scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF MONKEYS

1933 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Joseph R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Subconjunctival Injection ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Cellular Inclusions ◽  
Specific Infectious Agent ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Follicular Conjunctivitis

Spontaneous folliculosis of Macacus rhesus monkeys—a type of follicular conjunctivitis associated with marked, local, inflammatory reactions—is apparently a disease sui generis, due to a specific infectious agent. It can be transmitted from monkey to monkey by means of subconjunctival injection of suspensions, and by conjunctival swabbing of the secretions, of affected tissues, or by contact of normal animals with folliculosis monkeys. The agent causing folliculosis has failed in our hands to pass through Berkefeld and Seitz filters, even those of an unusual degree of permeability; and the lesions that it causes show no cellular inclusions suggestive of the action of a virus. The condition is due apparently to an organism of low grade pathogenicity. The essential histopathological structure corresponds to that of a folliculoma (16) which, while not identical with a granuloma, bears certain resemblances to the latter. The studies here reported concern only one species of monkey, Macacus rhesus. Further investigations will be carried out on different species of Anthropoidea and other animals.

scholarly journals A review of the potential for rare-earth element resources from European red muds: examples from Seydişehir, Turkey and Parnassus-Giona, Greece

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éimear A. Deady ◽  
Evangelos Mouchos ◽  
Kathryn Goodenough ◽  
Ben J. Williamson ◽  
Frances Wall
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Bayer Process ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractRare-earth elements (REE) are viewed as 'critical metals' due to a complex array of production and political issues, most notably a near monopoly in supply from China. Red mud, the waste product of the Bayer process that produces alumina from bauxite, represents a potential secondary resource ofREE. Karst bauxite deposits represent the ideal source material forREE-enriched red mud as the conditions during formation of the bauxite allow for the retention ofREE. TheREEpass through the Bayer Process and are concentrated in the waste material. Millions of tonnes of red mud are currently stockpiled in onshore storage facilities across Europe, representing a potentialREEresource. Red mud from two case study sites, one in Greece and the other in Turkey, has been found to contain an average of ∼1000 ppm totalREE, with an enrichment of light over heavyREE. Although this is relatively low grade when compared with typical primaryREEdeposits (Mountain Pass and Mount Weld up to 80,000 ppm), it is of interest because of the large volumes available, the cost benefits of reprocessing waste, and the low proportion of contained radioactive elements. This work shows that ∼12,000 tonnes ofREEexist in red mud at the two case study areas alone, with much larger resources existing across Europe as a whole.

scholarly journals Feature-based gating of cortical information transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Baloni Ray ◽  
Daniel Kaping ◽  
Stefan Treue
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Feature Similarity ◽  
Visual Cortical Area ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Visual Cortical

In highly developed visual systems, spatial- and feature-based attentional modulation interact to prioritize relevant information and suppress irrelevant details. We investigated the specific role and integration of these two attentional mechanisms in visual cortical area MST of rhesus monkeys. We show that spatial attention acts as a gate for information processing by providing unimpeded high-gain pass-through processing for all sensory information from attended visual locations. Feature-based attentional enhancement does not only show the known dependency on a match between the attended feature and a given cells selectivity, but surprisingly is restricted to those features for which a given cell contributes to perception. This necessitates a refinement of the feature-similarity gain model of attention and documents highly optimized attentional gating of sensory information for cortical processing. This gating is shaped by neuronal sensory preferences, behavioral relevance, and the causal link to perception of neurons that process this visual input.

scholarly journals Production of an Animal Model of Semi-Yin and Semi-Yang Syndrome with Diabetic Ulcers and Study of Its Pathological and Metabolic Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Jian-Ping Shi ◽  
Wu Xiong ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Pathological State ◽  
Diabetic Ulcer ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Diabetic Ulcers ◽  
Time Points ◽  
M1 Type ◽  
Lower Expression

Background. To create an animal model for diabetic ulcers with semi-Yin and semi-Yang (SYSY) syndrome and to study the pathological and metabolic features of SYSY syndrome. Methods. Firstly, based on the clinical characteristics of the SYSY syndrome of diabetic ulcer, an animal model of diabetic ulcers with SYSY syndrome being full-thickness skin defects was created by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally, infecting with Staphylococcus aureus, and gastrically administering senna. Secondly, the content and distribution patterns of collagen fibers, the expression of neutrophils and macrophage markers, angiogenesis, and the expression of IL-1β and IL-10 in the rats with Yang syndrome, Yin syndrome, and SYSY syndrome of diabetic ulcers at different time points were detected. Representative traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ointment of Yang syndrome, Yin syndrome, and SYSY syndrome was used to treat this animal model. The above indexes in each treatment group were detected. Finally, metabonomics was used to detect and analyze the changes of differential metabolites related to macrophage metabolism in Yang, Yin, and SYSY syndromes at different time points. Results. An animal model of diabetic ulcers with SYSY syndrome was established. The pathological features of the SYSY syndrome group were chronic low-grade inflammatory reactions. On the third day, the SYSY syndrome group displayed lower expression of CD16, CD68, CD163, IL-1β, and metabolites related to M1-type macrophages compared with other groups. On the seventh day, the SYSY syndrome group showed lower expression of CD31, IL-10, myeloperoxidase, and metabolites related to M2-type macrophages. Treatment with Chong He Ointment, a representative TCM ointment for SYSY syndrome, reversed the expression levels of these indexes and promoted wound healing in the SYSY group. Conclusion. SYSY syndrome presents a persistent pathological state of low inflammation, which may be caused by an insufficient activation of the M1-type metabolic pathway in macrophages in the early acute inflammatory stage, resulting in the incomplete clearance of pathogens and debris and continuous stimulation of macrophages to initiate the M1-type metabolic pathway. CD163, CD31, IL-10, and citric acid can be used as potential specific markers for the recovery and progression of SYSY syndrome.

