Arduino-based automated system for determining water flow consumption in open flow

Abstract The article provides an overview of modern methods and devices for measuring water flow in open channels and natural watercourses, reflects the shortcomings and errors in their application. Considered the possibility of using the Arduino element base for creating an automated system for metering water consumption in an open stream and sending data via a Bluetooth module. Has been investigated the eventuality of using the pipe sensor YF-S201 for measuring the flow rate of liquid, in conjunction with the ultrasonic sensor of distance HC-SR04 for determining the level of water in the flow. The results of the experiment carried out on the basis of the laboratory stand “Hydraulic structures” in KSTU are presented. There were performed processing of the measurement results on the basis of the Arduino UNO board and a laptop, as well as remote data transmission and their visualization on a smartphone. The absolute and relative errors of the proposed system have been calculated.

Download Full-text

Using a Multiport Pitot Tube in Circulating Water Flow Measurements

ASME 2007 Power Conference ◽

10.1115/power2007-22125 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Luis R. Figueroa Ibarra ◽

J. Hugo Rodri´guez Marti´nez ◽

Marcelino Santaba´rbara Botello

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Cooling System ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Pitot Tube ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

Circulating Water ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Made In

This paper details the design of a Pitot tube used for water flow rate measurements in large pipes. The paper describes first the nowadays commonly used device (simplex pitot), based on standard CTI Code ATC-105 from Cooling Tower Institute [1]. The disadvantages of the simplex pitot are pointed out, and the detailed description of the proposed device (multiport pitot) is explained. The Multiport Pitot, which design is also based on norm ATC-105, is able to perform real-time measurements. The paper also includes the results obtained from the water flow rate measurements made in the cooling system of a thermal power plant in Mexico. These measurement results were compared to simulation results obtained with a computational commercial simulation tool.

Download Full-text

THE DYNAMIC FREQUENCIES AND SHAPES OF VIBRATIONS RESEARCH OF THE DAM OF THE CHIRKEYSKAYA HPP

Prirodoobustrojstvo ◽

10.26897/1997-6011-2021-4-75-84 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 75-84

Author(s):

A. M. BAKSHTANIN ◽

◽

M. A. SHIRYAEVA

Keyword(s):

Spatial Frequency ◽

Dynamic Test ◽

Reference Points ◽

Automated System ◽

Statistical Characteristics ◽

Hydraulic Structures ◽

Distribution Diagram ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Processing Of Measurement Results

The purpose of the research is to monitor the amplitude-frequency characteristics on the example of the Chirkeyskaya HPP dam for further assessment of the state of hydraulic structures and hydroelectric units of the HPP, as well as to develop an automated system for seismometric control of hydraulic structures of the Chirkeyskaya HPP. The article presents the results of modeling and calculations of dynamic test data of the Chirkeyskaya HPP dam using the primary processing of measurement results to identify the quality of information processing by existing methods. The paper presents the results of measurements to create a mathematical model of the dam of the Chirkeyskaya HPP. Methods were used based on the study of the statistical characteristics of vibrations arising under the infl uence of the dynamic effects of equipment and the external environment for the experimental determination of the frequencies and modes of natural vibrations of the hydraulic structures of the Chirkeyskaya HPP. Spatial-frequency diagrams of the vibration intensity distribution in the radial direction were constructed, an algorithm was implemented to use data for both reference points when identifying natural frequencies and dam shapes, a spatial-frequency distribution diagram was constructed, averaged over two reference points, smoothed interpolated along the dam with a uniform step the conversion factor at the ridge level.

Download Full-text

PENGARUH TEKANAN PISTON PADA PENGATURAN KATUP SOLENOID PROPORSIONAL DUA ARAH TERHADAP LAJU ALIRAN AIR PADA SISTEM KALIBRASI PISTON PROVER OT-400

Jurnal Teknosains ◽

10.22146/teknosains.5989 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jalu Ahmad Prakosa

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Solenoid Valve ◽

Linear Type ◽

Measuring Point ◽

Voltage Variation ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Point Versus ◽

Opening And Closing

In order to use piston prover OT-400 calibrator more effective is to know the relationship between pressure piston and water flow rate. Water flow rate measurement by using piston pressure variation and setting of proportional directional solenoid valve has been done on piston prover OT-400 calibration sytems. Selection variation of piston pressure condition has been done at four measuring points there are 20 PSI, 42.5 PSI, 62.5 PSI and 80 PSI. Giving of voltage variation for ascending and declining to the solenoid is to set the opening and closing its valve. From the measurement results obtained that the water flow rate is proportional to the piston pressure used. Graph of water flow rate (Q) with unit of liters / minute versus the piston pressure (P) with unit of PSI within the setting ofproportional directional solenoid valve on the piston prover OT-400 calibrator has linear type that is Q = 0.002. P + 0.151 with R2=0,998. While the graph of the average uncertainty value of the measuring point versus pressure piston is not a linear form with the smallest value of 2.31% on the use of piston pressure of 80 PSI

