Chemical content and fiber dimension of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk)

Abstract Potential utilization of agarwood residues from twigs and branches is supported by its chemical content and fiber quality. This study aimed to analyze the chemical content and fiber quality of agarwood branches (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Parameters measured in this study were the chemical contents including extractives, holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin based on Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI) standard. Fibers were obtained after pulping and bleaching to determine its quality. Chemical analysis of the primary branch of agarwood revealed the composition of extractives which were soluble in cold water (2.71%), hot water (3.31%), ethanol benzene (3.81%), and 1% NaOH (10.03%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the primary branch was 78.17%, 52.70% and 26.68%, respectively. In addition, the chemical analysis of the secondary branch of agarwood also revealed the soluble extractives in cold water (2.96%), hot water (3.49%), ethanol benzene (4.14%), and 1% NaOH (14.42%). The proportion of holocellulose, alpha cellulose and lignin in the secondary branch was 75.61%, 50.65% and 26.77%. Hence, the fiber quality of agarwood branches was categorized into class II.

Download Full-text

345. Experiments on milking technique

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202990000488x ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 15 (1-2) ◽

pp. 2-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

F. H. Dodd ◽

A. S. Foot

Keyword(s):

Maximum Rate ◽

Cold Water ◽

Great Influence ◽

Fat Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

Small Reduction ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Milk Flow

1. During the first 2 weeks and last 2 weeks of a 9-week period nine cows, milked by machine, were prepared for milking by hosing and washing the udders with cold water 15 min. to 1 hr. before milking, while in the intervening 5 weeks the udders only were washed with water at 115 to 120° F. immediately before milking.2. The hot-water routine had no pronounced effect on the yield and quality of the milk from the majority of the cows, although one reacted unfavourably to a change back to the cold water routine and had to be stripped by hand.3. The gradual restriction, over an interval of 4–6 weeks, in the milking time from 100 to 60% of the previous normal flow period for three cows in mid-lactation had no great influence on the maximum rate of milk flow from the udder, even when hot-water washing of the udder immediately before milking was introduced late in the experiment. The maximum rate of flow was, however, reached slightly sooner after putting on the teat cups.4. The restriction in milking time caused only a small reduction in yield as the flow during the latter part of the flow period had in any case been small.5. The fat content of the milk of the cows whose milking time was restricted fell somewhat while the solids-not-fat content remained steady.6. Washing the udder with hot water or restricting milking time showed no clear-cut effect on the incidence of mastitis.

Download Full-text

Effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produced from Sorghum bicolor (Linn)

Nigerian Journal of Technological Research ◽

10.4314/njtr.v16i3.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 40-42

Author(s):

Abiola Stephen Okunade ◽

Tinuola Tokunbo Adebolu ◽

Michael Tosin Bayode

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Cold Water ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Hot Water ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

The Third ◽

Sorghum Grains ◽

Microbiological Techniques

In this study, the effects of different steeping methods on the microbial quality of ‘ogi’ produced from Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) grains were carried out. The sorghum grains were divided into four parts; the first part (Sample A) was steeped with cold water at 30+ 2oC for 72 h and washed with water before milling, the second part (Sample B) was steeped with cold water at 30+2oC for 72 h but was not washed before milling, the third part (Sample C) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and washed before milling, while the fourth part (Sample D) was steeped with hot water at 30+2oC for 24 h and was not washed before milling. The processed raw ‘ogi’ samples were subjected to standard microbiological techniques to enumerate the microorganisms present. The highest bacterial count of 3.5 x 103cfu/ml was observed in sample B, the highest fungal count of 2.5 x 104 sfu/ml was observed in sample B, while sample C yields the lowest bacterial count of 8.0 x 102 cfu/ml and fungal count of 4.0 x102 sfu/ml. Good hygienic conditions during the processing of the ‘ogi’ must also be employed to reduce the chances of microbial contamination.

