Antifungal activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata for management of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae through in vitro evaluation

Abstract Lasiodiplodia is an important genus of fungi causing destructive diseases on perennial crops, including cocoa. Two crucial species of Lasiodiplodia that cause diseases in cocoa are Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseutheobromae. A variety of weeds is the potential to be applied as botanical fungicides to control the pathogens. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Ageratum conyzoides and Chromolaena odorata leaf extract to inhibit the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae on a synthetic medium. Solvent organic was methanol for weed extraction with a ratio of 1:5. The experiment was conducted through the poison food technique method, both in the solid and liquid medium in three different concentrations, 1, 3, and 5%. The result showed that A. conyzoides and C. odorata were significantly inhibited the colony growth of both Lasiodiplodia in all concentrations in a solid medium. A. conyzoides performed better than C. odorata in all concentrations of both Lasiodiplodia in inhibition. A. conyzoides 5% performed well to suppress the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae (100%), followed by A. conyzoides 3% and A. conyzoides 1%. A. conyzoides 5% able to inhibit the colony growth of L. theobromae until 100%, followed by A. conyzoides 3% and 1%. Meanwhile, A. conyzoides and C. odorata extract tested on PDB medium at 1, 3, and 5% reduced the fungal biomass significantly at all concentrations. C. odorata was found most effective in inhibiting fungal biomass of both pathogens either on wet weight or on dry weight at 1, 3, and 5% %. A. conyzoides and C. odorata can manage the growth of L. theobromae and L. pseudotheobromae through in vitro conditions.

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Antifungal activity of extracts of Melia azedarach and Ageratum conyzoides against Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae through in vitro test

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 886 (1) ◽

pp. 012007

Author(s):

Asman Asman ◽

A B Cahyani ◽

A H Nufus ◽

A Rosmana ◽

A Fakhruddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Biomass ◽

Solid Medium ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Dieback Disease

Abstract Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is one of the pathogens of the cocoa dieback disease. Currently, the disease is considered a significant disease in cocoa, which is a newly emerging disease in Sulawesi. The control tools and methods remain unexplored comprehensively. The main objective of this study was to evaluate Melia azedarach and Ageratum conyzoides leaf extract to inhibit the growth of the L. pseudotheobromae. Three different concentrations were applied for each weed extract, namely: 1%, 3%, and 5%. The experiment was conducted through the poison food technique method both in solid medium and liquid medium. M. azedarach and A. conyzoides were significantly inhibited the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae in all concentrations in solid medium. However, A. conyzoides 5% performed well to suppress the colony growth of L. pseudotheobromae (42.7%), followed by M. azedarach 5% (16.0%). The mycelium biomass of L. pseudotheobromae was significantly inhibited by M. azedarach and A. conyzoides as well. A. conyzoides 5% showed a higher inhibition of the fungal biomass either wet biomass (90.3%) or dry biomass (95.5%), followed by M. azedarach 5% both wet biomass (85.6%) and dry biomass (78.1%). M. azedarach and A. conyzoides remain to inhibit the colony growth and fungal biomass regardless of the type of concentrations. M. azedarach and A. conyzoides can potentially be an option for controlling dieback disease caused by L. pseudotheobromae.

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Influence of Iron on Cylindrocarpon Root Rot Development on Ginseng

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-1179 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (11) ◽

pp. 1179-1187 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mahfuzur Rahman ◽

Zamir K. Punja

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Root Rot ◽

High Performance ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Tube Length ◽

