Protection of biodiversity in concession of sustainable palm oil

Abstract The increasing population growth is in line with the increasing world demand for vegetable oil. In 2050, the world population is projected to reach 9.8 billion people. With this population, the world’s vegetable oil needs reach 310 million tons. Total vegetable oil production in 2018 was only 200.8 million tons. The oil crops biologically have a potential to produce vegetable oil much more than with other plants in the same area of land. It means that it is economically more efficient than others. However, an unavoidable fact is that the expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has encroached on forest areas, destroying biodiversity, and threatening environmental sustainability. Of the 9.1 million hectares of deforestation occurred in 2001 to 2016, 2.1 million hectares or 23% of the national deforestation turned to oil palm. In addition, of the 16.8 million hectares of Indonesian palm oil cover, 3.4 million hectares or 20.2% of oil palms are in forest areas. This article aims to diagnose the norms of biodiversity protection with the approach of protecting high conservation value areas and high carbon stocks in oil palm plantation concessions. Normatively referring to the concept of sustainable palm oil plantations, companies are obliged to protect areas that have high biodiversity values and high carbon stocks in their concession areas and are prohibited from being converted. This norm is very important to protect biodiversity in oil palm concessions. Unfortunately, Indonesia’s positive law does not yet have an optimal legal framework to protect this area, so it is necessary to strengthen specific norms and policies to protect biodiversity in sustainable palm oil plantation concessions.

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Design and Development of an Integrated Small-Scale Oil Palm Fruit Processing Mill

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.739 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 367 ◽

pp. 739-743

Author(s):

C.O. Ilechie ◽

A.O. Akii Ibhadode ◽

B.O. Abikoye

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Small Scale ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Fruit Processing

The oil palm (elaeis guneensis) is a very important economic crop in West Africa where it is native. The fruit bunch contains 23 to 30% oil and is the highest yielding of all vegetable oil crops. Palm oil is the second most important vegetable oil in world consumption and the first to be commercialized internationally. Africa and indeed Nigerian was the world’s highest producer of palm oil prior to 1961. Today, Nigeria is the fourth largest producer after Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. One of the main reasons given for this fall is lack of efficient mechanized processing equipment for the small-scale producers who produce over 80% of the country’s palm oil. Their methods of production are labour intensive, batch, tedious, inefficient, and produce poor quality oil, have low throughput, unable to extract palm kernel alongside palm oil and so productivity is low and products (palm oil and palm kernel) lack competitiveness. This work has developed a mechanized oil palm fruit processing mill with six fully integrated systems for extracting good quality palm oil and palm kernel, while utilizing process wastes as the main source of heat energy. Each system/unit is expected to operate at the best quoted system efficiency. Tests are ongoing to determine and confirm these efficiencies.

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Species Richness and Carbon Footprints of Vegetable Oils: Can High Yields Outweigh Palm Oil’s Environmental Impact?

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1813

Author(s):

Robert Beyer ◽

Tim Rademacher

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Management Practices ◽

Carbon Footprints ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Environmental Footprints ◽

High Yields

Palm oil has been widely criticised for its high environmental impacts, leading to calls to replace it with alternative vegetable oils in food and cosmetic products. However, substituting palm oil would be environmentally beneficial only if the environmental footprint per litre oil were lower than those of alternative vegetable oils. Whether this is the case is not obvious, given the high oil yields of oil palm of up to 10 times those of alternative crops. Here, we combine global agricultural and environmental datasets to show that, among the world’s seven major vegetable oil crops (oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, groundnut, coconut, olive), oil palm has the lowest average species richness and carbon footprint associated with an annual production of one litre of vegetable oil. For each crop, these yield-adjusted footprints differ substantially between major producer countries, which we find to be largely the result of differences in crop management. Closing agricultural yield gaps of oil crops through improved management practices would significantly reduce the environmental footprints per oil yield. This would minimise the need for further land conversion to oil cropland and indeed could increase production to such an extent that a significant area of oil croplands could be ecologically restored.

