scholarly journals THE ESCAPE OF HEMOGLOBIN FROM THE RED CELL DURING HEMOLYSIS

1935 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ponder ◽  
Douglas Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Permeable Membrane ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Human Red Cells

By means of measurements from cinematograph films of the time taken for human red cells to lose hemoglobin while hemolyzing, it is shown that small concentrations of saponin bring about a relatively small permeability of the cell membrane to the pigment, whereas large concentrations so destroy the membrane that the theoretical time for loss of pigment through a completely permeable membrane (0.16 second) is very nearly attained. These results are in agreement with those obtained from electrical measurements, and the dependence of permeability on lysin concentration can be explained on the basis of what is known about the rate of transformation of lysin as it reacts with the cell envelope. When cells are hemolyzed by hypotonic solutions, on the other hand, the permeability of the membrane to pigment is nearly constant, irrespective of the tonicity used to bring about lysis.

scholarly journals THE SPECIFIC HEAT AND THE HEAT OF COMPRESSION OF HUMAN RED CELLS, SICKLED RED CELLS, AND PARACRYSTALLINE RAT RED CELLS

1955 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Ponder
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Human Red Cells

The investigation of two thermal properties of red cells throws some light on whether sickling is a process involving the crystallization of a relatively insoluble hemoglobin. These properties are the specific heat and the heat of compression, both of which would be expected to become numerically less if the hemoglobin of the red cell were to crystallize. In the case of paracrystalline rat red cells, which give spacings at 45 A and 58 A by x-ray diffraction, the specific heat is reduced to 85 per cent of that of the normal red cells, and the heat of compression is only about 75 per cent of that found for the normal red cell. In the case of the red cell sickled by a reduction of the O2 tension, the specific heat and the heat of compression are substantially the same as found for the normal red cell. This is an argument against sickling being the result of a crystallization process, and supports the observation that sickled cells do not give x-ray spacings. The result is compatible, on the other hand, with sickling being the result of the formation of an oriented and birefringent gel.

Acetylcholinesterase in Human Erythroid Cells

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-923
Author(s):  
R. J. SKAER
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Erythroid Cells ◽  
Cell Replacement ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Human Red Cells

Acetylcholinesterase is present in human red cells but cannot be demonstrated by the copper thiocholine test. The enzyme is revealed, however, in the perinuclear cisterna, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of red cell precursors. It is suggested that 2 forms of the enzyme are present, one of which can be demonstrated by the copper thiocholine test, the other cannot; one form may be the precursor of the other. These observations may cast light on the kinetics of red cell replacement and on the interpretation of the results from the copper thiocholine test on other tissues such as the nervous system.

scholarly journals Immunologic Features of Erythrocyte Sensitization

Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN H. VAUGHAN ◽  
MARION V. WALLER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Group ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cell Coating

Abstract It has been shown that red cells sensitized with anti-Rh antibody are agglutinated by anti-γ-globulin sera, regardless of the "order" of Rh antibody activity. Red cells sensitized with anti-Lewis antibody, on the other hand, are agglutinated by anti-sera to non-γ-globulin substances. Of six other blood group antibodies studied, five provided γ-globulin red cell coating materials and one, an anti-Kidd, a non-γ-globulin material. The participation of complement, or complement-like, substances was shown in some instances. Various pitfalls in the technics employed in absorbing Coombs sera so as to render them immunochemically specific are discussed.

scholarly journals The State of Water in Human and Dog Red Cell Membranes

1970 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Vieira ◽  
R. I. Sha'afi ◽  
A. K. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Apparent Activation Energy ◽  
Water Diffusion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Human Red Cells

