scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE TO EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Rockefeller Institute ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Small Increments ◽  
Young Mice

The experiments described in this paper were carried out with the Rockefeller Institute strain of albino mice and with the Eastern strain of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis. 1. The observation was confirmed that with increasing age of mice there occurred a decrease in susceptibility to intraperitoneal injection of active virus; also, the length of incubation period of those which succumbed increased with age. 2. The mice of various age groups which survived an intraperitoneal injection of active virus were indistinguishable in their antibody response. 3. Young mice, vaccinated with formalin-inactivated. virus when 2, 5, and 7 days old, gave an immune response to such a degree that they showed (a) measurable peritoneal immunity which increased with small increments of age, (b) no cerebral resistance, and (c) detectable amounts of neutralizing antibody in their sera which paralleled, though at a considerably lower level, their peritoneal resistance. 4. The peritoneal resistance induced as a result of vaccination was shown to be not local, but a general, systemic immunity, specific for the Eastern strain. Such a peritoneal resistance was demonstrable by the 4th day after beginning of vaccination of 10-days-old mice. 5. After intraperitoneal injection of active virus, large amounts of virus were recoverable from the blood of non-vaccinated young mice; none was found in the blood of vaccinated young mice; a minimal amount was detectable in the blood of non-vaccinated adult mice. 6. The bearing of age on the degree of immune response of which mice are capable and on their susceptibility to the virus has been discussed.

scholarly journals Development of Serum Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and Evidence of Immunity in Older Adults Convalescing from COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 942-942
Author(s):  
Rebecca Caffrey ◽  
James Wright ◽  
Nicole Waltrip ◽  
David Bostwick
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Range

Abstract The presence and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgM, and Neutralizing Antibody (NAbs) response was investigated in study cohort comprised of 58 volunteers who survived COVID-19 in a Virginia LTC facility. All subjects were confirmed positive by PCR nasal swab at least once and blood samples were drawn a minimum of 14 days post symptom onset or first positive COVID-19 test. The cohort was split between LTC residents (n=32, mean age 77.8 yrs, age range 48-97), and the LTC staff (n=26, mean age 41.3 yrs, range 23-61); the age difference between groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). Serum IgG measurement was quantitative over 5 orders of magnitude (0.6-1250µg/mL) and IgM was qualitative, measured with sandwich ELISA; NAbs were measured with surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT) competition ELISA (both Genscript). The convalescent older adult LTC patients were fully immuno-competent and showed no significant difference in IgG, IgM, or NAbs compared to the younger staff group. All older adults developed NAbs and were positive for either IgG, IgM, or both. All study participants were then grouped by age range and IgG, IgM, and NAbs compared between the following groups: ≤ 50 yrs old(n=20), 51-60(n=6), 61-70(n=8), 71-80(n=14), 81-90(n=6), and ≥91(n=4). There was no significant difference in immune response parameters between the age groups. Furthermore, repeat testing at 3 months on a subset of participants showed that NAbs, IgG and IgM persist. We conclude that development of competent immune response was age-independent, and that presence of NAbs in serum suggests older adults may develop true immunity.

scholarly journals ENDURING IMMUNITY FOLLOWING VACCINATION OF MICE WITH FORMALIN-INACTIVATED VIRUS OF RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER (FAR EASTERN, TICK-BORNE) ENCEPHALITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Immune State ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Circulating Antibody

A single course of two intraperitoneal injections of formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis induced in albino mice a solidly immune state which endured almost throughout life. Active virus is therefore not essential for the production of a high degree of lasting immunity. The immune response to vaccination consists of resistance to peripherally introduced active virus and development of circulating antibody. A correlation has been found to exist throughout the long period of the immune state between the titer of neutralizing antibody, as determined by the intraperitoneal method described, and the degree of immunity to peripherally introduced active virus. Thus laboratory tests for the immunizing power of a vaccine suggest themselves, to be carried out by an estimation in vaccinated mice of (a) immunity to peripherally inoculated active virus, and (b) serum virus-neutralizing antibody determined by the intraperitoneal method. The rôles as indicators of immunity in vaccinated mice of complement-fixing antibody in the serum, of the intracerebral challenge dose of virus, and of the intracerebral method for testing neutralizing antibody are discussed. Finally, if the immune response of man to vaccination with formalin-inactivated virus of Russian spring-summer encephalitis follows the pattern of the response of mice as here described, and if the correlation of neutralizing antibody with immunity to peripherally introduced virus applies to man as to mice, then possibly the degree of immunity in human beings following vaccination can be appraised by a peripheral test for neutralizing antibody in the serum.