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN THE PALM OIL INDUSTRY

MODUS ◽

10.24002/modus.v27i2.556 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 183

Author(s):

Felix Wisnu Isdaryadi

Keyword(s):

Business Ethics ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Social Consequences ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Rapid Economic Growth ◽

Long Run ◽

The World

Abstract Palm oil is the most produced vegetable oil in the world today-approximately 37 million metric tons, andis entirely GMO-free. Oil palm produces up to 10 times more oil per hectare than soybean, rapeseed or sunfower. Although oil palm is a more sustainable source of vegetable oil than other oil crops, there is concern that the growing demand of palm oil for food and bio fuel could lead to rapid and ill-managed expansion of palm oil production and result in serious environmental and social consequences. It is vital that the production and use of palm oil must be done in a sustainable manner based on economic, social and environmental viability. It becomes clear that these actions are benefcial on one hand, but, on the other hand, might be harmful in the long run. The palm oil industry may result in rapid economic growth. However, it could also degrade the environment, whichin turn could lead to public health problems in the longer term, decreasethe productivity and harm the economy.Keywords: palm oil industry, business ethics, environment, economy.

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SISTEM PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT DAN KARET DENGAN MEMBANDINGKAN HASIL PRODUKSI MENGGUNAKAN SIMULASI (STUDI KASUS: KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI)

Rabit : Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi Univrab ◽

10.36341/rabit.v4i1.509 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 17-27

Author(s):

Ira Puspita Sari ◽

Robi Wahyu

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Planting Time ◽

Agricultural Income ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Expected Result

Increased production of agricultural products is needed to maintain and improve the farm household's economy. Along with the increasing diversity of types of agriculture, especially agricultural oil palm and rubber crops. The diversity of farmers' ways to increase agricultural income by planting oil palm and rubber leaves farmers unfocused on one type of crop to be planted, some even switching from rubber to palm oil crops or vice versa. With the increase and utilization of the produce many farmers are hesitant to plant their land with oil palm or with rubber. To overcome the doubts in the community there needs to be a model with simulated results obtained with area, planting time, the same capital and produce different results. The expected result is to determine the ratio of production between oil palm and rubber.

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Carbon Emissions from Oil Palm Induced Forest and Peatland Conversion in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11121285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1285

Author(s):

Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd Jaafar ◽

Nor Fitrah Syazwani Said ◽

Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud ◽

Royston Uning ◽

Mohd Talib Latif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Economic Incentives ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Co2 Uptake

The palm oil industry is one of the major producers of vegetable oil in the tropics. Palm oil is used extensively for the manufacture of a wide variety of products and its production is increasing by around 9% every year, prompted largely by the expanding biofuel markets. The rise in annual demand for biofuels and vegetable oil from importer countries has caused a dramatic increase in the conversion of forests and peatlands into oil palm plantations in Malaysia. This study assessed the area of forests and peatlands converted into oil palm plantations from 1990 to 2018 in the states of Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia, and estimated the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To do so, we analyzed multitemporal 30-m resolution Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 images using a hybrid method that combined automatic image processing and manual analyses. We found that over the 28-year period, forest cover declined by 12.6% and 16.3%, and the peatland area declined by 20.5% and 19.1% in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively. In 2018, we found that these changes resulted in CO2 emissions of 0.01577 and 0.00086 Gt CO2-C yr−1, as compared to an annual forest CO2 uptake of 0.26464 and 0.15007 Gt CO2-C yr−1, in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively. Our assessment highlights that carbon impacts extend beyond lost standing stocks, and result in substantial direct emissions from the oil palm plantations themselves, with 2018 oil palm plantations in our study area emitting up to 4% of CO2 uptake by remaining forests. Limiting future climate change impacts requires enhanced economic incentives for land uses that neither convert standing forests nor result in substantial CO2 emissions.