The apparent activation energy for the water diffusion permeability coefficient, Pd, across the red cell membrane has been found to be 4.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mole in the dog and 6.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mole in the human being over the temperature range, 7° to 37°C. The apparent activation energy for the hydraulic conductivity, Lp, in dog red cells has been found to be 3.7 ± 0.4 kcal/mole and in human red cells, 3.3 ± 0.4 kcal/mole over the same temperature range. The product of Lp and the bulk viscosity of water, η, was independent of temperature for both dog and man which indicates that the geometry of the red cell membrane is not temperature-sensitive over our experimental temperature range in either species. In the case of the dog, the apparent activation energy for diffusion is the same as that for self-diffusion of water, 4.6–4.8 kcal/mole, which indicates that the process of water diffusion across the dog red cell membrane is the same as that in free solution. The slightly, but significantly, higher activation energy for water diffusion in human red cells is consonant with water-membrane interaction in the narrower equivalent pores characteristic of these cells. The observation that the apparent activation energy for hydraulic conductivity is less than that for water diffusion across the red cell membrane is characteristic of viscous flow and suggests that the flow of water across the membranes of these red cells under an osmotic pressure gradient is a viscous process.

Cyclic Loading on the Red Cell Membrane in a Shear Flow: A Possible Cause of Hemolysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Niimi ◽  
M. Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Human Red Cells

The fluid force acting on single human red cells in a high shear flow was analyzed. A two-dimensional elliptical microcapsule as a model of the deformed red cells was adopted to numerically calculate the distributions of the shear forces on both sides of the cell membrane. It is theoretically shown that the cell membrane undergoes an unsteady cyclic loading under the rotational motion around the interior. The mechanism leading to blood cell trauma is examined by repeatedly loading the continuously moving cell membrane.

scholarly journals Red Cell Membrane Permeability Deduced from Bulk Diffusion Coefficients

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Redwood ◽  
E. Rall ◽  
W. Perl
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Bulk Diffusion ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Cell Column ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
One Dimensional

The permeability coefficients of dog red cell membrane to tritiated water and to a series of[14C]amides have been deduced from bulk diffusion measurements through a "tissue" composed of packed red cells. Red cells were packed by centrifugation inside polyethylene tubing. The red cell column was pulsed at one end with radiolabeled solute and diffusion was allowed to proceed for several hours. The distribution of radioactivity along the red cell column was measured by sequential slicing and counting, and the diffusion coefficient was determined by a simple plotting technique, assuming a one-dimensional diffusional model. In order to derive the red cell membrane permeability coefficient from the bulk diffusion coefficient, the red cells were assumed to be packed in a regular manner approximating closely spaced parallelopipeds. The local steady-state diffusional flux was idealized as a one-dimensional intracellular pathway in parallel with a one-dimensional extracellular pathway with solute exchange occurring within the series pathway and between the pathways. The diffusion coefficients in the intracellular and extracellular pathways were estimated from bulk diffusion measurements through concentrated hemoglobin solutions and plasma, respectively; while the volume of the extracellular pathway was determined using radiolabeled sucrose. The membrane permeability coefficients were in satisfactory agreement with the data of Sha'afi, R. I., C. M. Gary-Bobo, and A. K. Solomon (1971. J. Gen. Physiol. 58:238) obtained by a rapid-reaction technique. The method is simple and particularly well suited for rapidly permeating solutes.

scholarly journals Kinetics and stoichiometry of Na-dependent Li transport in human red blood cells.

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Sarkadi ◽  
J K Alifimoff ◽  
R B Gunn ◽  
D C Tosteson
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Na Efflux ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Human Red Cells

This paper describes the kinetics and stoichiometry of a tightly coupled Na-Li exchange transport system in human red cells. The system is inhibited by phloretin and furosemide but not by ouabain. Li influx by this system increases and saturates with increasing concentrations of external Li and internal Na and is inhibited competitively by external Na. Comparable functions relate Li efflux and Na efflux to internal and external Li and Na concentrations. Analysis of these relations yields the following values for the ion concentrations required to half-maximally activate the transport system: internal Na and Li 9.0 and 0.5 mM, respectively, external Na and Li 25 and 1.5 mM, respectively. The system performs a 1:1 exchange of Na and Li moving in opposite directions across the red cell membrane. We found no evidence for a simultaneous transport of more than one Na and Li by the system. The maximum transport rate of Na-dependent Li transport varied between 0.1 and 0.37 mmol/(liter of cells X h) in the red cells of the five normal male subjects studied. No significant variations between individual subjects were observed for bicarbonate-stimulated Li transport and for the residual Li fluxes which occur in the absence of bicarbonate and in the presence of ouabain plus phloretin.