Download Full-text

Radon removal by aeration: observations on testing, installation and maintenance of domestic treatment units

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2009.449 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 469-475

Author(s):

T. Turtiainen

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Flow ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Test Protocol ◽

Household Water ◽

Medium Flow ◽

Removal Efficiencies ◽

Frequent Sampling

Radon is one of the contaminants that sometimes impair the water quality of wells, especially those drilled in bedrock. Domestic radon removal units based on aeration have been commercially available for more than ten years. In order to determine how effectively these units remove radon a new test protocol applying frequent sampling while letting 100 litres of water flow, was developed. This way, removal efficiencies can be more accurately calculated and possible malfunctions detected. Seven models of domestic aerators designed for removing radon from household water were tested. The aerators were based on diffused bubble aeration, spray aeration or jet aeration. The average removal efficiencies for 100 litres with a medium flow rate were 86–100% except for a unit that circulated the aerated water back to the well that had removal efficiency of 80% at the maximum. By conducting a questionnaire study usual problems related to the aeration units were localized and recommendations on maintenance and installation are given accordingly.

Download Full-text

Effect of Water Flow on Underwater Wet Welded A36 Steel

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11050682 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 682

Author(s):

Eko Surojo ◽

Aziz Harya Gumilang ◽

Triyono Triyono ◽

Aditya Rio Prabowo ◽

Eko Prasetya Budiana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Shielded Metal Arc Welding ◽

Effect Of Water ◽

Bending Effect ◽

Metal Arc Welding ◽

A36 Steel

Underwater wet welding (UWW) combined with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method has proven to be an effective way of permanently joining metals that can be performed in water. This research was conducted to determine the effect of water flow rate on the physical and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, toughness, and bending effect) of underwater welded bead on A36 steel plate. The control variables used were a welding speed of 4 mm/s, a current of 120 A, electrode E7018 with a diameter of 4 mm, and freshwater. The results show that variations in water flow affected defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of underwater welds. These defects include spatter, porosity, and undercut, which occur in all underwater welding results. The presence of flow and an increased flow rate causes differences in the microstructure, increased porosity on the weld metal, and undercut on the UWW specimen. An increase in water flow rate causes the acicular ferrite microstructure to appear greater, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will form finer grains. The best mechanical properties are achieved by welding with the highest flow rate, with a tensile strength of 534.1 MPa, 3.6% elongation, a Vickers microhardness in the HAZ area of 424 HV, and an impact strength of 1.47 J/mm2.

Download Full-text

Geometrical Optimization of a Venturi-Type Microbubble Generator Using CFD Simulation and Experimental Measurements

Designs ◽

10.3390/designs5010004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Dillon Alexander Wilson ◽

Kul Pun ◽

Poo Balan Ganesan ◽

Faik Hamad

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Air Flow ◽

Bubble Diameter ◽

Diameter Ratio ◽

Experimental Measurements ◽

Cfd Model ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Throat Diameter

Microbubble generators are of considerable importance to a range of scientific fields from use in aquaculture and engineering to medical applications. This is due to the fact the amount of sea life in the water is proportional to the amount of oxygen in it. In this paper, experimental measurements and computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation are performed for three water flow rates and three with three different air flow rates. The experimental data presented in the paper are used to validate the CFD model. Then, the CFD model is used to study the effect of diverging angle and throat length/throat diameter ratio on the size of the microbubble produced by the Venturi-type microbubble generator. The experimental results showed that increasing water flow rate and reducing the air flow rate produces smaller microbubbles. The prediction from the CFD results indicated that throat length/throat diameter ratio and diffuser divergent angle have a small effect on bubble diameter distribution and average bubble diameter for the range of the throat water velocities used in this study.

Download Full-text

Experimental Characterization of a Modified Airlift Pump

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering Systems and Technologies ◽

10.1115/imece2014-39899 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Afshin Goharzadeh ◽

Keegan Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

High Speed ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

High Speed Photography ◽

Two Phase ◽

Inner Diameter ◽

Airlift Pump ◽

Flow Map ◽

Churn Flow

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a modified airlift pump. Experiments were undertaken as a function of air-water flow rate for two submergence ratios (ε=0.58 and 0.74), and two different riser geometries (i) straight pipe with a constant inner diameter of 19 mm and (ii) enlarged pipe with a sudden expanded diameter of 19 to 32 mm. These transparent vertical pipes, of 1 m length, were submerged in a transparent rectangular tank (0.45×0.45×1.1 m3). The compressed air was injected into the vertical pipe to lift the water from the reservoir. The flow map regime is established for both configurations and compared with previous studies. The two phase air-water flow structure at the expansion region is experimentally characterized. Pipeline geometry is found to have a significant influence on the output water flow rate. Using high speed photography and electrical conductivity probes, new flow regimes, such as “slug to churn” and “annular to churn” flow, are observed and their influence on the output water flow rate and efficiency are discussed. These experimental results provide fundamental insights into the physics of modified airlift pump.

Download Full-text