scholarly journals THE EXTENT OF LOCAL DISPERSION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS AS A FACTOR IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Duran-Reynals
Keyword(s):  
Effective Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Local Dispersion ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Minimal Effective Concentration

Progressively decreasing quantities of bacteria of some 20 strains were utilized in experiments upon the effect of dispersing the organisms in the rabbit skin through the agency of an extract of testicle or an invasive staphylococcus. The same was done with 6 strains of filterable viruses. The bacterial lesions were enhanced by spreading when the organisms introduced were above a certain number or quantity (minimal effective concentration) and on the other hand were partially or totally suppressed when their number was less than this. Virulence and minimal effective concentration were observed to be in inverse relationship. The lesions due to the filterable viruses studied were, on the other hand, enhanced by the spreading factor even when the quantity of virus approached the minimal infective dose. This happened irrespective of whether the virus caused severe lesions or slight ones. The highly virulent Pneumococcus Type I, injected into normal rabbits together with the spreading factor, yielded enhanced lesions even at practically its minimal infective dose; but when the resistance of the animal was raised with specific antiserum the lesions were totally suppressed by the experimental dispersion of the bacteria. When such an experiment was repeated on a filterable virus, vaccinia, no suppression took place as a result of the dispersion of the infective agent. The significance of the differences in the bacterial and virus phenomena is discussed.

scholarly journals Degradation of a Short-lived Glycoprotein from the Lumen of the Endoplasmic Reticulum: The Role of N-linked Glycans and the Unfolded Protein Response

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4059-4073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena de Virgilio ◽  
Claudia Kitzmüller ◽  
Eva Schwaiger ◽  
Michael Klein ◽  
Gert Kreibich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Protein Response

We are studying endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation (ERAD) with the use of a truncated variant of the type I ER transmembrane glycoprotein ribophorin I (RI). The mutant protein, RI332, containing only the N-terminal 332 amino acids of the luminal domain of RI, has been shown to interact with calnexin and to be a substrate for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. When RI332 was expressed in HeLa cells, it was degraded with biphasic kinetics; an initial, slow phase of ∼45 min was followed by a second phase of threefold accelerated degradation. On the other hand, the kinetics of degradation of a form of RI332 in which the single used N-glycosylation consensus site had been removed (RI332-Thr) was monophasic and rapid, implying a role of the N-linked glycan in the first proteolytic phase. RI332degradation was enhanced when the binding of glycoproteins to calnexin was prevented. Moreover, the truncated glycoprotein interacted with calnexin preferentially during the first proteolytic phase, which strongly suggests that binding of RI332 to the lectin-like protein may result in the slow, initial phase of degradation. Additionally, mannose trimming appears to be required for efficient proteolysis of RI332. After treatment of cells with the inhibitor of N-glycosylation, tunicamycin, destruction of the truncated RI variants was severely inhibited; likewise, in cells preincubated with the calcium ionophore A23187, both RI332 and RI332-Thr were stabilized, despite the presence or absence of the N-linked glycan. On the other hand, both drugs are known to trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR), resulting in the induction of BiP and other ER-resident proteins. Indeed, only in drug-treated cells could an interaction between BiP and RI332 and RI332-Thr be detected. Induction of BiP was also evident after overexpression of murine Ire1, an ER transmembrane kinase known to play a central role in the UPR pathway; at the same time, stabilization of RI332 was observed. Together, these results suggest that binding of the substrate proteins to UPR-induced chaperones affects their half lives.

scholarly journals THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIBODIES

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Heidelberger ◽  
Kai O. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Sedimentation Constant ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Immune Rabbit

1. Highly purified rabbit Type III pneumococcus anticarbohydrate proved to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and its sedimentation constant, 7.0·10–13, did not differ from that of the principal component of normal rabbit globulin or of immune rabbit globulin containing up to 50 per cent of anti-egg albumin. The molecular weight of antibody in the rabbit is therefore probably very close to that of the principal normal globulin component, namely, 150,000. 2. Highly purified horse Type I pneumococcus anticarbohydrate, on the other hand, was only homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge when prepared from sera stored without preservative. Its sedimentation constant, 18.4·10–13, coincided with that of the principal globulin component in most of the Felton solutions and purified antibody solutions studied. The molecular weight of pneumococcus anticarbohydrate in the horse is probably three to four times that of the principal normal globulin component. 3. The significance of the differences between pneumococcus anticarbohydrate formed in the rabbit and in the horse is discussed. 4. Results are given of ultracentrifuge studies on the molecular species in solutions of egg albumin-anti-egg albumin specific precipitates dissolved in excess egg albumin. The implications of the results are discussed.