Germ Tube Length

Cylindrocarpon root rot, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans, is an important disease on ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in Canada. We studied the effects of iron (Fe) on disease severity and pathogen growth. When Hoagland's solution was amended with Fe at 56 and 112 μg/ml compared with 0 μg/ml, disease initiation and final severity on hydroponically maintained ginseng roots was significantly (P<0.0001) enhanced. Under field conditions, wounding of roots with a fine needle followed by application of 0.05% FeNaEDTA to the rhizosphere of treated plants significantly enhanced Cylindrocarpon root rot in 2003 and 2004 compared with unwounded roots with Fe or wounded roots without Fe. Foliar applications of Fe (as FeNaEDTA) to ginseng plants three times during the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons significantly increased Fe levels in root tissues. These roots developed larger lesions following inoculation with C. destructans in vitro. When radioactive Fe (59Fe) was applied to the foliage of ginseng plants, it was detected in the secondary phloem and in cortical and epidermal tissues within 1 week. Artificially wounded areas on the roots accumulated more 59Fe than healthy areas. Diseased tissue also had threefold higher levels of phenolic compounds and Fe compared with adjoining healthy tissues. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed enhanced levels of protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, phloridizin, and quercetin. Phenolic compounds produced in diseased and wounded tissues sequestered Fe in vitro. The effects of Fe on mycelial growth, conidial germ tube length, and secondary branching of germ tubes of C. destructans were examined in vitro. When grown on Chrome-azurol S medium, Fe also was sequestered by C. destructans through siderophore production, which was visualized as a clearing pigmented zone at the margin of colonies. Mycelial dry weight was significantly increased in glucose/ yeast broth containing Fe at 56 or 112 μg/ml. Conidial germ tube length and secondary branching of hyphae also were enhanced after 8 and 16 h by Fe. Colony growth of C. destructans was not enhanced by Fe, but significantly greater spore production was observed with Fe at 56 and 112 μg/ml compared with no Fe in the medium. Although these levels of Fe had no effect on fungal pectinase enzyme activity, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity was significantly (P <0.0001) enhanced. We conclude that Fe enhances Cylindrocarpon root rot through enhanced pathogen growth, sporulation, and PPO enzyme activity. Fe sequestered by phenolic compounds produced in wounded tissues can enhance Fe levels at the site of infection. The pathogen also has the ability to sequester Fe at these sites.

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Intestinal transport of hexoses in the rat following chronic heat exposure

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1979.47.1.87 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 87-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Carpenter ◽

X. J. Musacchia

Keyword(s):

Heat Exposure ◽

Intestinal Transport ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Tissue Water ◽

Altered Glucose ◽

Galactose Transport ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Mucosal Uptake ◽

Intestinal Weight

The effect of 3 wk heat exposure (Ta 34 degrees C) on intestinal weight and intestinal absorption of D-glucose and D-galactose in vitro was examined in the rat. Intestinal dry weight was reduced with heat exposure compared to both ad libitum and pair-fed animals at Ta 22 degrees C. Intestinal tissue water was elevated after pair feeding but not heat exposure; extracellular (inulin) space was similar in the three groups. Mucosal uptake of glucose per gram wet weight in an everted sac preparation was unchanged compared to pair-fed animals, but serosal transfer was increased. Intestinal metabolism of glucose was decreased with heat exposure. Galactose accumulation with 30 min incubation was increased in intestinal rings from both heat-exposed and pair-fed animals. This increase is likely to be related to the reduction in ring size present in the groups with reduced food intake. Vmax and apparent Km for galactose transport were unchanged. Our results indicate that despite a reduction in intestinal weight following heat exposure, the ability of the intestine to transport hexoses per gram remains relatively stable. Alterations of hexose transport appear to be related to altered glucose metabolism and not altered transport capacity. Differences in intestinal weight and glucose utilization between pair-fed and heat-exposed animals suggest that the intestinal response to chronic heat exposure is not solely a function at the amount of food consumed. However, the alteration of more than one variable in pair feeding makes interpretation complex.

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Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Kiara Payung (Filicium decipiens (Wight dan Arn.) Thwaites) sebagai Bioherbisida terhadap Pertumbuhan Gulma Babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.)

