scholarly journals ENDURING IMMUNITY FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF MICE WITH FORMALIN-INACTIVATED VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER (FAR EASTERN, TICK-BORNE) ENCEPHALITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Immune State ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Circulating Antibody

A single course of two intraperitoneal injections of formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis induced in albino mice a solidly immune state which endured almost throughout life. Active virus is therefore not essential for the production of a high degree of lasting immunity. The immune response to vaccination consists of resistance to peripherally introduced active virus and development of circulating antibody. A correlation has been found to exist throughout the long period of the immune state between the titer of neutralizing antibody, as determined by the intraperitoneal method described, and the degree of immunity to peripherally introduced active virus. Thus laboratory tests for the immunizing power of a vaccine suggest themselves, to be carried out by an estimation in vaccinated mice of (a) immunity to peripherally inoculated active virus, and (b) serum virus-neutralizing antibody determined by the intraperitoneal method. The rôles as indicators of immunity in vaccinated mice of complement-fixing antibody in the serum, of the intracerebral challenge dose of virus, and of the intracerebral method for testing neutralizing antibody are discussed. Finally, if the immune response of man to vaccination with formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis follows the pattern of the response of mice as here described, and if the correlation of neutralizing antibody with immunity to peripherally introduced virus applies to man as to mice, then possibly the degree of immunity in human beings following vaccination can be appraised by a peripheral test for neutralizing antibody in the serum.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE TO EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Small Increments ◽  
Young Mice

The experiments described in this paper were carried out with the Rockefeller Institute strain of albino mice and with the Eastern strain of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis. 1. The observation was confirmed that with increasing age of mice there occurred a decrease in susceptibility to intraperitoneal injection of active virus; also, the length of incubation period of those which succumbed increased with age. 2. The mice of various age groups which survived an intraperitoneal injection of active virus were indistinguishable in their antibody response. 3. Young mice, vaccinated with formalin-inactivated. virus when 2, 5, and 7 days old, gave an immune response to such a degree that they showed (a) measurable peritoneal immunity which increased with small increments of age, (b) no cerebral resistance, and (c) detectable amounts of neutralizing antibody in their sera which paralleled, though at a considerably lower level, their peritoneal resistance. 4. The peritoneal resistance induced as a result of vaccination was shown to be not local, but a general, systemic immunity, specific for the Eastern strain. Such a peritoneal resistance was demonstrable by the 4th day after beginning of vaccination of 10-days-old mice. 5. After intraperitoneal injection of active virus, large amounts of virus were recoverable from the blood of non-vaccinated young mice; none was found in the blood of vaccinated young mice; a minimal amount was detectable in the blood of non-vaccinated adult mice. 6. The bearing of age on the degree of immune response of which mice are capable and on their susceptibility to the virus has been discussed.

scholarly journals The characterization of TBEV of European subtype circulating in Siberia, Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Kozlova ◽  
T. V. Demina ◽  
S. E. Tkachev ◽  
Yu. S. Savinova ◽  
E. K. Doroshchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Full Genome Sequencing ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
European Subtype

The aim of the study was to obtain the complex characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) of European subtype circulating in Western and Eastern Siberia. Using full-genome sequencing approach it was demonstrated that TBEV strains of European subtype isolated in Siberia are genetically similar to the strains from European part of its habitat range, and with the representatives from South Korea. It was confirmed that the homology of TBEV strains of European subtype isolated in different parts of the virus habitat area from Scandinavian countries in the west to the eastern borders of the area (South Korea) is much higher than the homology level of TBEV strains of Far Eastern and Siberian subtypes. The Siberian population of TBEV of European subtype is presented with two groups of strains called as Eastern Siberian and Western Siberian variants, which differ in the combinations of amino acid substitutions in all proteins except NS2B protein. It is found that TBEV strains of European subtype from Siberia possess high neurovirulence, but some of them, like strains from Europe, demonstrate low invasiveness. It is shown that TBEV strains of European subtype have good adaptive capacity, and therefore, can easily adapt to the circulation in various biocenoses in the territory of different landscape-geographical zones. It was found that the circulation of TBEV of European subtype is fixed in Siberia territory for over 40 years. It was emphasized that in spite of circulation of TBEV of European subtype in the significantly different areas by climatic conditions, topography, landscape, habitat characteristics it possesses a high degree of genome stability.