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Respons Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Terhadap Decanter Solid dan Pupuk Phospor di Pembibitan Utama

Jurnal Media Pertanian ◽

10.33087/jagro.v6i1.110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Sarman Sarman ◽

Elly Indraswari ◽

Ahmad Husni

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽

G 13

Oil palm is one of the most important plantation crops in the plantation sector in Indonesia. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a vegetable oil-producing plant in the form of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). CPO productivity is very much determined by quality and productive seeds. Oil palm (Elaeis guineenses Jacq) is a vegetable oil-producing plant which produce Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This study aims to determine the response of oil palm seedling growth to the provision of solid food containers and phosphate fertilizers at various doses in the main nursery. This research was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Jambi University, Mendalo Indah, Jambi Luar Kota District, Muaro Jambi Regency. This research was conducted for 3 months from September to December 2019. Design of the experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) with one factor, the application of various solid decanter compositions consisting of 6 treatments levels : p0= fertilizer NPKMg 44g/polybag; p1=decanter solid 140 g + 13 g (TSP) / polybag; p2=decanter solid 240 g + 13 g (TSP) / polybag; p3 = decanter solid 340 g + 13 g (TSP)/polybag; p4 = decanter solid 440 g + 13 g (TSP)/polybag; and p5 = decanter solid 540 g + 13 g (TSP) / polybag. Variables observed were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, total leaf area, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root shoot ratio. The results showed that giving solid decanter at various doses was able to increase growth in all observed variables and was able to sow seedling growth at recommended fertilization doses. The application of solid decanter 140 g + 13 g (TSP) is the best dose to increase the seed height variable and able to exceed the seed height at the recommended dose of fertilizing oil palm seedlings in the main nursery.

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Industri Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit dalam Konteks Pembangunan Berkelanjutan

Agrotek ◽

10.30862/agt.v3i1.553 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Josina Waromi

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Oil Crops ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Domestic Products

<p><em>Palm Oil is versatile crops. In general, most of products coming from fresh fruit bunch (FFB) producing crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) are used for food, oleo chemical and biofuel. Besides that, its leaves and empty fruit bunch can be used for natural fertilizer, pulp and paper. Palm oil crops also give benefits for countries that produce palm oil crops. For example, in Indonesia, palm oil crops not only have numerous contributions to gross domestic products (GDP) but also it creates employment, increases income level of farmer� and provides basic amenities and infrastructure in rural area where the oil palm plantation there.�</em><em>However, palm oil crops have some negative impacts for environment. The expanse of oil palm plant

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The European Energy Policy for 2020–2030 RED II: what future for vegetable oil as a source of bioenergy?

OCL ◽

10.1051/ocl/2019040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Philippe Dusser

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Policy ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Renewable Energy Policy ◽

High Carbon ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Definition Of ◽

Eu Commission ◽

The Eu

The support for vegetable oils biodiesel is defined by the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). After three years of negotiations, RED II (recast of the 2010–2020 RED I) has been adopted and published in December 2018. RED II sets the framework for the EU renewable energy policy for 2021–2030. Although RED II gives a priority to advanced biofuels and electricity in transport with specific targets and multipliers. For crop-based biofuels as vegetable oil biodiesel, RED II offers the possibility to preserve the current investments by giving the Member States the possibility to cap their consumption at the national 2020 consumption level (plus 1%) with maximum of 7%. With the idea to cut the link of crop-based biofuels with deforestation, a change of approach on the ILUC issue is introduced by RED II with the definition of “high ILUC-risk feedstocks with a significant expansion on land with high carbon stocks”. The high ILUC-risk feedstocks will be capped in each Member State at the 2019 level until 2023, and then progressively eliminated by 2030. An exemption from these constraints is provided for to low ILUC-risk feedstocks not linked to deforestation – direct or indirect – and identified by a certification granted to additional feedstocks produced either through productivity improvements or from cultivation on abandoned or degraded land. An Implementing Act will further detail by 2021 the conditions of the low ILUC-risk certification. In a Delegated Act published in March 2019, the EU Commission classified the palm oil as the sole high ILUC-risk feedstock with more than 40% expansion on high carbon stock land (vs. 8% for soybean) on the base of the current available data. Nevertheless, there is a certain uncertainty on the final use of palm oil in bioenergy, as the details of the certification of low ILUC-risk feedstocks are unknown before the publication of the Implementing Act (2021), and as the Delegated Act himself will be reviewed in 2021 and 2023.