scholarly journals A Mouse Model for Studying the Development of Apical Periodontitis with Age

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Elisheva Goldman ◽  
Eli Reich ◽  
Bar Roshihotzki ◽  
Maya Saketkhou ◽  
Sharon Wald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Young Mice

Older age is associated with reduced immune function. Our aim was to study how age affects the development of apical periodontitis (AP). AP was induced in two age groups of mice (young vs. adult). Histological samples were stained by Hematoxylin Eosin, Brown and Brenn, and Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase. In addition, the samples were scanned by Micro-Computerized-Tomography (micro-CT) to evaluate apical constriction and periapical lesion size. Cell density in the periapical region was computationally assessed. Moreover, lesion immune cell populations were characterized by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. The young group presented more canals with necrotic radicular pulp compared to the adults. There was no difference in bacteria location in the canals between the groups. Apical constriction size was larger in the young mice compared to the adults. The periapical cell density was higher in the young group, while the dominant immune cells in the lesions were neutrophils, which also exhibited the highest young/adult ratio. Immunofluorescence demonstrated neutrophils in the lesion. More osteoclasts were present in the lesions of the young mice, in correlation to the higher volume of bone resorption in this group. Overall, we conclude that the immune reaction to AP stimuli was attenuated in the adult mice compared to the young.

scholarly journals Age and Sport Intensity-Dependent Changes in Cytokines and Telomere Length in Elite Athletes

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Maha Sellami ◽  
Shamma Al-muraikhy ◽  
Hend Al-Jaber ◽  
Hadaia Al-Amri ◽  
Layla Al-Mansoori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Exercise-associated immune response plays a crucial role in the aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sport intensity on cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers and telomere length in aging elite athletes. Methods: In this study, 80 blood samples from consenting elite athletes were collected for anti-doping analysis at an anti-doping laboratory in Italy (FMSI). Participants were divided into three groups according to their sport intensity: low-intensity skills and power sports (LI, n = 18); moderate-intensity mixed soccer players (MI, n = 31); and high-intensity endurance sports (HI, n = 31). Participants were also divided into two age groups: less than 25 (n = 45) and above 25 years old (n = 35). Serum levels of 10 pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and two antioxidant enzymes were compared in age and sport intensity groups and telomere lengths were measured in their respective blood samples. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was the only cytokine showing significantly higher concentration in older athletes, regardless of sport intensity. Interleukin (IL)-10 increased significantly in HI regardless of age group, whereas IL-6 concentration was higher in the older HI athletes. IL-8 showed a significant interaction with sport intensity in different age groups. Overall, significant positive correlations among levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-α were identified. The antioxidant catalase activity was positively correlated with levels of TNF-α. Telomere length increased significantly with sport intensity, especially in the younger group. Conclusion: HI had longer telomeres and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting less aging in HI compared to low and moderate counterparts in association with heightened immune response. Investigation of the functional significance of these associations on the health and performance of elite athletes is warranted.

Impact of Revaccinating Children Who Initially Received Measles Vaccine Before 10 Months of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-476
Author(s):  
Harrison C. Stetler ◽  
Walter A. Orenstein ◽  
Roger H. Bernier ◽  
Kenneth L. Herrmann ◽  
Barry Sirotkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Cytopathic Effect ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Negative Study ◽  
Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Altered Immune Response

Two hundred fifty-four infants who had received measles vaccine at <10 months of age were revaccinated at ≥15 months of age, and their immune responses were compared with 129 control infants who received their first doses of measles vaccine at ≥15 months of age. Sera were collected at the time of revaccination (study infants) or primary vaccination (control infants), 3 weeks, and 8 months later and tested for antibody by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cytopathic effect neutralization (CPEN). Of the 121 study infants who were initially HI negative, 116 (95.9%) made HI antibody 3 weeks postrevaccination compared with 126 (99.2%) of 127 control infants (P = 0.19). Of the 63 study infants with no initial detectable antibody by any of the three tests, 14 (22.2%) had a measles-specific IgM response 3 weeks postrevaccination compared with 37 of 50 (74.0%) randomly chosen control infants. By 8 months after revaccination, the 121 initially HI-negative study infants were significantly less likely to have detectable HI antibodies than control infants (52.1% v 97.6%) (P < .001). However, 96.7% of these 121 study infants had detectable neutralizing antibody 8 months postrevaccination, an antibody thought to correlate best with protection. This study confirms the altered immune response to revaccination in infants first vaccinated prior to 10 months of age; however, the data suggest that most of these infants were successfully primed and are probably protected after revaccination.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Differences in Physiological Background Between Children and Adults and Their Clinical Consequences

