scholarly journals Modeling the productivity of intensive and super-intensive apple orchards in the midland of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012043
Author(s):  
Yu V Trunov ◽  
A V Solovyev ◽  
A A Zavrazhnov ◽  
Z N Tarova
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Relative Productivity

Abstract It is known that the main trend in the development of modern world gardening is the creation of intensive and super-intensive gardens, and the degree of intensity of the garden increases with an increase in the number of trees per unit area (compaction of tree layout). The paper considers the patterns of productivity of intensive apple orchards during the reproductive cycle depending on tree planting density. The paper presents the models of apple tree productivity in intensive and super-intensive orchards representing regression equations approximated by polynomials of 2 and 3 degree with determination coefficients R2=0.97-0.99. According to the above models, a total yield of up to 516 ton/ha may be obtained in an intensive garden with a tree planting density of up to 1500 wood/ha for 18 years of commercial fruiting, a total yield of up to 790 ton/ha may be obtained in a super-intensive garden with a planting density of more than 9,500 wood/ha for 16 years of commercial fruiting (an increase in the total productivity of planted vegetation of more than 1.5 times). The models (dependencies) of development of industrial apple orchards of different planting scheme are obtained, approximated by sigmoidal logistic functions defining three stages of logistic yield growth at the beginning of garden development (“growing up”), having exponential, linear and hyperbolic nature respectively. Logistics trends of the relative yield of the garden and the relative productivity of trees were established, according to which an increase in the yield of industrial gardens due to an increase in planting density is accompanied by a decrease in the productivity of fruit trees.

THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Rudenko ◽  
◽  
E.S. Novopashina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
World Development

Radical changes are taking place in the modern world. Globalization caused by technological changes has become the main trend of world development. On the one hand, increased interdependence of countries and regions, and increasing the gap between rich and poor countries, aggravated the socio-economic, socio-political, ethno-cultural conflicts within countries. Therefore, maintaining international economic security requires new approaches and a new level of interstate interaction. The Russian Federation is in such a situation, which determines the need for research and implementation of a scientifically based security system.

scholarly journals The effect of a crown shape on the activity of the processes of growth and the complexity of apple tree (Borkh) pruning in the conditions of the Piedmont zone of Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Виктория Сергеевна Кириченко ◽  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Надежда Александровна Тихомирова
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Dense Distribution

Основным направлением повышения продуктивности насаждений плодовых культур будет смена технологических подходов по эксплуатации садовых экосистем, основой которых является загущенное размещение плодовых деревьев, изменение формы кроны с ограничением их размеров, подбор сортов, подвоев, отвечающих требованиям плотного размещения деревьев с высокой продуктивностью, хорошим качеством плодов. Цель исследований - изучение влияния формы кроны на структурные параметры, степень облиственности и трудоемкость затрат труда при обрезке для создания интенсивных садов на слаборослых подвоях. Были проведены трехлетние полевые опыты по схеме: 1 вариант - стройное веретено (контроль); 2 вариант - безлидерная уплощенная крона; 3 вариант - трёхлидерная крона; 4 вариант - французская ось при плотности посадки 2500 дер./га (4 х 1 м). Объектом исследований являлись сорта яблони Бреберн, Джалита, Ренет Симиренко на подвое ЕМ IX в саду с капельным поливом. Работа проводилась по методикам полевых опытов с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что высокая ростовая активность наблюдалась у сорта Ренет Симиренко независимо от формы кроны, где параметры варьировали от 0,71 м до 1,06 м. Структура плодообразующей древесины дерева зависит от биологических особенностей сорта и формы кроны. На третий год после посадки сада в кронах деревьев свободного веретена и французской оси сформировано наибольшее количество генеративных образований от 20,3 и 24,7% (Джалита, Бреберн) до 23,3 и 25,6% (Ренет Симиренко). Трудоемкость обрезки зависит от сорта, формы кроны и структуры обрастающей древесины. Максимальные затраты труда применяет один человек на обрезку деревьев сорта Джалита с трехлидерной кроной (25,6 чел.-час./га) и безлидерной уплощенной кроной (22,9 чел.-час./га). На обрезку сада деревьев с кроной по типу французской оси требуется 1,0 и 1,4 дня одному человеку или 7,2 (Джалита) и 9,5чел.- час./га (Ренет Симиренко), что в 1,9 и 2,2 раза меньше, чем на обрезку деревьев по типу стройного веретена (контроль). Область применения - садоводческие с.-х. предприятия всех форм собственности, садоводы - любители, специалисты The main direction of improving the productivity of plantations of fruit crops will be a change of technological approaches to the use of garden ecosystems, based on dense placement of fruit trees, changing the shape of the crown cap size, selection of varieties, rootstocks, meeting the requirements of a dense distribution of trees with high productivity, good fruit quality. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crown shape on structural parameters, the degree of foliage and labor coefficient of pruning for the creation of intensive gardens on dwarf rootstocks. We carried out three-year field experiments according to the scheme: option 1 - slender spindle (control); option 2 - leaderless flattened crown; option 3 - triple leaders crown; option 4 - French axe, when planting density was 2500 trees/ha (4 х 1 м). The varieties ‘Braeburn’, ‘Dzhalita’, ‘Renet Simirenko’ on the rootstock EM IX in the garden with drip irrigation were the object of research. The study was performed according to the techniques of field experiments with fruit crops. It was found that high growth activity was observed for the variety ‘Renet Simirenko’, regardless the form of the crown, with parameters ranged from 0.71 m to 1,06 м. The structure of carpogenous wood depended on the biological characteristics of variety and crown shape. In the third year after planting the garden in the trees of control and French axe the greatest number of generative formations from 20.3 and 24.7% (‘Dzhalita’, ‘Braeburn’) to 23.3 and 25.6% (‘Renet Simirenko’) were developed. The complexity of pruning depended on the variety, the crown shape and the structure of the overgrown wood. Maximum labor cost one person spends for pruning the variety ‘Dzhalita’ with triple leader crown (25.6 man-hour/ha) and leaderless flattened crown (22.9 man-hour/ha). Pruning trees with French axe type of crown required 1.0 and 1.4 days per one person or 7.2 (‘Dzhalita’) and 9.5 man-hour/ha (‘Renet Simirenko’), which was 1.9 and 2.2 times less than the pruning according to the control. The scopes of the research are horticultural agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, gardener amateurs and experts.