Download Full-text

Chemical analysis of birch tree (Betula pendula Roth) degraded by fungus

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.2.4353-4361 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 4353-4361

Author(s):

Osman Camlibel

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Betula Pendula ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Hot Water ◽

Betula Pendula Roth ◽

Birch Tree ◽

Birch Trees ◽

Density Analysis ◽

Alcohol Benzene

The aim of this study was to investigate degraded birch trees (Betula pendula Roth) that suffered from a harmful fungus called Piptoporus betulinus. The main chemical analysis of B. pendula degraded by the fungus, included the holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and lignin contents and was determined in cold and hot water and alcohol-benzene solubility in 1% NaOH mixtures. This fungus caused B. pendula to lose mass and chemical properties. The declining amount of holocellulose mass loss was 6.7% according to the holocellulose test. This decrement caused the quality of the birch holocellulose to decline. The total loss difference was 9.8% according to the alkaline solubility analysis of the 1% NaOH test and 14.3% according to the density analysis of the test. The loss difference was 4.2% according to the alcohol-benzene analysis of the test.

Download Full-text

Perceived Risk and its Effects on Quality of Movement in Occupational Performance of Well-Elderly Individuals

OTJR Occupation Participation and Health ◽

10.1177/153944920202200303 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 104-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Julie Jepsen Thomas ◽

Martin S. Rice

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Cold Water ◽

Hot Water ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

Movement Dynamics ◽

Quality Of Movement ◽

Well Elderly

The purpose of this study was to determine whether elderly individuals would demonstrate differences in quality of movement when completing a water-pouring task under different levels of perceived risk (i.e., pouring hot water vs. pouring cold water during beverage preparation). Fifty individuals over the age of 65 (M=72.1 years, SD=6.3) participated in the repeated measures, counterbalanced design. Results indicated that participants used less efficient movement dynamics when pouring hot water (higher risk) than when pouring cold water (lower risk). Elders tended to take longer and make more adjustments when pouring hot water than when pouring cold water. Occupational therapists can use this information to better understand the movement dynamics needed during everyday occupations and design therapeutic interventions that appropriately challenge clients.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Psilocybe Natalensis Magic Mushroom

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sanah M. Nkadimeng ◽

Alice Nabatanzi ◽

Christiaan M.L. Steinmann ◽

Jacobus N. Eloff

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Prostaglandin E2 ◽

Cold Water ◽

Hot Water ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

First Time ◽

Positive Controls

Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient and recent times for depression and to improve quality of life. However, their anti-inflammatory properties are not known. The study aims at investing cytotoxicity; antioxidant; and, for the first time, anti-inflammatory effects of Psilocybe natalensis, a psilocybin-containing mushroom that grows in South Africa, on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophage cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and treated with different concentrations of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom extracted with boiling hot water, cold water and ethanol over 24 h. Quercetin and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester were used as positive controls. Effects of extracts on the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and cytokine activities were investigated. Phytochemical analysis, and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of extracts, were determined. Results showed that the three extracts inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin 1β cytokine production significantly in a dose-dependent manner close to that of the positive controls. A study proposed that ethanol and water extracts of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom were safe at concentrations used, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in the mushroom extracts.

Download Full-text

Effect of analytical extraction methods and storage time on the quality of Moringa seed oil

Nigerian Journal of Technology ◽

10.4314/njt.v40i3.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 526-533

Author(s):

J.O.Y. Ilesanmi ◽

J.B. Hussein ◽

H.A. Yahuza ◽

I. Nkama

Keyword(s):

Storage Time ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Cold Water ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Hot Water ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Hexane Extraction ◽

And Storage

The effect of extraction methods and storage time on the quality of moringa seed oil was investigated. Cold water, hot water, and n-hexane extraction methods were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the oils were determined using standard methods. The n-hexane had the highest yield of 56%, hot water 40%, and cold water 30%. The chemical properties ranged as follows: peroxide value: (12.98–22.50, 10.36–33.12 and 9.12–23.93 Meq/kg), saponification value: (189.01–160.23, 222.17–122.72 and 184.17–110.82 mgKOH/g), iodine value: (65.17–14.37, 60.49–16.25 and 59.46–16.84 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (14.58–74.14, 12.99–78.07 and 17.96–46.19 mgKOH/g), respectively for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Moringa olelifera seed oils are good sources of alternative oil for both commercial and industrial applications.