Risk of Salmonellosis Associated with Consumption of Chocolate in Mexico

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA. REFUGIO TORRES-VITELA ◽  
EDUARDO F. ESCARTIN ◽  
ALEJANDRO CASTILLO
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Nonfat Milk ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Enrichment Methods

To assess the potential risk of salmonellosis associated with consumption of chocolate, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. was investigated in retail wrapped and nonwrapped solid chocolate in Guadalajara, Mexico. Previously, the efficiency of preenrichment and enrichment methods to isolate low numbers of Salmonella in chocolate was compared. Though not completely efficient, a preenrichment in nonfat milk without brilliant green, followed by enrichment in tetrathionate and selenite cystine broths gave better results than the other methods studied. Regarding the survey of retail chocolate, Salmonella was isolated from 2 (4.5%) of 44 samples of wrapped chocolate and from none of 56 samples of nonwrapped chocolate. The serovars identified were Salmonella agona and Salmonella derby. There were no significant differences between coliform counts or total bacterial counts obtained from wrapped and nonwrapped chocolate. The presence of Salmonella in chocolate is of concern due to the several low-infective-dose Salmonella outbreaks that have been linked to chocolate. On the other hand, a technique capable of detecting low numbers of Salmonella in chocolate is still needed.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: high frequency of c-myc proto-oncogene activation

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 3581-3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Inghirami ◽  
L Macri ◽  
E Cesarman ◽  
A Chadburn ◽  
J Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
P53 Gene ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Cell Lymphoma

Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents a morphologically distinct type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) characterized phenotypically by the expression of the CD30 antigen, a new member of the nerve growth factor gene family. The lymphoid origin of ALCL has been documented using immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analyses. However, very little is known so far regarding the precise pathogenetic mechanisms involved in its development and progression. Therefore, we investigated bcl-2, p53, and retinoblastoma gene (Rb) expression immunohistochemically; the occurrence of bcl-2, c-myc, and Rb gene rearrangements using Southern blotting; and the presence of ras and p53 gene somatic mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism assay in a panel of 18 well-characterized ALCLs. In addition, the presence of Epstein-Barr (EBV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) genomes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. We identified abnormal c-myc gene products in 6 of 18 cases (33%) of ALCL. On the other hand, the bcl-2 and Rb genes were not rearranged and K-, N-, and H-ras gene somatic mutations were not found. Significant levels of p53 protein expression were found in more than 60% of ALCLs, but only a single ALCL carried a p53 gene mutation (exon 5). Only 3 ALCL cases, all occurring in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, were positive for EBV genomes. On the other hand, contrary to previous findings, no HTLV-I products could be identified. Despite the fact that the c-myc proto- oncogene appears to be frequently altered in ALCL, no pathognomonic abnormality could be identified and therefore additional studies and new strategies should be designed to identify the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of ALCL.

Viability and Adaptability of E. coli. and Enterococcus Group to Salt Water with High Concentration of Sodium Chloride

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Omura ◽  
M Onuma ◽  
Y Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rapid Extinction ◽  
Other Hand

Some experiments were carried out to examine the adaptability of E. coli. and enterococcus group to salt water with high concentration of sodium chloride after the experiments on viability in this salt water. Unlike E. coli. type I, when E.coli. type II was repeatedly exposed to salt water, the survival of E.coli. type II was changed from rapid extinction to multiplication as the experiments went on. At the same time, it was also made clear by means of the IMViC test that E.coli. type II was replaced by Citrobacter freundii as E.coli. type II adapted itself to salt water. The enterococcus group was separated into four distinct types; S. faecalis, S. faecalis var. liquefaciens, S. faecium and S. durans. The results of the experiments on viability in salt water indicated that S. faecalis var. liquefaciens possessed the greatest viability, and S. faecium the weakest. From the results of the experiments on adaptability, it was found that each type of enterococcus group had a different adaptability to salt water. In spite of the weakest viability, S. faecium could adapt itself to salt water as well as S. faecalis and S. faecalis var. liquefaciens. On the other hand, S. durans could not adapt itself to salt water at all.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: high frequency of c-myc proto-oncogene activation