scholarly journals Intense expression of Neurokinin-1 Receptor is associated with Urothelial carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riffat Mehboob ◽  
Amber Hassan ◽  
Shahida Perveen ◽  
Syed Amir Gilani ◽  
Humera Waseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Neurokinin 1 Receptor ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Neurokinin 1

ABSTRACTI+ntroductionSubstance P (SP)/ Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK-1R), induces inflammatory reactions in peripheral tissues but its regulatory effects in target tissues are dependent on receptor signaling. SP has a high affinity for the NK-1 receptor, to which it binds preferentially. SP/NK-1R complex plays a key role in the interaction in the onset of pain and inflammation.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NK-1R in Urotheilial carcinoma and its association with cancer progression.MethodThe study included ten biopsy samples of Urinary bladder, obtained retrospectively from a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. An Immunohistochemical study was performed using monoclonal antibodies against NK-1R. The presence or absence of staining and the intensity of the immunoreactivity were noted, as well as the number and type of cells. Evaluation of the Immunohistochemical expression was determined by the semi-quantitative method and scored.ResultNK-1 receptor was intensely expressed in patients with higher grade Urotheilial carcinoma. The cases clinically diagnosed as High Grade Urotheilial Carcinoma showed intense expression of NK-1R. However, the cases clinically diagnosed as low grade Urotheilial carcinoma showed very weak staining with NK-1R. However, the normal margins of the same tissue showed negative expression.ConclusionsElevated expression of NK-1R was associated with advanced stage of urothelial carcinoma. It is the first study to our knowledge to report this association. It may serve as a good diagnostic as well as prognostic marker and therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Developments of an Emerging Infectious Agent: Norovirus

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Manikant Tripathi ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Abdominal Cramp ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Pathogenic Virus

Norovirus, a member of calciviruses family is the leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial acute gastroenteritis or inflammation of the stomach and intestine. This pathogenic virus is highly communicable and found in the stools and vomit of infected persons. The symptoms of infection include sudden vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramp, headache, low grade fever, nausea, chills, etc. This RNA virus spreads through contaminated foods or liquids, sharing norovirus loaded objects and contact with infection individual. There is neither a specific medicine nor vaccination available for norovirus infection. Some vaccines are under pre-clinical trials. However, the virus can be controlled by following good personal hygiene practices such as hand washing, eating properly washed fruits and vegetables, properly cooked foods, and cleaning of the area occupied by patient. Norovirus infection can be regulated through public awareness and dissemination of proper knowledge about this viral infection. The present review summarizes the biology of infections caused by norovirus and their control measures.

Patency and transmission of Filaroides hirthi infection

Parasitology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Georgi ◽  
M. E. Georgi ◽  
D. J. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Baermann Technique ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Pass Through

Filaroides hirthi lungworm infection was diagnosed by the recovery of 1st-stage larvae from the faeces of dogs with heavy, artificially induced infections using zinc sulphate flotation. Diagnosis of low-grade natural infections was infrequently achieved. Zinc sulphate flotation was demonstrated to be about 100 times as efficient as the Baermann technique in concentrating F. hirthi larvae from dog faeces. Larvae recovered from faeces proved to be infective when fed to a pup and it was concluded that F. hirthi infection can be transmitted directly and immediately by fresh faecal contamination. Mongrel dogs of diverse ancestry were readily infected by feeding 1st-stage larvae from lung tissue. This, F. hirthi infection was shown not to be limited to the Beagle breed by biological restrictions. The observations that 1st-stage larvae pass through the alimentary tract on their way out of the body and that larvae are found in the mesenteric lymph modes long after a single exposure to infection support the hypothesis that there is an autogenous re-infection of the host by a proportion of these larvae.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus W. Jungeblut
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Theiler's Virus ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Chemical Inactivation ◽  
Intracerebral Infection ◽  
Culture Virus