JURNAL BIOS LOGOS ◽

10.35799/jbl.11.2.2020.28153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Dona Cindy Elfira Rana ◽

Sendy Rondonuwu ◽

Roni Koneri

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Weight Control ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Design Method ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Wet Weight

Gulma babadotan merupakan masalah serius dalam bidang pertanian karena dapat menurunkan nilai kualitas maupun kuantitas dari tanaman budidaya. Kehadiran gulma dapat diatasi menggunakan senyawa alelokimia dari kiara payung (Filicium decipiens). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun kiara payung terhadap pertumbuhan tinggi, panjang akar, berat basah dan berat kering dari gulma babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides). Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode rancangan acak lengkap dengan lima perlakuan yaitu kontrol, ekstrak 1%, ekstrak 3%, ekstrak 5% dan herbisida sintetik 2%. Uji lanjut BNT taraf 95% menunjukkan bahwa setelah lima minggu perlakuan terdapat perbedaan yang nyata pada parameter tinggi tanaman antara perlakuan kontrol (33,4 cm), ekstrak 3% (27,6 cm), ekstrak 5% (21,4 cm) dan herbisida sintetik 2% (14,1 cm). Hasil uji lanjut Games-Howell taraf 95% menunjukkan bahwa panjang akar perlakuan kontrol (32,0 cm) tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan ekstrak, tetapi berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan herbisida sintetik 2% (3,7 cm). Pada parameter berat basah perlakuan kontrol (33,81 g) tidak berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan ekstrak tetapi berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan herbisida sintetik 2% (0,12 g) dan pada parameter berat kering babadotan tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata antara perlakuan kontrol (6,86 g) dengan perlakuan ekstrak, tetapi berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan herbisida sintetik 2% (0,04 g). Kata kunci: Kiara payung; bioherbisida; gulma babadotan;ekstrak ABSTRACTBabadotan weed is a serious problem for agriculture field because this weed can reduce the quality and quantity value from the cultivated plants. Existence of this weed can control with allelochemical compound from kiara payung (Filicium decipiens). This study aims to examine the effect of giving kiara payung leaf extract for growth, root length, wet and dry weight of babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) weed. The method use is complete random design method with five treatments that is control, 1% extract, 3% extract, 5% exract and 2% synthetic herbicide. Further test BNT 95% show after five weeks treatment there were significant differences in plant height parameter between control (33.4 cm), 3% extract (27.6 cm), 5% extract (21.4 cm) and 2% synthetic herbicide (3.7 cm). Further test of Games-Howell 95% in root length show no significant between control (32.0 cm) and extract treatment, but significant in 2% synthetic herbicide (3.7 cm). In wet weight, control treatment (33.81 g) no significant with extract but significant in 2% synthetic herbicide (0.12 g), and in dry weight parameter no significant between control (6.86 g) and extract, but significant in 2% synthetic herbicide (0.04 g).Keywords: Kiara payung; bioherbicide; babadotan weed; extract

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Antagonism potency of dark Septate endophytes against Pyricularia oryzae for improving health of rice plants

Jurnal Agro ◽

10.15575/9589 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 134-147

Author(s):

Dini Yuliani ◽

Bonny P W ◽

Soekarno Soekarno ◽

Abdul Munif ◽

Surono Surono

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Pyricularia Oryzae ◽

Dark Septate Endophytes ◽

Blast Disease ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Dark Septate Endophyte ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Wet Weight

Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae (Po) is the main disease affecting rice production. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) is known to improve plant performance and suppress disease. This study evaluated DSEs antagonism potency against P. oryzae in improving the rice plant's health. The research stages consisted of: (1). DSE and Po growth rate; (2). Antagonism of DSEs against Po; (3). Chitinase; (4). DSEs Viability; (5). DSEs application to rice seeds in nurseries. The results showed the growth of APDS 3.2 colonies had fulfilled Petri (d = 9 cm) at three days after incubation (DAI), while 4.1 BTG and TKC 2.2.a at 7 DAI. Po had slow colony growth required 20 DAI. Inhibition of APDS 3.2 against Po was 43.75%, higher than of 4.1 BTG (38.60%) and of TKC 2.2.a (39.76%). The rice plants inoculated with APDS 3.2 had a relatively higher at seedling height, root length, wet weight, and dry weight than those inoculated with TKC 2.2.a and 4.1 BTG. The highest DSEs colonization was found in APDS 3.2 at 50.56%, followed by TKC 2.2.a (46.67%) and 4.1 BTG (40%). DSEs fungus has the potential to suppress rice blast pathogens by improving the health of rice plants, especially APDS 3.2.Key words: Colonization, Growth Rate, Viability Penyakit blas yang disebabkan oleh Pyricularia oryzae (Po) merupakan penyakit utama yang memengaruhi produksi padi. Dark septate endophyte (DSE) diketahui mampu meningkatkan performa tanaman dan menekan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi antagonisme DSE terhadap P. oryzae dalam meningkatkan kesehatan tanaman padi. Tahapan Penelitian terdiri atas: (1). Kecepatan tumbuh DSE dan Po; (2). Antagonisme DSE terhadap Po; (3). Kitinase; (4). Viabilitas DSE; (5). Aplikasi DSE pada benih padi di persemaian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertumbuhan koloni APDS 3.2 telah memenuhi petri (d= 9 cm) pada 3 hari setelah inkubasi (HSI), sedangkan 4.1 BTG dan TKC 2.2.a pada 7 HSI. Pertumbuhan koloni Po lambat membutuhkan 20 HSI. Penghambatan APDS 3.2 terhadap Po sebesar 43,75% lebih tinggi dibandingkan 4.1 BTG (38,60%) maupun TKC 2.2.a (39,76%). Tanaman padi yang diinokulasi APDS 3.2 memiliki tinggi, panjang akar, bobot basah, dan bobot kering relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang diinokulasi TKC 2.2.a dan 4.1 BTG. Kolonisasi DSE tertinggi dijumpai pada APDS 3.2 sebesar 50,56%, diikuti TKC 2.2.a (46,67%) dan 4.1 BTG (40%). Cendawan DSE memiliki potensi untuk menekan patogen blas padi dengan cara meningkatkan kesehatan tanaman padi, khususnya APDS 3.2.

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Respon Pemberian Hormon 2,4-D dan BAP terhadap Pertumbuhan Subkultur Kalus Kedelai (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) secara In Vitro

Biosfera ◽

10.20884/1.mib.2015.32.1.296 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Kiki Ayuningrum ◽

Iman Budisantoso ◽

Kamsinah Kamsinah

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Combination Treatment ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soybean Callus ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Callus Type

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of administration of a combination of 2,4-D and BAP on the growth of soybean callus subculture and determine the combination of 2,4-D and BAP most good for the growth of soybean callus subculture. The study design used completely randomized design (CRD) with a pattern factorials. The factor one e.i 2,4-D consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm. A factor of 2 e.i BAP consists of 4 levels, namely: 0, 2, 4, dan 6 ppm. Every combination treatment repeated three times. Parameters measured include the percentage is growing callus, type of callus, dry weight and wet weight of soybean callus. The results showed that administration of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP can spur the growth of soybean callus subculture, the combination of BAP 2 ppm and 10 ppm of 2,4-D is the best combination for a percentage of callus and growing callus types, whereas the wet weight and the weight dried callus is not driven by a combination of the hormone 2,4-D and BAP

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Comparative Study of the in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratum conyzoides used in Wound Healing

International Annals of Science ◽

10.21467/ias.6.1.8-12 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 8-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Babatunde Oso ◽

Nosarieme Abey ◽

Oyedotun Oyeleke ◽

Boyede Olowookere

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Lipid Peroxides ◽

First Aid ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Chromolaena Odorata ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Therapeutic Value

This study sought to evaluate the potential antioxidative potencies of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratum conyzoides, commonly used herbs in Nigeria for wound first aid and healing. The antioxidant potentials were evaluated by measuring their abilities to scavenge radicals, reduce oxidised iron and quench the formation of lipid peroxides. The findings showed that the extract of Ageratum conyzoides exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant potential than the extract of Chromolaena odorata. The study, therefore, suggests that Ageratum conyzoides has higher potential for therapeutic value than Chromolaena odorata in terms of antioxidant potential.