scholarly journals Transplanting Hybrid Potato Seedlings at Increased Densities Enhances Tuber Yield and Shifts Tuber-Size Distributions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luuk C. M. van Dijk ◽  
Michiel E. de Vries ◽  
Willemien J. M. Lommen ◽  
Paul C. Struik
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Seed Tuber ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Very High ◽  
Ridge System

AbstractTo contribute to the development of a novel cropping system for potato grown from greenhouse-derived seedlings from hybrid true potato seeds, planting density trials were carried out under normal Dutch agronomic conditions. For two consecutive years, 5-week-old seedlings of two experimental genotypes were transplanted into farmers’ potato production fields at two contrasting locations: a flat-bed system on sandy soil and a traditional ridge system on clay soil. Planting densities were 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 plants/m2 in the flat-bed system, and 3.125, 4.688, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 plants/m2 in the ridge system. In general, increasing planting density of hybrid seedlings per area decreased tuber fresh weight per plant and reduced the number of tubers per plant. On a per hectare basis, an increased planting density resulted in increased total tuber yield and number of tubers up to very high densities, but finally both parameters levelled off. Highest total tuber yields harvested were 107 and 45 Mg/ha for the flat-bed and ridge system, respectively. On flat-beds, the optimal planting density for total yield was 50 plants/m2. On ridges, planting density interacted with year and genotype, resulting in an optimum planting density of 25 plants/m2 to reach the maximum total yield. Obtained yields in the commercial size classes Baby Baker (20 < size class ≤ 35 mm) and Seed Tubers (28 < size class ≤ 50 mm) were in general very high on the flat-beds, with a maximum Seed Tuber yield of 64 Mg/ha at 50 plants/m2. The current study showed that transplanted hybrid seedlings are feasible alternatives for seed-tuber-grown systems for certain potato outlets.

Seasonal variation in diet digestibility of pine voles

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1484-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. MacPherson ◽  
Frederick A. Servello ◽  
Roy L. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Habitat Variation ◽  
Microtus Pinetorum

Seasonal and habitat variation in diet digestibility of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) in four apple orchards was estimated using regression equations and the Van Soest analysis of stomach contents. The estimated percent digestible energy of diets in the four orchards varied from 57 to 72% during the year but a uniform seasonal pattern was not found among orchards. Weights of stomach contents declined markedly during winter in all four habitats.

scholarly journals Trees on farmlands in the western central part of Senegal: implications for a carbon project

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1294-1307
Author(s):  
Fatimata Niang-Diop ◽  
Steen N. Christensen ◽  
Anders S. Barfod ◽  
Bienvenu Sambou ◽  
Mamadou Diop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Severe Problem

Trees are rapidly disappearing from agrarian landscapes in many tropical countries, a severe problem to rural populations, who depend on wood and non-timber forest products (NTFP) for their livelihoods. The aim of this study was to determine tree density, diversity, biomass and carbon stock in farmlands in Senegal and to gain insight in the socio-economic determinants of the tree cover. An allometric model was developed to estimate the average above ground biomass (AGB) based on field investigations of 235.5 ha of agricultural fields. In total, 25 tree species were recorded with an average density of 1.6 tree ha-1 and a canopy cover of 1%. The AGB was 8.9 t. ha-1 corresponding to 4.45 t C ha-1. A single species, Cordyla pinnata, accounted for 50% of all the trees censured. Investigations of google Earth images showed considerable change in tree density during the investigated periods (2004, 2009 and 2013). The tree density decreased at the rate of 3% per year-1 from 2004-2009 and 6.4% per year-1 from 2009-2013. Based on these results, all the trees would be lost in 30 years from 2009 and in 16 years from 2013 if this trend continues. Informants were generally interested in increasing the number of fruit trees. On average, they were willing to allocate 19% of their land for planting of new trees. Tree planting, however, has not been traditionally considered an option by the landowners, since livestock damage on young trees was too big and fencing not an option, but the recent years tree planting with certification for carbon sale has been initiated with support from outside.Keywords: Africa, forest resources, deforestation, local management, woody biomass.  

