The utilization of trees by endangered primate species Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in shade-grown coffee agroforestry of Central Java

Faktor kehilangan/berkurangnya habitat, dan fragmentasi habitat dapat memberikan dampak buruk terhadap kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus), satwa primata nokturnal yang tergolong dalam kategori Critically Endangered. Kukang Jawa yang hidup di hutan yang terfragmentasi merasakan dampak negatif dari faktor- faktor tersebut dan hal tersebut juga dapat memengaruhi okupansi dalam sebuah kawasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi okupansi habitat oleh kukang Jawa di hutan dataran rendah yang terfragmentasi di Kemuning, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Untuk memperkirakan proporsi penggunaan wilayah, probabilitas deteksi (detection probability) dan faktor – faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap okupansi habitat oleh kukang Jawa, kami menggunakan occupancy model of a single-season. Sebanyak 5 kali ulangan survei malam pada tahun 2017 digunakan sebagai data pokok di dalam model okupansi. Metode pengambilan data lingkungan dan data anthropogenic menggunakan observasi lapangan dan interview dengan masyarakat lokal. Kami membagi lokasi penelitian menjadi 141 grid dengan ukuran 200 m x 200 m (4 ha) sebagai acuan dalam survei malam dengan jalur. Data kovariat lingkungan yang diukur adalah jarak dari jalan, jarak dari tepi hutan, jarak dari pemukiman, jarak dari sumber air, ketinggian tempat, dan kemiringan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kukang Jawa menghuni habitat sekitar 23,2% dari keseluruhan areal di hutan Kemuning. Jarak dari jalan dan jarak dari sumber air (sungai) berkorelasi positif terhadap tingkat hunian, sedang jarak dari pemukiman berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat hunian dari kukang Jawa. Data dan informasi kuantitatif yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini penting untuk mengetahui kebutuhan sumber daya jangka panjang populasi kukang Jawa khususnya di hutan Kemuning. Selanjutnya diharapkan pemerintah Indonesia atau stakeholder terkait dapat melakukan upaya konservasi dan rencana strategi pengelolaan spesies kukang Jawa dengan baik khususnya di hutan dataran rendah yang terfragmentasi.Occupancy of Javan Slow Loris (Nyticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy 1812) in Kemuning Tropical Low Land Forest, Bejen, Temanggung, Central Java Abstract Habitat loss and landscape fragmentation have a negative impact on the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), a Critically Endangered nocturnal primate species. Slow lorises in remaining forest fragments might be suffered and affect their occupancy behavior. We aim to investigate the determinant factors for the probability of habitat occupancy by the javan slow loris in Kemuning forest fragment of Temanggung District, Central Java. To estimate the site occupancy rate, detection probability, and the determinant factor of site use by Nycticebus javanicus, we employed the occupancy model of a single-season using night surveys. Five repeated night surveys in 2017 were used as the main basis data for the occupancy model. We used direct observation and interview with locals to collect data on environmental and anthropogenic features. We divided the study area into 141 grids with 200 m x 200 m (4 ha) each which were the basis for the night survey following existing walking paths. The influence of six covariates was assessed to determine of site use by Nycticebus javanicus: distance to road, distance to forest edge, distance to the settlement, distance to water source, altitude, and elevation. The result shows that the probability of site use occupied by Nycticebus javanicus was 23.2% of the total area. Distance to roads and distance to water source have a positive correlation with the probability of site use, whereas the influence of distance to settlements has a negative correlation with the site use of the species. Such quantitative data and information gained in this research are important to know for the long term resource needs of the Nycticebus javanicus, especially in the Kemuning forest. Therefore, the Indonesian Government or related stakeholders can formulate the detail conservation plans of the species, especially in the lowland fragmented tropical forest.

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Resource selection by Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1812 (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in a lowland fragmented forest in Central Java, Indonesia

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.4781.11.6.13667-13679 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 13667-13679 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mahfut Sodik ◽

Satyawan Pudyatmoko ◽

Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono ◽

Muhammad Ali Imron

Keyword(s):

Resource Selection ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Canopy Cover ◽

