scholarly journals Ticks produce highly selective chemokine binding proteins with antiinflammatory activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 (9) ◽  
pp. 2019-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Déruaz ◽  
Achim Frauenschuh ◽  
Ana L. Alessandri ◽  
João M. Dias ◽  
Fernanda M. Coelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Expression Cloning ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Animal Models Of Disease ◽  
Single Domain Antibodies ◽  
Models Of Disease

Bloodsucking parasites such as ticks have evolved a wide variety of immunomodulatory proteins that are secreted in their saliva, allowing them to feed for long periods of time without being detected by the host immune system. One possible strategy used by ticks to evade the host immune response is to produce proteins that selectively bind and neutralize the chemokines that normally recruit cells of the innate immune system that protect the host from parasites. We have identified distinct cDNAs encoding novel chemokine binding proteins (CHPBs), which we have termed Evasins, using an expression cloning approach. These CHBPs have unusually stringent chemokine selectivity, differentiating them from broader spectrum viral CHBPs. Evasin-1 binds to CCL3, CCL4, and CCL18; Evasin-3 binds to CXCL8 and CXCL1; and Evasin-4 binds to CCL5 and CCL11. We report the characterization of Evasin-1 and -3, which are unrelated in primary sequence and tertiary structure, and reveal novel folds. Administration of recombinant Evasin-1 and -3 in animal models of disease demonstrates that they have potent antiinflammatory properties. These novel CHBPs designed by nature are even smaller than the recently described single-domain antibodies (Hollinger, P., and P.J. Hudson. 2005. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:1126–1136), and may be therapeutically useful as novel antiinflammatory agents in the future.

scholarly journals Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin Lymphoma: Past, Present, Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Bienz ◽  
Salima Ramdani ◽  
Hans Knecht
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Genetic Instability ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
The Past

Our understanding of the tumorigenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and the formation of Reed–Sternberg cells (RS-cells) has evolved drastically in the last decades. More recently, a better characterization of the signaling pathways and the cellular interactions at play have paved the way for new targeted therapy in the hopes of improving outcomes. However, important gaps in knowledge remain that may hold the key for significant changes of paradigm in this lymphoma. Here, we discuss the past, present, and future of cHL, and review in detail the more recent discoveries pertaining to genetic instability, anti-apoptotic signaling pathways, the tumoral microenvironment, and host-immune system evasion in cHL.

scholarly journals The Interplay between Host Innate Immunity and Hepatitis E Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Changbo Qu ◽  
Peifa Yu ◽  
Xumin Ou ◽  
Qiuwei Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Host Innate Immunity

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection represents an emerging global health issue, whereas the clinical outcomes vary dramatically among different populations. The host innate immune system provides a first-line defense against the infection, but dysregulation may partially contribute to severe pathogenesis. A growing body of evidence has indicated the active response of the host innate immunity to HEV infection both in experimental models and in patients. In turn, HEV has developed sophisticated strategies to counteract the host immune system. In this review, we aim to comprehensively decipher the processes of pathogen recognition, interferon, and inflammatory responses, and the involvement of innate immune cells in HEV infection. We further discuss their implications in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and developing antiviral therapies.

scholarly journals Microbe-focused glycan array screening platform

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1958-1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Geissner ◽  
Anika Reinhardt ◽  
Christoph Rademacher ◽  
Timo Johannssen ◽  
João Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Microarray Platform ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Glycan Array ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Glycan Microarray ◽  
Solution Phase Synthesis ◽  
Screening Platform ◽  
Excellent Tool

Interactions between glycans and glycan binding proteins are essential for numerous processes in all kingdoms of life. Glycan microarrays are an excellent tool to examine protein–glycan interactions. Here, we present a microbe-focused glycan microarray platform based on oligosaccharides obtained by chemical synthesis. Glycans were generated by combining different carbohydrate synthesis approaches including automated glycan assembly, solution-phase synthesis, and chemoenzymatic methods. The current library of more than 300 glycans is as diverse as the mammalian glycan array from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics and, due to its microbial focus, highly complementary. This glycan platform is essential for the characterization of various classes of glycan binding proteins. Applications of this glycan array platform are highlighted by the characterization of innate immune receptors and bacterial virulence factors as well as the analysis of human humoral immunity to pathogenic glycans.

scholarly journals Peptidoglycan O-Acetylation as a Virulence Factor: Its Effect on Lysozyme in the Innate Immune System

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley S. Brott ◽  
Anthony J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
First Line ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Important Virulence Factor ◽  
Novel Target