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 3581-3590 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Inghirami ◽  
L Macri ◽  
E Cesarman ◽  
A Chadburn ◽  
J Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
P53 Gene ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Large Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) represents a morphologically distinct type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) characterized phenotypically by the expression of the CD30 antigen, a new member of the nerve growth factor gene family. The lymphoid origin of ALCL has been documented using immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analyses. However, very little is known so far regarding the precise pathogenetic mechanisms involved in its development and progression. Therefore, we investigated bcl-2, p53, and retinoblastoma gene (Rb) expression immunohistochemically; the occurrence of bcl-2, c-myc, and Rb gene rearrangements using Southern blotting; and the presence of ras and p53 gene somatic mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism assay in a panel of 18 well-characterized ALCLs. In addition, the presence of Epstein-Barr (EBV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) genomes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. We identified abnormal c-myc gene products in 6 of 18 cases (33%) of ALCL. On the other hand, the bcl-2 and Rb genes were not rearranged and K-, N-, and H-ras gene somatic mutations were not found. Significant levels of p53 protein expression were found in more than 60% of ALCLs, but only a single ALCL carried a p53 gene mutation (exon 5). Only 3 ALCL cases, all occurring in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, were positive for EBV genomes. On the other hand, contrary to previous findings, no HTLV-I products could be identified. Despite the fact that the c-myc proto- oncogene appears to be frequently altered in ALCL, no pathognomonic abnormality could be identified and therefore additional studies and new strategies should be designed to identify the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of ALCL.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Beech Roundwood Prices in Selected Central European Markets

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Anna Kożuch ◽  
Jan Banaś
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Type I ◽  
German Market ◽  
Price Series ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cointegration Tests

The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the most prevalent deciduous tree species in Central Europe. The implementation of sustainable, close-to-nature silvicultural practices increased the percentage share of beech in forest species composition, raising the economic significance of beech roundwood, especially in terms of revenues from timber sales. The elucidation of roundwood price mechanisms as well as long-term equilibrium relations between international markets may be helpful in calculating the profitability of beech roundwood production. The study material consists of quarterly time series of beech roundwood prices from Austria, Czechia, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia in the years 2005–2018. The price time series were described with a multiplicative model incorporating seasonal, cyclical, and irregular, as well as long-term trend components. The time series were decomposed using the Census X11 method. Stationarity was tested by means of the augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) and the Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin test (KPSS). Cointegration was assessed using the Johansen and Engle–Granger methods. From 2005–2018, the highest mean beech roundwood prices were found for Austria (77.5 € m−3) and Germany, and the lowest for Poland and Slovakia. Roundwood prices were badly affected by the 2008/2009 financial crisis, which caused an approx. 27% decline. The prices of large-diameter beech logs exhibited seasonal fluctuations, typically reaching a maximum in Q1 and a minimum in Q3. The amplitude of those fluctuations was the highest in Slovenia in 2005 (10.1%), while in Czechia and Germany, seasonal effects increased over the period of study. The lowest seasonality was found in Slovakia and Austria (in the latter country it was not statistically significant). On an annual scale, cyclical changes generally accounted for the largest proportion of price variation, and were particularly pronounced in Poland (78.9%), Slovakia (78.6%), and Austria (69.2%). On the other hand, seasonal effects were predominant in the Slovenian (40.6%), German (34.1%), and Czech (33.3%) markets. In countries with price series of type I(0), simple correlation between stationary beech roundwood prices is positive and the strongest between Czechia–Poland and Czechia–Austria; on the other hand they are the weakest in the German market. In Slovakia and Slovenia with nonstationary price series, both Johansen’s and Engle-Granger’s cointegration tests indicated the absence of a long-term equilibrium between the analyzed beech timber markets. Results revealed integration between the prices of large-diameter beech logs in Czechia, Austria, and Poland. It should be mentioned that in this study, the time series of price used are rather short for long time cointegration analysis, which might prevent the proper detection of cointegration between all analyzed countries.