Small Sample ◽

Habitat Characteristics ◽

Ratio Test ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Central Java ◽

Habitat Variables

Habitat loss and forest fragmentation have negative impacts on Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus, a Critically Endangered nocturnal primate endemic to Java. Reports confirmed that less than 9% of forest area remains on Java Island. One of the remaining natural habitats of the Javan Slow Loris is the fragment of Kemuning Forest in Temanggung Regency, Central Java. The purpose of this study was to determine resource selection and habitat variables that determine the presence of Javan Slow Loris. Habitat variables measured were basal area, tree connectivity, crown coverage on tree stage, slope, elevation, and distance to river. Data analysis performed was logistic regression, likelihood ratio test, and Akaike’s Information Criterion with a backward elimination procedure. We also used direct observation and interviews with locals to collect data on environment and anthropogenic features of this forest. The results showed that the Javan Slow Loris uses resources selectively on a microhabitat scale. The habitat factors that influence the probability of resource selection by the species are canopy cover and slope. Habitat characteristics preferred by the Javan Slow Loris in Kemuning Forest are secondary lowland tropical rainforest with dense canopy cover located on a steep slope with low level of habitat disturbances. Although this study uses a small sample size, the expectation is that the results can be used as preliminary information for the habitat and population management of Javan Slow Loris in Kemuning Forest to guide conservation efforts and design management strategies.

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Keragaman Genetik Kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus) Menggunakan Control Region (D-loop) DNA Mitokondria (mtDNA) (GENETIC DIVERSITY ON JAVAN SLOW LORIS (NYCTICEBUS JAVANICUS) USING OF CONTROL REGION (D-LOOP) mtDNA)

jurnal veteriner ◽

10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.360 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 360

Author(s):

Wirdateti Wirdateti ◽

Hayati Aziza ◽

Handayani Handayani

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Distance ◽

Control Region ◽

West Java ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Genetic Population ◽

Central Java ◽

Low Genetic Diversity ◽

The Status ◽

D Loop

Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) one of the species of the genus Nycticebus is endemic in Java. Their distribution region is in West Java and Banten, and also reported to be found in Central Java and East Java, although very rarely. Status of the species is Critically Endangered due to high levels of poaching, habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, so that the necessary conservation in order to increase the population. For conservation management it is necessary to know the status of genetic resources that play of role in breeding, then this research is to explore the genetic population of the Javan slow loris from some locations in West Java. The research objective was to assess the diversity of their current population of Java loris through the control region (D-loop) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A total of 23 individuals samples from Gunung Halimun Park, Tasikmalaya, Garut, Ciamis, Jember and confiscated at the Rehabilitation Center IAR Bogor were used in this stydy. Specific primers of D-loop are used for loris with a length of 296 bp sequence. The result showed there are only five different sites and formed six haplotypes, each haplotypes only 1-3 nucleotides different. Low genetic diversity is shown as much as 42.96% of individuals show the same sequence or genetic distance (d) = 0 that indicate was monomorf population from different population. The genetic distance of the entire population was 0.003 ± 0:01 (0.3%).

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A faunal survey of the Dieng Mountains, Central Java, Indonesia: distribution and conservation of endemic primate taxa

Oryx ◽

10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-24.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 145-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vincent Nijman ◽

S. (Bas) van Balen

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Primate Species ◽

Research Needs ◽

Trachypithecus Auratus ◽

Central Java ◽

Leaf Monkey ◽

Hylobates Moloch ◽

June July ◽

Reserve System ◽

Faunal Survey

A faunal survey was conducted in May–September 1994 and June–July 1995 in the Dieng Mountains, one of the last remaining larger patches of forest in CentralJava province, Indonesia. All three primate species endemic to the Javan faunal region – Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch, grizzled leaf monkey Presbytis comata and ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus – were found to be present. Hylobates moloch occurs only in the lowland and hill forests in the western part of the study area, while the other two species were found throughout the area from lowland to montane forests. Although more research needs to be done onhabitat preferences and densities at which the primates occur, the available data suggestthat the Dieng Mountains may harbour the second largest populations of both H. moloch and P. comata in the same location. In order to safeguard these two endangered primates itis suggested that the reserve system in Java be expanded to include the Dieng Mountains.

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Response To Novel Objects in Three Lower Primates : Greater Galago, Slow Loris, and Owl Monkey

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853970x00231 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 37 (1-2) ◽

pp. 55-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Annette Ehrlich

Keyword(s):

Home Cage ◽

Primate Species ◽

The Novel ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Spatial Features ◽

Owl Monkey ◽

Novel Objects ◽

Owl Monkeys ◽

Initial Object ◽

Test Objects

AbstractExploratory behavior, defined as response to novel objects, was measured in representatives of three lower primate species -greater galago, slow loris, and owl monkey. Test apparatus was a two-compartment cage; animals could choose between remaining on the familiar, home cage side or entering the novel side which contained six manipulable objects. Galagos spent the most time in contact with objects and the least time in retreat to the home cage. Owl monkeys and lorises were less responsive to the test objects but, while lorises actively explored spatial features of the new environment, owl monkeys remained inactive. For all species: i) the greatest degree of responsiveness to novel objects occurred during the first 5 min. of the 15-min. session. 2) initial object contacts were made with the nose; these were brief and were followed by lengthier contacts with mouth and hands. 3) occurrence of the various behavioral categories (object contacts, active responses, inactive responses, and retreat) followed a consistent pattern.