Chapter 11: General epidemiology of TBE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Genetic Sequences ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) exists in natural foci, which are areas where TBEV is circulating among its vectors (ticks of different species and genera) and reservoir hosts (usually rodents and small mammals). Based on phylogenetic studies, four TBEV subtypes (Far-Eastern, Siberian, European, Baikalian) and two putative subtypes (Himalayan and “178-79” group) are known. Within each subtype, some genetic lineages are described. The European subtype (TBEV-EU) (formerly known also as the “Western subtype”) of TBEV is prevalent in Europe, but it was also isolated in Western and Eastern Siberia in Russia and South Korea. The Far-Eastern subtype (TBEV-FE) was preferably found in the territory of the far-eastern part of Eurasia, but some strains were isolated in other regions of Eurasia. The Siberian (TBEV-SIB) subtype is the most common and has been found in almost all TBEV habitat areas. The Baikalian subtype is prevalent around Lake Baikal and was isolated several times from ticks and rodents. In addition to the four TBEV subtypes, one single isolate of TBEV (178-79) and two genetic sequences (Himalayan) supposed to be new TBEV subtypes were described in Eastern Siberia and China. The data on TBEV seroprevalence in humans and animals can serve as an indication for the presence or absence of TBEV in studied area.

scholarly journals Computational and Rational Design of Single-Chain Antibody against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus for Modifying Its Specificity

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Ivan K. Baykov ◽  
Pavel Y. Desyukevich ◽  
Ekaterina E. Mikhaylova ◽  
Olga M. Kurchenko ◽  
Nina V. Tikunova
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Chimeric Antibody ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Single Chain Antibody ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Far Eastern

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes 5−7 thousand cases of human meningitis and encephalitis annually. The neutralizing and protective antibody ch14D5 is a potential therapeutic agent. This antibody exhibits a high affinity for binding with the D3 domain of the glycoprotein E of the Far Eastern subtype of the virus, but a lower affinity for the D3 domains of the Siberian and European subtypes. In this study, a 2.2-fold increase in the affinity of single-chain antibody sc14D5 to D3 proteins of the Siberian and European subtypes of the virus was achieved using rational design and computational modeling. This improvement can be further enhanced in the case of the bivalent binding of the full-length chimeric antibody containing the identified mutation.

scholarly journals Chasing the genes that control resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Behnke ◽  
F. Iraqi ◽  
D. Menge ◽  
R.L. Baker ◽  
J. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Mhc Genes

AbstractThe host-protective immune response to infection with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes involves a range of interacting processes that begin with recognition of the parasite's antigens and culminate in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa. Precisely which immune effectors are responsible for the loss of specific worms is still not known although many candidate effectors have been proposed. However, it is now clear that many different genes regulate the response and that differences between hosts (fast or strong versus slow or weak responses) can be explained by allelic variation in crucial genes associated with the gene cascade that accompanies the immune response and/or genes encoding constitutively expressed receptor/signalling molecules. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been recognized for some time as decisive in controlling immunity, and evidence that non-MHC genes are equally, if not more important in this respect has also been available for two decades. Nevertheless, whilst the former have been mapped in mice, only two candidate loci have been proposed for non-MHC genes and relatively little is known about their roles. Now, with the availability of microsatellite markers, it is possible to exploit linkage mapping techniques to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to GI nematodes. Four QTL for resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and additional QTL affecting faecal egg production by the worms and the accompanying immune responses, have been identified. Fine mapping and eventually the identification of the genes (and their alleles) underlying QTL for resistance/susceptibility will permit informed searches for homologues in domestic animals, and human beings, through comparative genomic maps. This information in turn will facilitate targeted breeding to improve resistance in domestic animals and, in human beings, focused application of treatment and control strategies for GI nematodes.

Impact of Revaccinating Children Who Initially Received Measles Vaccine Before 10 Months of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-476
Author(s):  
Harrison C. Stetler ◽  
Walter A. Orenstein ◽  
Roger H. Bernier ◽  
Kenneth L. Herrmann ◽  
Barry Sirotkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Negative Study ◽  
Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Altered Immune Response

Two hundred fifty-four infants who had received measles vaccine at <10 months of age were revaccinated at ≥15 months of age, and their immune responses were compared with 129 control infants who received their first doses of measles vaccine at ≥15 months of age. Sera were collected at the time of revaccination (study infants) or primary vaccination (control infants), 3 weeks, and 8 months later and tested for antibody by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cytopathic effect neutralization (CPEN). Of the 121 study infants who were initially HI negative, 116 (95.9%) made HI antibody 3 weeks postrevaccination compared with 126 (99.2%) of 127 control infants (P = 0.19). Of the 63 study infants with no initial detectable antibody by any of the three tests, 14 (22.2%) had a measles-specific IgM response 3 weeks postrevaccination compared with 37 of 50 (74.0%) randomly chosen control infants. By 8 months after revaccination, the 121 initially HI-negative study infants were significantly less likely to have detectable HI antibodies than control infants (52.1% v 97.6%) (P < .001). However, 96.7% of these 121 study infants had detectable neutralizing antibody 8 months postrevaccination, an antibody thought to correlate best with protection. This study confirms the altered immune response to revaccination in infants first vaccinated prior to 10 months of age; however, the data suggest that most of these infants were successfully primed and are probably protected after revaccination.

COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN TOXOPLASMOSIS AND PERSISTENCE OF THE ANTIBODY IN HUMAN BEINGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-453
Author(s):  
ALBERT B. SABIN
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Brain ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Peritoneal Exudate ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Antibody Titers

An antigen prepared from toxoplasma-infected chorioallantoic membranes, improved by centrifugation at 13,000 r.p.m. for one hour which removed a nonspecific component capable of fixing complement with certain normal sera, proved to be the preparation of choice for toxoplasmic CF tests. Though it was possible to prepare an antigen of similar potency from mouse brain, the yield from one egg is at least 10 times more than from one mouse. The peritoneal exudate of mice freed of Toxoplasma and cells contains eight times as much antigen per unit volume as a 20% extract of mouse brain or chorioallantoic membranes, but its anticomplementary properties, which cannot be removed by high speed centrifugation, can be eliminated only by extensive dilution. The highly centrifuged and diluted peritoneal exudate, however, still contains a component which fixes complement with certain normal human sera. Sixteen children, aged 5 weeks to 11 years, with clinically recognized congenital toxoplasmosis and 17 mothers, with inapparent or clinically unrecognized infection except for having given birth to children with proved toxoplasmosis, were investigated for the presence and persistence of CF antibodies. With the improved antigen and the standardized method that was used, even titers of 1:2 and 1:4 were significant and invariably associated with toxoplasmic neutralizing antibody. The sera of all 17 mothers gave positive CF tests with titers ranging from 1:4 to 1:64, the higher titers predominating during the first two years after the delivery of the infected child. The sera of 14 of the 16 children (87.5%) with clinical evidence of congenital toxoplasmosis, confirmed by neutralization tests, gave positive CF tests with titers ranging from 1:2 to 1:128, the higher titers again predominating during the first two years after birth. One of the negative results, in a 5 week old child with active infection who died three days after the serum was obtained, was associated with a high (1:4,096) dye test titer for neutralizing antibody in its own serum, and a similar dye test titer (1:4,096) and a CF titer of 1:32 in the serum of its mother. The other negative result, in a 7 year old child with a dye test titer of 1:16, is believed to represent an instance of disappearance of CF antibody after an interval of seven years. Not one serum obtained from 24 children with congenital ocular or neurologic disturbances or both, not due to toxoplasmosis, gave a positive CF test with the toxoplasmic antigen; however, among 20 of their mothers, there were four sera with titers of 1:2, 1:2, 1:8 and 1:16. Toxoplasmic CF antibody can persist for at least six years, and in some instances even longer, in individuals with clinically recognized as well as inapparent or clinically unrecognized infections. Since at least seven of the mothers, who gave birth to children with congenital toxoplasmosis, subsequently gave birth to normal children at a time when the CF antibody titers in some of them were still high (32, 32, 32, 16, 8, 4, 4), it is clear that this antibody can persist in individuals in whom the infection has been eradicated or suppressed sufficiently to prevent its congenital transmission.

scholarly journals The elected questions of condition of cellular factors of resistance during tick-borne mixed-infections

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
N. P. Pirogova ◽  
M. R. Karpova ◽  
V. V. Novitsky ◽  
A. P. Zima ◽  
O. V. Voronkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Mixed Infection ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Cellular Factors ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The authors of the article are trying to generalize the literary data that characterizing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production of peripheral blood immune cells during tick-borne neuroinfections: Lyme borreliosis, associated with tick- borne encephalitis. The immune response development to antigens of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi in pa- tients with a mixed-infection essentially differs from those during monoinfections.

scholarly journals Complex method of the prognosis of tick-born neuroinfections

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-2) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
A. V. Subbotin ◽  
V. A. Semyonov ◽  
I. Yu. Torshin ◽  
O. A. Gromova ◽  
Ye. V. Fyodorova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Important Risk Factor ◽  
Biochemical Data ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

Here, we propose a method of forecasting the development of the heavy forms of the tick-borne encephalitis using diagnostic tables. The method is based on evaluation of the patients with syndrome of endogenous intoxication using immunological and biochemical data along with evaluation of the clinical manifestations. We also propose an advanced form of the method that includes data based on the genotype of OAS1 — the gene, coding oligonucleotidesynthetase needed for immune response to RNA viruses. OAS1 genotype is an important risk factor since the differences in catalytic activity of OAS1 isoenzymes result in different susceptibility to the virus of the tick-borne encephalitis.

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