1. Attempts to separate by processes of physical segregation, i.e. ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, or dialysis, from live SK murine poliomyelitis virus a non-pathogenic agent capable of interfering with simian poliomyelitis virus were unsuccessful. Neither was it possible to convert live SK murine virus into a non-pathogenic interfering agent by processes of chemical inactivation, i.e., phenolization or formalinization. 2. Preparations of SK murine virus, which had been markedly attenuated by ultraviolet irradiation, gave evidence of having retained some interfering power in rhesus monkeys. 3. MM murine poliomyelitis virus interfered, both in mixture tests and by peripheral administration, with two simian strains of poliomyelitis virus. With adequate amounts, distinct protective effects could be obtained in rhesus monkeys which had received murine virus (animal passage or tissue culture virus) up to 48 hours after intracerebral infection with simian poliomyelitis virus. 4. Theiler's virus of spontaneous mouse encephalomyelitis, when tested in mixture with simian poliomyelitis virus, gave some evidence of irregular and low grade interference. Interference could not be shown conclusively in experiments to prevent poliomyelitic infection or to modify its effects. 5. The nature of the interfering agent present in murine virus is discussed.

scholarly journals Bilateral Idiopathic Neuroretinitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (C) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Cat Scratch Disease ◽  
Methyl Prednisolone ◽  
Specific Infectious Agent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Macular Star ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Tomography Scan

BACKGROUND: Neuroretinitis is a clinical entity characterized by an acute loss of vision associated with disc edema and a star pattern of exudates in the macula. It can be divided into two, those with a specific infectious agent or idiopathic. Most infectious cases are due to cat-scratch disease caused by Bartonella species and other infectious agents. Case with a clear infectious is categorized as idiopathic. Most patients with idiopathic neuroretinitis recover excellent visual acuity with or without intervention. Although the presentation is most often unilateral, bilateral cases of neuroretinitis have been reported. CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old woman with a 2-weeks history of sudden progressive visual loss both eyes (visual acuity: RE 3/60; LE 20/200). The optic disc was edema and the hard exudate on the macular area. Two weeks follow-up, funduscopic shows a macular star and the optic disc’s edema was reduced. Perimetric test shows general depressed in both eyes. The blood tests and the brain computed tomography scan were normal. She received methyl prednisolone 48 mg for 2 weeks. Eight months follow-up, VA: RE 20/50, LE 20/40 with the pinhole 20/15 in both eyes. The funduscopic still showed edema and slight paling. There was an improvement in central visual acuity after steroid treatment but leave residual abnormal funduscopic. CONCLUSION: Neuroretinitis is generally self-limited. The visual acuity recovers excellent with the steroid, but the abnormal disc in this case related to a vaso-occlusive mechanism of prelamin arterioles with subsequent disc infraction.

scholarly journals STUDY TO ASSESS ASSOCIATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN WITH NEPHROPATHY IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAUSHIK MONDAL ◽  
DATTATREYA MUKHERJEE
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Abstract:- Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder with inappropriate hyperglycemia either due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion or reduction in the biologic effectiveness of insulin or both. An inflammatory basis for Diabetes & its complications has attracted interest. Among several markers of inflammation, C reactive protein (CRP) is found to be significant in people with diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy may be associated with abnormally high levels of CRP. Materials & Methods: This study was performed for 1 year over 100 type 2 diabetic patients (n=100) aged 30-70 years in Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital. Necessary clinical & Diabetes related laboratory investigations were done as the routine procedure. Results : Among 100 study population, all macro-albuminuria patients were found to have high CRP. 63% of Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were having high CRP in our study. High CRP values were also found among patients with higher spot urine ACR (329.50+-259.40 mg/gram).(P<0.05) Conclusion : CRP is a marker which increased in inflammatory reactions. Low grade inflammation as indicated by high CRP was an important predictor of diabetic nephropathy.

scholarly journals The polycystic ovarian syndrome and chronic inflammation: The role of Toll-like receptors

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 1199-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Jończyk ◽  
Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej ◽  
Agata Mierzwicka ◽  
Marek Bolanowski
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in reproductive-aged women. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is not yet fully understood. Previous studies indicate the coexistence of low-grade chronic inflammation and PCOS. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the inflammatory reactions. They induce an innate immune response when in contact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). TLRs expression on several cell types has been described, including immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells, adipocytes, pancreatic beta-cells and ovarian tissue. The stimulation of TLRs triggers signaling pathways, which in turn leads to proinflammatory cytokines production, including IL-6 and TNF alpha. Elevated concentrations of these cytokines were also observed in patients with PCOS. Currently, there are few studies about the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Women with this syndrome are more frequently diagnosed with metabolic disorders, such as obesity or insulin resistance (IR). The substances released from adipose tissue, including free fatty acids, contribute to the increased activation of the two TLRs - 2 and 4. Recent data also confirms their overexpression in women with PCOS. Increased activation and the presence of specific gene polymorphisms for TLR2 and TLR4 is presumed to be a contributor to the development of IR and hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS.

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