scholarly journals A striking growth of CO2 emissions from global cement industry driven by new facilities in emerging countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuihong Chen ◽  
Ruochong Xu ◽  
Dan Tong ◽  
Xinying Qin ◽  
Jing Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
New Facilities

Abstract Global industrialization and urbanization processes enabled a diverse cement production boom over the past three decades, as cement is the most important building construction material. Consequently, the cement industry is the second-largest industrial CO2 emitter (~25% of global industrial CO2 emissions) globally. In this study, the Global Cement Emission Database, which encompasses anthropogenic CO2 emissions of individual production units worldwide for 1990-2019, was developed. A recently developed unit-level China Cement Emission Database is then applied to override China’s data and the combination of two database is used to reveal the unit characteristics of CO2 emissions and ages for global cement plants, assess large disparities in national and regional CO2 emissions, growth rates and developmental stages from 1990-2019, and identify key emerging countries of carbon emissions and commitment. This study finds that globally, CO2 emissions from the cement industry have increased from 0.86 Gt in 1990 to 2.46 Gt in 2019 (increasing by 186%). More importantly, the large CO2 emissions and the striking growth rates from those emerging countries, including most of developing countries in Asia and the Middle East and Africa, are clearly identified. For example, the Middle East and Africa, including mostly developing or underdeveloped countries, only represented 0.07 Gt CO2 in 1990 (8.4% of the total), in contrast to 0.26 Gt (10.4% of the total) CO2 in 2019, which is a 4.5% average growth rate during 1990-2019. Further, the intensive expansion of large and new facilities since 2005 in Asia and the Middle East and Africa has resulted in heavy commitment (90.1% of global commitment in 2019), and mitigation threats in the future considering their increasing emissions (national annual growth rate can be up to >80%) and growing infrastructure construction (~50% of clinker capacity operating ≤10 years). Our results highlight the cement industry’s development and young infrastructure in emerging economies; thus, future increasing cement demand and corresponding carbon commitment would pose great challenges to future decarbonization and climate change mitigation.

Managing Telecommunications for Development: An Analysis of Intellectual Capital in Nigerian Telecommunication Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650010
Author(s):  
Olunifesi Adekunle Suraj
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
National Development ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Telecommunication Companies

The study examines the role of intellectual capital (IC) management in explaining the mismatch between performances of the Nigerian telecommunications industry’s annual growth rate (16.3%) and that of the nation’s economic average growth rate (4.3%) over the last two decades (1986–2010). Through a previously published research instrument, data were collected from 320 managers from 29 telecommunication companies using stratified random sampling technique. The major findings of the study as highlighted by the regression analysis (Partial Least Square techniques) of the data, revealed that the sampled telecommunication companies lack the organisational know-how and communication aptitude to leverage their embedded organisational knowledge (Structural capital) into business performance ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) notwithstanding their knowledge creation and retention strategies. Hence, Knowledge utilisation rather than knowledge creation appears the main challenge of the industry which has made it perform below expectation despite the industry’s tremendous infrastructural investment. The study thereby recommends that policy makers and telecommunication managers should begin to analyse the economic impact and contribution of IC in the sector as a means of boosting the sector’s corporate business performance in the overall aim of accelerating the nation’s economic development. Moreover, as a way of addressing this obvious managerial inadequacy, the study recommends the position of Chief Knowledge Officer to be saddled with responsibility of effectively leveraging knowledge generated in the industry for optimum organisational performance and national development.

Early Growth and Milk-Composition in Southern Elephant Seals (Mirounga-Leonina)

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hindell ◽  
MM Bryden ◽  
HR Burton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Southern Elephant Seals

Growth rates and changes in body composition of pups were monitored during the 3-week lactation period of southern elephant seals at Macquarie Island. Despite a slight decrease in weight in the first days post-partum, pups attained a mass of 114+/-16.6 kg (mean+/-s.d.) at weaning, representing an average growth rate of 3.53+/-0.80 kg day-1 over the entire lactation period. The proportion of body mass represented by fat was less than 3% at birth, increasing to 40.8+/-12.7% at weaning. Lean tissue mass altered little for most of the lactation period, but did show an increase in the last four days. The fat content of the milk reflected these changes, starting at 16.1+/-6.98% on Day 1 of lactation and increasing to 39.5+/-15.2% about the time of weaning. Fat content of the milk was, however, highly variable and at weaning ranged from 7% to 55%. Although the growth rate of the pup was correlated with mass lost by its mother during lactation, there was no relationship between maternal mass and weaning weight of pups. It is suggested that growth rates may be related to maternal condition and not simply mass, and, further, that differences in growth rates between populations of southern elephant seals are related to maternal energy reserves.