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Impact of the agricultural technology transfer to the production of independent palm oil smallholders: a review

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(s4).007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (S4) ◽

pp. 110-124

Author(s):

Syarifudin S.M. ◽

Zareen Z.

Keyword(s):

Technology Transfer ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Agricultural Technology ◽

Total Output ◽

World Population ◽

Agricultural Practice ◽

Good Agricultural Practice ◽

The Impact

Oil palm is the most efficient oil crop that is vital to oil commodity due to its versatility for being a practical raw material in producing a number of commercial products globally. Therefore, the supply of palm oil is believed to increase in order to meet the growing demand of the world population. Malaysia is the second-largest palm oil exporter in South -East Asia after Indonesia with 40% of the total output is contributed by Malaysia’s smallholders. However, reports stated that the yield among smallholder’s plantations is low and eventually will affect the national Gross Domestic Products (GDP). In 2019, Malaysia’s palm oil total GDP was estimated to be 38.24 billion Malaysian Ringgit (MYR). In relation to the issue, low yield among the smallholders is believed to be caused by the lack of application and awareness of current technology available to aid plantation operation. Hence, agricultural technology transfer is the modern agricultural invention to improve oil palm production productivity. A review paper on the agricultural technology transfer was carried out to identify the impact of the technology transfer on palm oil smallholders' production. This approach encompassed the introduction of technology to smallholders, the technology transfer process and technology applications awareness for smallholders. The data was collected through reading on research papers, especially on productivity and engagement of smallholders on the understanding of the technology transfer through the questionnaire. The review concluded that smallholders had practised a good agricultural practice. However, low productivity was caused by the inadequate inputs among the farmers regarding the available technology, crop protection and management. Therefore, technology transfer and technology recommendation is proven to effectively help broaden smallholders’ inputs and knowledge to increase their socioeconomic status and plantation productivity.

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The Effectiviness of Organic Method for Increasing the Productivity of Oil Palm That Is Infected by Ganoderma

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n5p180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Supeno Surija ◽

Roderick Bastian

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Protection System ◽

Production Standard ◽

Control Block ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

North Sumatra

The usage of organic fertilizer is expected to help developing organic plantation so that it can produce organic CPO and other organic derivate. Our study used organic fertilizer SUPER MOAF (Multi Organic Alkali Fertilizer), biopesticide and biofungiside CHIPS (Colony Highly Invasive Protection System) that is manufactured by PT. Propadu Konair Tarahubun. We conducted this study in 7 different plantation: Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block K and L with the plantation year of 2011; Kecamatan Bila Hilir, North Sumatra block DO and CO with the plantation year of 2011; Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block J and I with the plantation year of 2010; Kecamatan Long Iklis, East Kalimantan block 26 and 27 with the plantation year in 2002; Kecamatan Sei Kijang, Riau block M12 and N12 with the plantation year of 2005; Kecamatan Langgam, Riau block F and H with the plantation year of 2009; Kecamatan Teluk Dalam, North Sumatra block R and M with the plantation year of 2006. All plantation is given the same treatment: nonorganic fertilizer in control block (L, CO, I, 27, N12, H, and M) and switching from using Non-organic fertilizer to MOAF organic fertilizer in experiment block (K, DO, J, 26, M12, F, and R), this study is conducted for 4-5 years (2014-2018). The switching from nonorganic fertilizer to organic fertilizer is done in 2015, except for the oil palm that the plantation year is in 2011 is done in 2016. After switching from Non-organic to organic fertilizer, in the experiment blocks, show increasing of production (26.47%-88.33%) per Ha meanwhile the control block show increasing of production (4.21%-38.76%) per Ha. Fertilizer is given to the tree that has infected by disease, damaged, and have to be replanted because of Ganoderma invasion. Using MOAF organic method can also increase the production approximately 64.34%-110.77% from PPKS production standard in palm oil that has been infected by Ganoderma. Using MOAF fertilizer, biopesticide, and biofungiside CHIPS are not only recovering the palm oil that is expected to collapse soon because of Ganoderma infection but also maximize the production that is similar to healthy palm oil. Organic method is an efficient and effective way to help increasing the production of palm oil and environmental sustainability even in Ganoderma infection condition.

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