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Better providers of habitat for Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy 1812): A species distribution modeling approach in Central Java, Indonesia

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210515 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Mahfut Sodik ◽

Satyawan Pudyatmoko ◽

Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono ◽

Muhammad Tafrichan ◽

Muhammad Ali Imron

Keyword(s):

Species Distribution ◽

Species Distribution Modeling ◽

Distribution Model ◽

Suitable Habitat ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Modeling Approach ◽

Central Java ◽

Distribution Modeling ◽

Central Java Province

Abstract. Sodik M, Pudyatmoko S, Yuwono PSH, Tafrichan M, Imron MA. 2020. Better providers of habitat for Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy 1812): A species distribution modeling approach in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1890-1900. The Javan slow loris is an arboreal and nocturnal primate endemic to Java, which is known to inhabit primary and secondary forest habitats, such as swamps, plantations, and bamboo forest. The population of the Javan slow loris continues to decline significantly due to forest degradation, habitat loss/fragmentation, and illegal trade. Conservation of this small primate in Java has been hampered by a paucity of local data on how conservation areas support this species. This study aims to build a spatial distribution model of the Javan slow loris and analyzing the role of each stakeholder plays on land use type to support the conservation of N. javanicus. By utilizing Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) with Maximum Entropy species distribution modeling approach, the researchers were able to highlight the importance of which conservation areas in Central Java that play crucial role to conserve the N. javanicus population. Data on the presence of the Javan slow loris was obtained from the result of a survey undertaken in 2017 and communication with researchers. Elevation, slope, landcover, rainfall, distance to road, distance to settlement, distance to river (water source), and NDVI were used as environmental variables. Results showed that 0.76% (25,715.4 ha) of the total area of the Central Java Province is suitable for their habitat. In addition, results revealed that 2.2% of suitable habitat is present within conservation areas, 4.6% in protected forest areas, and 93.2% outside of protected areas. The Javan slow loris is predicted to be mostly scattered in the northern part of Central Java Province. The Javan slow loris is widely distributed in plantations, their most dominant habitat. The findings of this study show that the small percentage of suitable habitat presents within protected forest and conservation areas cannot sustainably maintain the extant Javan slow loris population. Thus, it is important for the Indonesian government and other key related stakeholders to work together in combination with educating local communities to preserve the habitat and population of N. javanicus.

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Studi Populasi Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch) di Lereng Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah

Biosfera ◽

10.20884/1.mib.2016.33.1.359 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sri Wahyuni ◽

Erie Kolya Nasution

Keyword(s):

Primate Species ◽

Survey Method ◽

Line Transect ◽

Software Analysis ◽

Central Java ◽

Approach Distance ◽

Hylobates Moloch ◽

On Line ◽

Endangered Status ◽

Distance Approach

Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is the endemic primate species in Indonesia. IUCN - World Concervation has given this species an endangered status. The habitat Hylobates moloch’s were found at Slamet Mountain in Central Java. The study entitled "Study of Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) Population in Slopes of Slamet Mountain, Central Java" aimed to determine the number of population in slopes of Mount Slamet. This research was conducted in the exact line these July -November 2013, the survey method with stratified sampling base on line transect method was used in this research. Transects pathway in this study used existing pathways wich the passed and cut the contour of research sites. Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) obtained along the transect was calculated and analyzed using perpendiculars distance approach (DISTANCE 5.0’s software). Analysis by DISTANCE 5.0 showed that the density of Javanese Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) at Slamet Mountain in 170 km2 area was 0.26 individual/km2, coefficient of variation was 34.88 % , lower limit of 95 % confidence interval was 0.13365 to 0.51981. Based on the analysis, total number of javanese gibbon population at Slamet Mountain was 45 individuals of the density 0.26 individuals/km2.