The peptidoglycan sacculus of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria acts as a protective mesh and provides structural support around the entirety of the cell. The integrity of this structure is of utmost importance for cell viability and so naturally is the first target for attack by the host immune system during bacterial infection. Lysozyme, a muramidase and the first line of defense of the innate immune system, targets the peptidoglycan sacculus hydrolyzing the β-(1→4) linkage between repeating glycan units, causing lysis and the death of the invading bacterium. The O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramoyl residues within peptidoglycan precludes the productive binding of lysozyme, and in doing so renders it inactive. This modification has been shown to be an important virulence factor in pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and is currently being investigated as a novel target for anti-virulence therapies. This article reviews interactions made between peptidoglycan and the host immune system, specifically with respect to lysozyme, and how the O-acetylation of the peptidoglycan interrupts these interactions, leading to increased pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Still Enigmatic: Innate Immunity in the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Traylor-Knowles ◽  
Lauren E Vandepas ◽  
William E Browne
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Immunity Genes ◽  
Review Current

Abstract Innate immunity is an ancient physiological response critical for protecting metazoans from invading pathogens. It is the primary pathogen defense mechanism among invertebrates. While innate immunity has been studied extensively in diverse invertebrate taxa, including mollusks, crustaceans, and cnidarians, this system has not been well characterized in ctenophores. The ctenophores comprise an exclusively marine, non-bilaterian lineage that diverged early during metazoan diversification. The phylogenetic position of ctenophore lineage suggests that characterization of the ctenophore innate immune system will reveal important features associated with the early evolution of the metazoan innate immune system. Here, we review current understanding of the ctenophore immune repertoire and identify innate immunity genes recovered from three ctenophore species. We also isolate and characterize Mnemiopsis leidyi cells that display macrophage-like behavior when challenged with bacteria. Our results indicate that ctenophores possess cells capable of phagocytosing microbes and that two distantly related ctenophores, M. leidyi and Hormiphora californiensis, possess many candidate innate immunity proteins.

scholarly journals De novo assembly of the Carcinus maenas transcriptome and characterization of innate immune system pathways

BMC Genomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas Verbruggen ◽  
Lisa K. Bickley ◽  
Eduarda M. Santos ◽  
Charles R. Tyler ◽  
Grant D. Stentiford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
De Novo Assembly ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals Bacterial lipids: powerful modifiers of the innate immune response

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney E. Chandler ◽  
Robert K. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Receptor Proteins ◽  
Bacterial Membranes ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response

The innate immune system serves as a first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The host innate immune response can be triggered by recognition of conserved non-self-microbial signature molecules by specific host receptor proteins called Toll-like receptors. For bacteria, many of these molecular triggers reside on or are embedded in the bacterial membrane, the interface exposed to the host environment. Lipids are the most abundant component of membranes, and bacteria possess a unique set of lipids that can initiate or modify the host innate immune response. Bacterial lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, and outer membrane molecules lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide are key modulators of the host immune system. This review article will highlight some of the research emerging at the crossroads of bacterial membranes and innate immunity.

Leishmanial apolipoprotein A-I expression: a possible strategy used by the parasite to evade the host’s immune response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurosh Kalantar ◽  
Raúl Manzano-Román ◽  
Esmaeel Ghani ◽  
Reza Mansouri ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Trypanosome Lytic Factor ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) represents the main component of the Trypanosome lytic factor (TLF) which contributes to the host innate immunity against Trypanosoma and Leishmania. These parasites use complex and multiple strategies such as molecular mimicry to evade or subvert the host immune system. Previous studies have highlighted the adaptation mechanisms of TLF-resistant Trypanosoma species. These data might support the hypothesis that Leishmania parasites (amastigote forms in macrophages) might express apo A-I to bypass and escape from TLF action as a component of the host innate immune responses. The anti-inflammatory property of apo A-I is another mechanism that supports our idea that apo A-I may play a role in Leishmania parasites allowing them to bypass the host innate immune system.

Changes of Lymphocyte Subsets in Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Feng ◽  
Xue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Pathogen Elimination

Abstract Background and AimsThe host immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis and defense mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to explore the changes of immune system in Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) patients.MethodsA total of 85 active PTB patients and 50 healthy adults were enrolled, fifty patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were enrolled as the positive control. Chest CT and lymphocyte subgroup counts in peripheral blood were measured in all participants.ResultsIn the PTB group, the level of CD4 + and B cells and the ratio of CD4+/CD8 + cells were significantly increased, the frequency of NK cells was significantly decreased at the same time.ConclusionsThe manifestation of immune system was changed in PTB patients, the inflammation in the infected lesion was limited which decreased innate immune activation, and the increased of T and B cells responses as the main pathogen elimination method.

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