2021 ◽  
pp. S209-S225
Author(s):  
L KAPUSTOVA ◽  
O PETROVICOVA ◽  
P BANOVCIN ◽  
M ANTOSOVA ◽  
A BOBCAKOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Physiological Background

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has indeed been one of the most significant problems facing the world in the last decade. It has affected (directly or indirectly) the entire population and all age groups. Children have accounted for 1.7 % to 2 % of the diagnosed cases of COVID-19. COVID-19 in children is usually associated with a mild course of the disease and a better survival rate than in adults. In this review, we investigate the different mechanisms which underlie this observation. Generally, we can say that the innate immune response of children is strong because they have a trained immunity, allowing the early control of infection at the site of entry. Suppressed adaptive immunity and a dysfunctional innate immune response is seen in adult patients with severe infections but not in children. This may relate to immunosenescence in the elderly. Another proposed factor is the different receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and their differences in expression between these age groups. In infants and toddlers, effective immune response to viral particles can be modulated by the pre-existing non-specific effect of live attenuated vaccines on innate immunity and vitamin D prophylaxis. However, all the proposed mechanisms require verification in larger cohorts of patients. Our knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 is still developing.

scholarly journals Quantitative serological evaluation as a valuable tool in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Ferrari ◽  
Alessandra Mangia ◽  
Maria Sestina Spanò ◽  
Lucia Zaffarano ◽  
Marco Viganò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
General Population ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Antibody Persistence ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Objectives After exceptional research efforts, several vaccines were developed against SARS-CoV-2 which sustains the pandemic COVID-19. The Comirnaty vaccine showed high efficacy in clinical trials and was the first to be approved for its distribution to the general population. We evaluated the immune response induced by the first vaccine dose in different sex/age groups and subjects with or without naturally present anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Methods As part of an Italian multicenter project (Covidiagnostix), serum samples from 4,290 health-professionals were serologically tested the day of the first vaccination dose, and 21 days later, using two different instrumentations (Siemens-Healthineers and Roche). Results In total, 97% of samples showed the presence of specific antibodies 21 days after the vaccination dose; the percentage of non-responders increased with age in both genders. Remarkably, naturally seropositive individuals showed antibody persistence up to 11 months and an exceptionally higher vaccination response compared to subjects never infected by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions This study highlighted the importance of the serological test i) to identify naturally SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals and ii) to evaluate the antibody level elicited by the first vaccination dose. Both tests, highlighted differences in the immune response, when subjects were stratified by sex and age, and between naturally seropositive and seronegative subjects. The data obtained show how serological tests could play a crucial role in the triage of the population subjected to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. The definition of suitable instrumentation-specific thresholds is needed to correctly follow eventually acquired post-vaccination immunity in the general population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Anti-HBs Antibody Immune Response against Hepatitis B virus in Vaccinated People in а North-eastern Bulgaria Region

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-578
Author(s):  
Denitsa T. Tsaneva-Damyanova ◽  
Liliya I. Ivanova ◽  
Silviya N. Pavlova ◽  
Svetlana B. Todorova ◽  
Tsvetelina K. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Mass Immunization

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most significant human pathogens responsible for a huge number of acute and chronic liver infectious diseases worldwide. Aim: To find the duration of post-vaccination immune response in individuals allocated to five age groups from 6 months to 20 years. Materials and methods: All tested subjects were born between 1999 and 2018 and therefore covered by the compulsory vaccination program against hepatitis B. For the serological marker anti-HBs Ab we investigated 449 serum samples taken from ambulatory people and patients of St Marina University Hospital in Varna. Results: A positive antibody response (anti-HBs Ab > 10 mIU/ml) was reported in 79.7% (n = 51) of the group of subjects up to one year old, in 70.0% (n = 196) of the subjects in the age range 1 year/1 month to 15 years, and in 39.3% (n = 33) of the subjects 15 years/1 month to 20 years old. Female sex had a better post-vaccination response than male sex with statistically significant relationship between sex and anti-HBs Ab titer (&chi;2 = 24.76, p <0.01). Conclusions: Regardless of the mass immunization against HBV in Bulgaria, the relative share of chronic HBV infections does not show a downward trend. Therefore, it is very important to study the duration of the post-vaccination immune response by demonstrating the anti-HBs antibodies and to apply a booster dose from the vaccine if needed.

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