scholarly journals Genetic variants of human red-cell membrane sialoglycoprotein β. Study of the alterations occurring in the sialoglycoprotein-β gene

1988 ◽  
Vol 250 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Tanner ◽  
S High ◽  
P G Martin ◽  
D J Anstee ◽  
P A Judson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Southern Blotting ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Initiation Of Translation ◽  
Beta Gene ◽  
Human Red Cell Membrane

We have studied the DNA of individuals who express an altered sialoglycoprotein beta on their red cells by using Southern blotting with sialoglycoprotein-beta cDNA probes. Individuals of the Leach phenotype do not express any beta (sialoglycoprotein beta) or gamma (sialoglycoprotein gamma) on their red cells, and we show that about 7 kb of DNA, including the 3′ end of the beta gene, is deleted in this DNA. Any protein product of this gene is likely to lack the membrane-associating domain of beta. We have also examined the DNA of two types of other individuals (Yus-type and Gerbich-type) who have red cells that lack beta and gamma, but contain abnormal sialoglycoproteins related to beta. These two types of DNA contain different internal deletions of about 6 kb in the beta gene. We suggest that these deletions result from the presence of two different sets of internal homology in the beta gene, and on this basis we propose structures for the abnormal Yus-type and Gerbich-type sialoglycoproteins which are consistent with the other evidence that is available. We provide evidence that beta and gamma are products of the same gene and suggest a possible mechanism for the origin of gamma based on leaky initiation of translation of beta mRNA.

Biological Activity of a Semisynthetic Flavonoid, O-(β-Hydroxyethyl)rutoside: Light-Scattering and Metabolic Studies of Human Red Cells and Platelets

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J W ten Cate ◽  
N J van Haeringen ◽  
J Gerritsen ◽  
E Glasius
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Cell Aggregation ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Platelet Functions ◽  
Human Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell Aggregation

Abstract The effect of O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) on human erythrocyte and platelet functions is reported. Only high concentrations of the compound distinctly inhibited red cell and platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine. Lower concentrations of HR inhibit [14C8]adenosine incorporation into red cells as well as into platelets. Inhibition occurs at both 0°C and 37°C, presumably because diffusion of [14C8]adenosine is hindered. Phosphorylation of [14C8] adenosine by the platelets is not inhibited by HR. The inhibition of red cell aggregation is reversed by washing the cells with plasma. Collectively, these findings indicate an effect of the compound at the site of the membrane, independent of cellular metabolism

The effect of changing interfacial tension on the shape of the red cell

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Shrivastav ◽  
A. C. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Osmotic Swelling ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Area Increase

Previous biophysical research on the equilibrium of the red cell membrane in the normal biconcave, and the other shapes assumed in osmotic swelling, has led to a relation for the dimple region, between the tension in the membrane, its curvature, and an internal pressure. The relation is tested on a new shape produced by adding 0.004% by volume of Tween 80. The opposite membranes near the axis of revolution of the cell become parallel over a disc of diameter 2.6 μ, at a distance of 0.77 μ apart (30% less than the nearest distance in normal cells). The 'dimple' region becomes more like a 'moon crater'. The volume of the cell is not significantly altered, but the surface area increases by about 14%. The shape is consistent with a decrease in interfacial tension of the membrane, and the area increase is similar to that found by Seeman for agents which enter into the membrane. The hypothesis of internal structure across the central part of the cell, indicated by previous studies of birefringence, is supported by the observations on this new shape.

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