The roughage requirement of early weaned calves

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (60) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kellaway ◽  
T Grant ◽  
JW Chudleigh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Average Growth

Eighty-four calves were weaned at five weeks of age on to barley-based pellets containing 0, 15 or 30 per cent oat pollards. An additional treatment was to provide access or no access to long straw. Growth rates from six to ten weeks were 0.75 and 0.50 kg day-1 for calves with and without access to long straw, respectively (P < 0.001 ). As the content of oat pollards in the pellets increased, pellet intake increased so that growth rates were maintained when calves had access to long straw, and increased when long straw was not available. However, the highest growth rate of calves without long straw was still 0.14 kg day-1 lower than the lowest average growth rates of calves with access to long straw. These results are discussed in relation to the buffering capacity of the rumen in young calves.

scholarly journals Assessing the lockdown effect from excess mortalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexej Weber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackground and AimsThe reported case numbers of COVID-19 are often used to estimate the reproduction number or the growth rate. We use the excess mortality instead, showing the difference between most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (mrNPIs) and less restrictive NPIs (lrNPIs) with respect to the growth rate and death counts.MethodsWe estimate the COVID-19 growth rate for Sweden, South Korea, Italy and Germany from the excess mortality. We use the average growth rate obtained for Sweden and South Korea, two countries with lrNPIs, to estimate additional death numbers in Germany and Italy (two countries with mrNPIs) in a hypothetic lrNPIs scenario.ResultsThe growth rate estimated from excess mortality decreased faster for Germany and Italy than for Sweden and South Korea, suggesting that the mrNPIs have a non-negligible effect. This is not visible when the growth rate is calculated using the reported case numbers of COVID-19. This results in approximately 4 500 and 12 000 more death numbers for Germany and Italy, respectively.ConclusionThe reproduction numbers or growth rates obtained from reported COVID-19 cases are most likely biased. Expanding testing capacity led to an overestimation of the growth rate across all countries analyzed, masking the true decrease already visible in the excess mortality. Using our method, a more realistic estimate of the growth rate is obtained. Conclusions made for the reproduction number derived from the reported case numbers like the insignificance of most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) might be wrong and have to be reevaluated using the growth rates obtained with our method.

scholarly journals Phenology and growth indicators of honey trees and bushes in Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 02050
Author(s):  
J. M. Jumayev ◽  
M. Z. Kholmurodov ◽  
K. A. Khalilova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Lycium Barbarum ◽  
Sophora Japonica ◽  
Symphoricarpos Albus ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Growth Indicators

This article presents the results of research on the study of some bioecological properties of honey-producing trees and shrubs. The flowering period of the main trees and shrubs is March-June and allows to obtain a high amount of honey. During the summer months, Lycium barbarum, Symphoricarpos albus, Sophora japonica species continue to bloom until autumn. According to the data, the growth rates of all trees and shrubs were at the level of demand. In particular, when growing linden trees in the spring, their height increased from 190.5 cm to 230.5 cm in autumn. That was, it grew by 40 cm during one vegetation. The Ligustrum bush had the highest growth rate, with seedlings planted in spring averaging 90 cm in height and 155.8 cm in autumn, with an annual growth rate of 65.8 cm. These indicators depicted that the conditions in the experimental fields were suitable for the growth of trees and shrubs.

scholarly journals Growth of Output and Productivity in Pakistan’s Agriculture: Trends, Sources, and Policy Implications

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry ◽  
Muhammad Ali Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

The paper aims to review the growth performance of Pakistan’s agriculture from 1950 to 1995. The long-term growth rate of agriculture, although respectable, has exhibited considerable yearly fluctuations even between decades. The period of the fifties and early seventies lacked any growth. Accelerating and high growth rates marked the decade of the sixties but the performance has not been satisfactory since 1979-80 and average growth rates have barely exceeded the population growth rate, with widespread implications for growth of national economy, food security, and social welfare of the masses. Area, modern inputs, and technology have been the major determinants of growth but prices were equally important because of their incentive and disincentive effects. The agriculture price policies adopted during the 1980s are known to have had a negative effect on the development and use of technology in agriculture. In order to boost agricultural productivity, a change in price policy is needed to ensure incentive prices. This could be done by setting agricultural commodity prices at par with corresponding import and export parity prices. A higher investment in research and development can hardly be overemphasised. There is an urgent need to remove the bottlenecks in agricultural input markets since these markets represent the typical monopoly position. To break up the monopoly of registered dealers and to promote competition, free sales in the open market by interested parties and individuals may be allowed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Trends, Growth and Instability in Rice Production in Andhra Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
G. P. Sunandini ◽  
K. Solmon Raju Paul ◽  
Shakuntala Devi Irugu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Past

The study has been taken up with the objective of investigating the trends, pattern of growth and the extent of instability in area, production and productivity of rice crop in Andhra Pradesh state over a period of five and half decades from 1959-60 to 2013-14. Compound Growth Rate and Coefficient of Variation were used to calculate the annual growth rate and instability. The area, production and productivity of rice in this period has increased by 25, 201 and 138 per cent respectively. In this period, the districts were categorised and grouped under different groups based on average productivity of rice. During the study period many of the districts moved from very low productivity to high productivity group. During 1960s, 17 districts are under very low productivity group (<1500 kg/ha) and in 2010s 13 districts are under high productivity group (>3000 kg/ha). During the period 2014-19 in the divided Andhra Pradesh contribution of different productivity groups to the states paddy production was calculated and concluded that 3 districts under high productivity group (>6000kg/ha) contributed 52 per cent of the production. During 2010s annual growth rates for area, production and productivity are 4.08, 4.02 and 1.21 respectively. In all the periods in the past five and half decades, production and productivity growth rates are higher than growth rate in area except in 2010s. Instability was higher in production and area than in productivity.  The annual growth rate and the instability of production and area are higher in 2010s. Suitable crop planning is to be initiated, adoption of sustainable management practices are to be intensified to maintain the growth rate and reduce the instability in area and production.