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Bicarbonates and Botrytis: VI. Control of Gray Mold Enhances Geranium Growth

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.767a ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 767A-767

Author(s):

C.L. Palmer ◽

R.W. Langhans ◽

R.K. Horst ◽

H.W. Israel

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Plant Height ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Disease Development ◽

Development Data ◽

Low Levels

Botrytis cinerea Pers. causes gray mold on greenhouse-grown geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum L. H. Bailey), among many other crops. Bicarbonates effectively control rose powdery mildew (Plant Dis. 76:247–480) and inhibit B. cinerea in vitro colony growth and conidial germination (Phytopathology 84:546, 1065). To examine bicarbonate effects on gray mold incidence and geranium growth, we sprayed seedling geranium cultivars Red Elite and Scarlet Elite weekly with 0, 25, and 50 mM NH4HCO3 or KHCO3. Seedlings were transplanted in Metromix 360 and misted every 24 m for 5 s to enhance disease development. Data were collected biweekly on disease incidence, floral number, plant height, and dry weight. Both cultivars performed similarly. Disease incidence decreased with application of bicarbonates. KHCO3 at 25 mM slightly increased dry weight and height over 0 mM, whereas 25 and 50 mM NH4HCO3 greatly increased both features. Fifty mM KHCO3 decreased height slightly, but had no effect on dry weight. Floral number decreased slightly with all bicarbonate treatments. It is indicated that KHCO3 at low levels and NH4HCO3 enhance seedling geranium growth by controlling gray mold incidence and by providing additional nutrients. (Supported by H&I Agritech Inc., Ithaca, NY 14850.)

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Pengujian Ekstrak Sederhana Bagian Tumbuhan Cassia alata Linnaeus terhadap Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides secara Invitro

JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION) ◽

10.25077/jpt.1.2.42-51.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Arneti Arneti ◽

Eri Sulyanti

Keyword(s):

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Cassia Alata ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Conidia Germination ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Potential Part ◽

Completely Randomized Design

Plant extracts have been known to cause inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.This study was aimed to determine the most potential part of Cassia alata crude extract to control antrachnose on chili. The study was conducted in Phytopathology Laboratory, Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Agriculture Faculty, Andalas University, from April to June 2015. The research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatments and five replications. The treatments were several extracts from different parts of C. Alata: 1) control 2) flower, 3) old leaf, 4) young leaf, 5) stem, 6) root, and 7) seed with concentration of 5% respectively. Variables observed were colony growth, colony width, conidia number, colony wet and dry weight, and conidia germination. The result showed that all of C. alata extracts could inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides in vitro. The best extract was from the old leaf with the percentage of colony width, conidia number, colony wet and dry weight, and conidia germination of 64,30%, 82,41%, 37,77, 29,8%, and 79,96% respectively.

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STUDI ALELOPATI Wedelia trilobata, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata DAN Mikania micrantha TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL SAWI

10.31219/osf.io/gn2rb ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Donly Avrin Togatorop ◽

Nanik Setyowati ◽

Uswatun Nurjanah

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Chromolaena Odorata ◽

Weed Species ◽

Ageratum Conyzoides ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Mikania Micrantha ◽

Wedelia Trilobata ◽

Mustard Seedling ◽

Allelopathic Effects

Status: PostprintVarious results of researches report that daisy Creeping Daisy (Wedelia trilobata), Goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides), Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and Bittervine (Mikania micrantha) have alellopathic potency to innhibit germination, growth and plant yield.. There were few researches on allelopathic potential of Creeping Daisy, Goat weed, Siam weed and Bittervine on mustard. Therefore, an experiment to evaluate the the allelopathic effects of those weeds on growth and yield of mustard at different concentrations is necessary to be conducted. The purpose of the research was to determine the allelopathic effects of Creeping Daisy, Goat weed, Siam weed and Bittervine on the germination of mustard. The Experiment was conducted from November 2008 until January 2009 at Agronomy Laboratory, University of Bengkulu using Randomized Complete Design (RCD). The experiment consisted of four weed species namely Creeping Daisy, Goat weed, Siam weed and Bittervine and five allelopathic concentrations 10, 20,30, 40 and 50 g/L. The results showed that Siam weed suppressed mustard germination more than other weeds. Allelopathic of Siam weed suppressed shoot length and root length of mustard seedling as much as 42.63% and 45.15% respectively. Shoot and root fresh weight and shoot dry weight of mustard seedling were suppressed as much as 28,23%,56,16% and 56,7% respectively The concentration of 50 g/L extracts from Goat weed andSiam weed was the most toxic to the germination of mustard.

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