to the R2-associated phenotypes of the different mutations linked to the R2 haplotype of FV is unclear. The main objective of our study was to obtain insight in the influence of the R2-related Asp2194Gly mutation on FV expression, FV structure and FV function using B-domainless rFV mutants. Replacing Asp at position 2194 by Gly resulted in a more than threefold reduction of rFV expression compared to rFV wild-type. Therefore, we propose that the R2-linked Asp2194Gly mutation is an important determinant of the association of the R2-FV allele with lower FV levels. Furthermore, the light chains from Asp2194Gly containing rFV mutants showed similar molecular weights as the light chains of the non-glycosylated rFVwt or the plasma FV2 isoform, indicating that glycosylation at Asn2181 is not stimulated by the presence of a glycine in position 2194. Finally, the apparent K d for dissociation of the FXaVa complex (K 1/2Xa) was not higher in rFV mutants with the Asp2194Gly mutation than for rFVwt, suggesting that also the affinity for negatively charged phospho-lipids is not affected by substitution of Asp into Gly at position at 2194.

4 The silent scream or the menopause

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (1132) ◽  
pp. 120.2-120
Author(s):  
Emma Barnard ◽  
Wendy French
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Regular Group ◽  
Life Crisis ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

A project is being developed between artists and researchers to identify how to reduce loneliness and isolation in the older woman which could be a model for health and well-being clinics to adapt.Regular sessions with artists and wordsmiths can help to minimise the stress caused by the menopause (add (1 or 2) reference(s) if available). Fears, anxieties and depression are symptoms often experienced with this life stage. Mid-life crisis is an expression that can be an unhelpful way to describe the natural aging of a woman’s body. Negative concepts and poor jokes can add to a woman feeling diminished around the natural process of aging. A regular group might talk and explore these feelings with an artist ready to translate words into pictures, and create with the group a positive collage of loss in this respect. We would see whether looking at poems written by women who have gone through the menopause, finding how to identify with others and their loss, and exploring whether the experiences of others help the individual to feel better about themselves. Would this collaborative approach with women help them to feel more positive about the next life stage and therefore enable them to live a healthier life?

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