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Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-07603004 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 187-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

K.A.I. Nekaris ◽

S. Jaffe

Keyword(s):

Function Analysis ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Wildlife Trade ◽

Primate Species ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Pet Trade ◽

Nycticebus Coucang

Since the 1950s, Sundaland (Borneo, Java, Sumatra and their surrounding islands) was thought to be inhabited by a single slow loris species, the greater slow loris Nycticebus coucang. Early taxonomies as well as recent morphological and genetic studies, however, point to at least three species native to this region: N. coucang, N. menagensis, and N. javanicus. In the light of this taxonomy, all Sundaland slow lorises, previously considered Least Threatened, have been listed as Vulnerable or Endangered. Of particular concern is the fact that slow lorises are the most common protected primate species in the rampant Southeast Asian pet trade, resulting in their recent transferral to CITES Appendix I precluding all international commercial trade. Due to lack of knowledge regarding morphological differences between the three species, they are still managed as one, with potential serious affects to wild populations, as hard-release of individuals of unknown geographic origin is common. This paper examines morphological variability of 34 live slow lorises, all of which were rescued from the wildlife trade in Java, Indonesia. Morphometric data and diagnostic images were collected, various species descriptions were considered and statistical analyses were conducted and compared with other taxonomists’ classifications. A discriminant function analysis provided support for four distinct groupings: Nycticebus coucang and N. javanicus, as well as evidence for two new taxa that correspond closely to N. hilleri and N. ornatus. The morphological traits that varied significantly and the external characteristic trends described in this study that contributed to these groupings might provide a baseline to classify Nycticebus taxa. This information is pertinent for appropriate captive management and specific designation of rescued individuals and for designing proper in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies.

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Dusky Langurs Trachypithecus obscurus (Reid, 1837) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Singapore: potential origin and conflicts with native primate species

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.5818.12.9.15967-15974 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 15967-15974

Author(s):

Andie Ang ◽

Sabrina Jabbar ◽

Max Khoo

Keyword(s):

Native Species ◽

Macaca Fascicularis ◽

Resource Competition ◽

Residential Area ◽

Primate Species ◽

Slow Loris ◽

The Past ◽

Nycticebus Coucang ◽

Johor Strait ◽

Potential Origin

The introduction of exotic species can have detrimental effects on local populations via factors such as resource competition and new threats from disease. Singapore has three native species of non-human primates: Sunda Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang, Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis, and Raffles’ Banded Langur Presbytis femoralis. Over the past few months, several non-native Dusky Langurs Trachypithecus obscurus were observed in Singapore. We document our observations, compile reports from social media, and attempt to assess the potential impacts on local primates. Whenever Dusky Langurs were encountered, we recorded the date, time, GPS coordinates, group demographics, and behaviour, including interactions with native primates. We also monitored sighting reports of Dusky Langurs posted on local major Facebook groups from 30 December 2019 to 31 January 2020, and privately messaged the person(s) for more information. On 31 August 2019, three Dusky Langurs were seen near a residential area in the northern part of Singapore, and two to three individuals were reported on 14 subsequent occasions. During one encounter on 18 January 2020, an adult male Long-tailed Macaque chased a group of Dusky Langurs from a feeding tree. The next day the same group of Dusky Langurs chased a group of 11 Banded Langurs from another feeding tree. The Dusky Langurs appeared to be healthy and wild, indicating that they may have swum across the Johor Strait and/or traveled on the Johor-Singapore Causeway from Malaysia. Further monitoring of these Dusky Langurs will be required to assess their impact on local primates.

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Abundance of primates reveals Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia as a priority area for conservation

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605310001080 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 427-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. N. Z. Coudrat ◽

L. D. Rogers ◽

K. A. I. Nekaris

Keyword(s):

Macaca Fascicularis ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Primate Species ◽

Primate Conservation ◽

Wildlife Sanctuary ◽

Wet Season ◽

Macaca Arctoides ◽

Slow Loris ◽

Pileated Gibbon ◽

A Priority

AbstractWe conducted a primate survey in Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary, western Cambodia, during the wet season in 2009. We visually confirmed the presence of five out of six primate species thought to occur in the area: Bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis, Indochinese silvered langur Trachypithecus germaini, pileated gibbon Hylobates pileatus, pig-tailed macaque Macaca leonina and long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis. We did not find any sign of the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides and suggest it is absent in Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary and possibly from the Cardamom Mountains. We provide the abundance measures for each primate species; the three most abundant species were Bengal slow loris, Indochinese silvered langur and pileated gibbon. We propose Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary as a priority for primate conservation in Cambodia.

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