Estrogenicity of Six Typical Aqueous Pollutants

2012 ◽  
Vol 499 ◽  
pp. 455-458
Author(s):  
Guang Ming Zhang ◽  
Lang Lang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Response ◽  
Nonyl Phenol ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Dose Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Mcf 7

This paper studied the estrogenicity of six typical aqueous EDCs by examining their proliferation of MCF-7. These six EDCs were 17-β Estradio (E2), biphenol A (BPA), nonyl phenol (NP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and Cadmium (Cd). Results showed that MCF-7 proliferation was sensitive to these compounds. E2 was the most sensitive one and the effective concentration was 10-14 mol/L, while Cd was the least sensitive one and the effective concentration was 10-8 mol/L. The sensitivity of these six EDCs ranked as: E2 > BPA ≥ NP > DBP ≥ HCB > Cd. On the other hand, the cell proliferation extent of these compounds ranked as: HCB > DBP > BPA > Cd > NP ≥ E2. Very complex dose-time-response curves were observed for all six EDCs, indicating that many factors impacted the cell grow.

scholarly journals Supernova Explosions in Degenerate Stars —Detonation, Deflagration, and Electron Capture—

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 295-315
Author(s):  
Ken'ichi Nomoto
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
White Dwarf ◽  
White Dwarfs ◽  
Accretion Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behavior ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Supernova Explosions

Presupernova evolution and the hydrodynamic behavior of supernova explosions in stars having electron-degenerate cores are summarized. Carbon deflagration supernovae in C+O cores disrupt the star completely. On the other hand, in electron capture supernovae, O+Ne+Mg cores collapse to form neutron stars despite the competing oxygen deflagration.Also discussed are white dwarf models for Type I supernovae (SN I). Supernova explosions in accreting white dwarfs are either the detonation or deflagration type depending mainly on the accretion rate. The carbon deflagration model reproduces many of the observed features of SN I.

scholarly journals Mallotus Feretianus Extract Inhibits Ethanol-induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cell via PI3K-Akt and cAMP-PKA Pathways (P06-065-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Matsui-Yuasa ◽  
Eri Yoshikawa ◽  
Xuedan Huang ◽  
Yoshinori Kobayashi ◽  
Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Type I ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Abstract Objectives Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of liver fibrosis. The development of alcohol induced liver fibrosis may progress to hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, liver fibrosis is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Mallotus furetianus (MF) is a tropical plant in Hainan Island of China. The extract of its leaves is used as a folk medicine. In this study, we examined the effects of MF extract on the development of liver fibrosis in an in vivo ethanol-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis model and in vitro alcohol-injury model of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Methods Male Wistar rats were fed a diet that included 0.012% or 0.04% MF extract or no MF extract. For a period of 3 weeks, the animals were given drinking water containing 5% ethanol and were also treated with CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg of body weight). HSCs were isolated from male Wistar rats and were incubated with ethanol with or without MF extract. Results Plasma ALT and AST activities in rats treated with the ethanol plus CCl4 and MF extract (0.012% or 0.04%) were significantly reduced from the those in rats treated with the ethanol plus CCl4. The protective effect of MF extract was dose dependently. Histological analysis observed lipid and collagen accumulations in the liver of the ethanol plus CCl4-treated rats. On the other hand, MF extract treatment fully protected rats against ethanol plus CCl4-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. HSCs play a main role in liver fibrosis because they are a primary producer of the extracellular matrix such as type I collagen and α-SMA. MF extract treatment suppressed the ethanol-induced increases in type I and α-SMA expression to near control levels in HSCs. The treatments with MF extract suppressed the increase in the levels of phosphorylated Akt in ethanol-treated HSCs. Furthermore, the treatment of LY194002, an inhibitor of PI3K, suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in the expression of type I collagen in HSCs. On the other hand, the addition of H-89, an inhibitor of PKA, inhibited the suppression of the synthesis of type I collagen in MF extract-treated HSCs. Conclusions MF extract may be a candidate for preventing ethanol-induced liver injury via regulating liver steatosis and fibrosis in PI3K-Akt and cAMP-PKA manners. Funding Sources This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP24500987, JP15K00832.

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