scholarly journals Estimation Of 305-day Yield From Total Milk Yields In Bunaji And Friesian-bunaji Crosses

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
A. E. O. Malau-aduli ◽  
B. Y. Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Total Milk

Lactation data of 207 cows comprising of 91 Bunaji and 116 Friesian-Bunaji crosses milking for over 305 days were analysed on the basis of average daily yield (ADY), actual 305-day yield (A305), total yield (TY) and lactation length (LL). The objective was to fit a suitable equation that would estimate 305 day yield fronı TY and to develop estimation factors. The linear regression equations for  Estimating  305-day yield from TY are Y = 1895.229 + 0.804 TY (R2 = 0.971) and Y = 366.176 + 0.775 TY (R2 = 0.827) for Bunaji and Friesian-Bunaji cows respectively. Various combinations of TY, ADY and LL were used in multiple regressions to estimate 305-day yield with R2 values of over 90%. Factors for the estimation of 305-day yield from cows lactating for periods between 305 to 350 days were developed from the fitted equations.

scholarly journals Trees and their seed networks: the social dynamics of urban fruit trees and implications for genetic diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurore Rimlinger ◽  
Marie-Louise Avana ◽  
Abdon Awono ◽  
Armel Chakocha ◽  
Alexis Gakwavu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

AbstractTrees are a traditional component of urban spaces where they provide ecosystem services critical to urban wellbeing. In the Tropics, urban trees’ seed origins have rarely been characterized. Yet, understanding the social dynamics linked to tree planting is critical given their influence on the distribution of associated genetic diversity. This study examines elements of these dynamics (seed exchange networks) in an emblematic indigenous fruit tree species from Central Africa, the African plum tree (Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae), within the urban context of Yaoundé. We further evaluate the consequences of these social dynamics on the distribution of the genetic diversity of the species in the city. Urban trees were planted predominantly using seeds sourced from outside the city, resulting in a level of genetic diversity as high in Yaoundé as in a whole region of production of the species. Debating the different drivers that foster the genetic diversity in planted urban trees, the study argued that cities and urban dwellers can unconsciously act as effective guardians of indigenous tree genetic diversity.

An empirical study of yield gap in seed cotton production in Tamil Nadu state, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelda A. Elum ◽  
C. Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Negative Effect

A study was carried out in Tamil Nadu to examine the extent of yield gap in seed cotton. The study used data from 180 farmers in the State. The purpose of the study was to implement a framework that measures the relative yield of seed cotton produced in the study area. A multiple regression model was used to analyse the determinants of yield gap and the results showed that potash gap had a statistically significant but negative effect on yield while nitrogen had a statistically significant and positive effect. Total yield gap in Bt cotton (1658 kg/ha) was significantly higher than that of conventional cotton (594 kg/ha). Thus, there was considerable scope for improvement in the use of Bt technology since the farmers were yet to fully harness the proposed benefits of this genetically modified crop. Further analysis showed that the yield gap in various districts of the state were significantly different. It was inferred from the results that increased application of nitrogen increased yield but increased usage of potash had diminishing effects, while the applying of more labour and insecticides increased yield. It is suggested that there should be intensified effort on the sensitization of farmers about the detrimental effects of using inputs in excess.

scholarly journals The effect of pruning systems on yield and fruit quality of grafted tomato

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Isabel Mourão ◽  
Luis M Brito ◽  
Luisa Moura ◽  
Maria E Ferreira ◽  
Sofia R Costa
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Cotyledonary Nodes ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Number Of Stems

Abstract Vegetable grafting is an increasingly used crop management strategy that aims to prevent soilborne biotic and abiotic stresses. For tomato crops, the number of stems per grafted plant determines planting density and crop exposure to sunlight. The effects of pruning grafted plants on yield and fruit quality have not been established, and this information is crucial to support decision-making by growers. A greenhouse experiment was run in the spring/summer season in the NW Portugal to assess the yield and quality parameters for grafted tomato plants (cv. Vinicio grafted onto Multifort rootstock) pruned to 2, 3 and 4 stems developed from the plant first nodes, or pruned to 2 stems developed from cotyledonary nodes, according to common practice. Total yield was significantly increased for the double-stemmed tomato plants, irrespectively of node origin (average yield 26.5 kg/m2), as compared to the 3- and 4-stemmed plants (average yield 19.5 kg/m2). These results can be explained by root system limitations to uptake water and nutrients coupled with the stronger competition between stems for the 3- and 4-stemmed plants. Fruit quality assessed through firmness (1.0 kg/cm2), soluble solids (5.1°Brix), acidity (1.0 g/100 g fresh weight), pH (4.4) and dry mater content (4.9%) was not affected by pruning systems. The greater yield obtained from double-stemmed plants offsets the increased planting and seedlings costs of using grafted tomato plants, particularly so for double-stemmed plants grown from first nodes, as they do not require intensive nursery care and are therefore less costly than those grown from cotyledonary nodes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document