scholarly journals Self-reliance Policy in Edible Oil and the Social Profitability of Pakistan's Oilseed Crops

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 819-835
Author(s):  
Amir Mahmood ◽  
M. Ghaffar Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Unintended Outcome

Like many other South Asian countries the advent of the green revolution has led to increased productivity of many cash and food crops in Pakistan and a noticeable movement towards food-sufficiency, especially in case of wheat. One unintended outcome of these achievements has been the neglect of the oilseed and edible oil sector at all levels of research and government. With a widening in the edible oil deficit, Pakistan has become increasingly dependent on imported edible oils. At an annual average growth rate of9.6 percent, Pakistan's edible oil imports have risen from 466.94 million kg. in 1980-81 to 1045.95 million kg. in 1991-92. By contrast the import costs during this period have risen from Rs 2.62 billion to Rs 10.2 billion showing an annual growth rate of nearly 13 percent. This unhappy state of affairs has been the result of not only of the rapidly accelerating pace of edible oil demand but also of deceleration in the growth rate of domestic production [Government of Pakistan (1992)].

Pasture and the theory of diversification

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Lewis ◽  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
B. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
High Rainfall

Diversifying farm activities can reduce the business risk of agricultural production. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diversifying the types of dairy pastures sown on (1) the average seasonal growth rate (kg DM/ha/day) of pasture and (2) the variability of seasonal growth rate of pasture over time by diversifying the types of pastures grown on a dairy farm. This approach is similar to the approach used to assess the diversification of annual cropping activities, although repeated harvest of pasture by grazing animals and the seasonality of pasture DM production complicates the question. The question investigated was ‘How does substituting chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) monocultures for a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture in increasing proportions affect (1) the average growth rate (kg DM/ha.day) of pasture and (2) the variability of growth rate of pasture in each season?’. The biophysical model DairyMod was used to simulate 30 years growth of a mixed sward of perennial ryegrass and white clover and monocultures of chicory and tall fescue for two rain-fed locations in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia. Including chicory in the pasture base had the potential to increase pasture growth rate during the summer–early autumn period compared with growing perennial ryegrass–white clover alone. This increase in pasture growth rate increased variability, and reduced growth rates in late autumn–winter and spring. The simulated growth rates of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were strongly correlated in all seasons; hence, tall fescue did not reduce the variability of total DM. Further analysis would include price correlations and variability and consider the whole-farm implications. The analysis presented here for the high-rainfall zone showed that introducing alternative forages may have benefits in terms of increasing pasture growth rates at critical times of the production year, but the variability of the growth rate was not reduced.

Trends and determinants of IT-BPM exports in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzoor Hassan Malik ◽  
Nirmala Velan
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Export Revenue

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of trends of Indian information technology and business processing management (IT-BPM) sector and to analyse the determinants of IT-BPM sector during the period 1991-2014. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on annual data collected from National Association of Software and Service Companies and Department of Electronic and Information Technology for the period 1991 to 2014. The methodology adopted for studying the objectives are simple averages, percentages, ratios, growth rates, graphs prepared on the basis of data from the IT-BPM sector and regression analysis. Trends and patterns in key variables, such as total revenue, domestic revenue, export revenue, employment and exports of the IT-BPM sector have been examined. Factors influencing IT-BPM export growth have been analysed using ordinary least square multiple regression model, with growth rates of gross domestic product (GDP), labour productivity, exchange rate and previous year’s export, as the explanatory variables. Findings The export revenue from IT-BPM sector increased continuously over the years, at an average growth rate of 36.60 per cent during the period 1991 to 2014. Similarly, domestic revenue of IT-BPM sector also increased, but at a lower growth rate. This is because domestic market in India is captured by multinational giants against Indian firms, which do not possess full comparative advantage in the case of IT-BPM sector. Indian firms are producing low skill activities required for production, mainly concentrated only in the export sector. Direct employment, excluding hardware from IT-BPM sector, has grown at an average rate of 18.08 per cent over the study period. The determinants of IT-BPM exports indicated previous year’s export demand to be significantly contributing the highest to export growth rate. This was followed by GDP growth rate, implying that overall growth of the economy leads to significant increase in export growth. Increased labour productivity followed next in significantly encouraging export growth. Research limitations/implications Generalization of the results may not be possible, as Indian conditions and policies vary. Practical implications The paper has implications for the expansion of domestic market, diversification of trade and products, innovations for increasing competitiveness and sustainability in the global market in the wake of stiff competitions from new competitors. Originality/value This paper focuses on originality in analysis of determinants of export growth.

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