Download Full-text

EKSTRAK BUAH BAKAU Rhizophora mucronata Lamk SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI PADA KAIN KATUN

Jurnal TENGKAWANG ◽

10.26418/jt.v9i1.33632 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tasya Nabilla Septiandini ◽

. Muflihati

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Cold Water ◽

Hot Water ◽

Natural Dye ◽

Rhizophora Mucronata ◽

Soil Color ◽

Wood Technology ◽

Average Value ◽

Before And After

The fruit of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk content of tannin which can be used as natural dye color. Research purposes was to extract the fruit of R. mucronata, used the extract with fixation material as cotton natural dye, and evaluation the resistance of the color. The research was conducted for three months at Wood Technology laboratory and Wood workshop laboratory at Forestry Faculty Tanjungpura University. The fruit of R. mucronata was extraction with aquades with ratio 1:10 (weight/volume) at temperature ±80ºC for 60 minutes. The fixation materials were tawas, kapur tohor and tunjung. The cotton was dipped into the extract then analyzes the change of the color before and after the coloring process. After that the cotton was dipped into the fixation materials. The ratio of fixation materials and aquades was 1:20 (weight/volume). After coloring the change of the color was measured. Evaluation the resistance of the color after fixation was made refer on ASTM D 870-02-2002 for hot water treatment and ASTM D-1308-02-2013 for cold water treatment. The quality of color was measured with Munsell Soil Color Chart and Hunter Lab. The result of research showed that extract of R. mucronata give a pink color to the cotton with average value of ∆E was 22.74. The retention of extract to cotton was 4.47 g/cm3. The additional of fixation materials, i.e. tunjung and kapur tohor resulted the drak color meanwhile tawas made the lightest color. The average ∆E values were 6.16-39.84. Extract of fruit of R. mucronata with additional of tunjung as fixation materials can be used for natural dye for cotton and wood. Keywords : kapur tohor, natural dye, Rhizophora mucronata, tawas, tunjung

Download Full-text

376. Experiments on milking technique: 3. Combined effect of reducing the milking time and washing the udder with hot water: 4. Effect of increasing the milking time

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900005239 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 14-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

F. H. Dodd ◽

A. S. Foot

Keyword(s):

Cold Water ◽

Main Flow ◽

Hot Water ◽

Measurable Effect ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Milk Flow ◽

Increase Rate ◽

Quality Of Milk ◽

Washing Water

1. An experiment is reported in which the influence of washing the udder with hot and cold water and of reducing the milking time to 60% of the normal flow period (interval between putting on teat cups till main flow ceased) was studied over a period of 9 weeks in twenty cows.2. The temperature of the udder washing water had no measurable effect on output of milk or speed of milking. The reduction in milking time failed to increase rate of milk flow and resulted in a fall in milk yield.3. An experiment with ten cows is reported in which the teat cups were, for periods of 6 weeks, left on at each milking twice as long as was necessary to carry out a normal milking.Neither the yield and quality of milk nor the rate of milking were affected.

Download Full-text

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Different Number of Fins in Circular Tube

Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.31185/ejuow.vol6.iss3.99 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Kamil Abdul Hussien

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Exchanger ◽

Cold Water ◽

Finned Tube ◽

Hot Water ◽

Copper Tube ◽

Smooth Tube ◽

Tube Heat Exchanger ◽

Mass Flow Rates ◽

Flow Heat

Abstract-The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer by using different number of circular fins (8, 10, 12, 16, and 20) in double tube counter flow heat exchanger experimentally. The fins are made of copper with dimensions 66 mm OD, 22 mm ID and 1 mm thickness. Each fin has three of 14 mm diameter perforations located at 120o from each to another. The fins are fixed on a straight smooth copper tube of 1 m length, 19.9 mm ID and 22.2 mm OD. The tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of 100 mm ID. The cold water is pumped around the finned copper tube, inside the PVC, at mass flow rates range (0.01019 - 0.0219) kg/s. The Reynold's number of hot water ranges (640 - 1921). The experiment results are obtained using six double tube heat exchanger (1 smooth tube and the other 5 are finned one). The results, illustrated that the heat transfer coefficient proportionally with the number of fin. The results also showed that the enhancement ratio of heat transfer for finned tube is higher than for smooth tube with (9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 13.1) times for number of fins (8, 10, 12, 16 and 20) respectively.

Download Full-text