scholarly journals Potential uses of the lesser-known tree: Timo (Timonius sericeus (Desf) K. Schum) from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara based on its chemical wood properties and calorific value

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012084
Author(s):  
H Rianawati ◽  
R Setyowati ◽  
Siswadi ◽  
A Umroni
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Wood Energy ◽  
Development Center

Abstract This study determined the chemical properties and calorific value of Timo (Timoneus sericeus) wood originated from Reknamo village, Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Timo is a potential wood that belongs to the Rubiaceae family, categorised as the lesser known tree. Its basic wood properties have not been thoroughly scientifically investigated. The chemical wood analyses were carried out at the laboratory of chemical forest products in the Forest Products Research and Development Center, Bogor. The Testing methods were according to the ASTM and TAPPI standard, included the content of extractive solubility (in cold water, hot water, benzene-alcohol, and in 1% NaOH), cellulose, pentose, lignin, ash, and silica. The calorific value was measured by the calorimeter. The result showed that the cellulose, pentose, and extractive solubility contents of Timo wood were high; the lignin and ash contents were moderate; the silica content was low; the calorific value was high (4400 cal/g). Based on the results of chemical wood analyses and calorific value, Timo wood is qualified for construction and wood energy; while it is not recommended for pulp and bioethanol.

Study on the Chemical Properties of Anthocephalus chinensis

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 5366-5370
Author(s):  
Jin Sun ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Xiao Jing Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Alcohol Benzene

In order to provide necessary basis for utilization of Anthocephalus chinensis, its chemical composition was explored in this paper. The results as follow: Cold water extractive is 3.18%. Hot water extractive is 4.58%. 1% sodium hydroxide extractive is 18.78%. Alcohol-benzene extractive is 2.73%. Content of cellulose is 44.09%. Content of acid-insoluble lignin is 23.31%.Content of holocellulose is 74.72%. Content of hemicellulose is 30.67%. pH value of wood is 5.31. Through comparing with other species, the results suggested that A. chinensis is ideal material for wood-based panel, interior decoration and packaging.

Study on the Chemical Properties of Toona Ciliate

2011 ◽  
Vol 94-96 ◽  
pp. 759-763
Author(s):  
Zhen Zhong Gao ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Xiao Jing Wang ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Toona Ciliata

Toona ciliata, fast-growing timber species, located in the tropical and subtropical region. In order to explore how to make better use of Toona ciliate, its chemical composition was investigated in this paper. The results show that: Cold water extractive was 1.02%. Hot water extractive was 3.39%. 1% sodium hydroxide extractive was 15.45%. Ethanol-benzene extractive was 1.53%. Content of cellulose was 48.35%. Content of acid-insoluble lignin was 24.92%. Content of holocellulose was 76.45%. Content of hemicellulose was 28.1%. pH value of wood was 6.33. Through comparing with other species, high content of cellulose and low content of extractive suggested that Toona ciliate was ideal material for pulping and board making.

scholarly journals The Physical Properties and The Extractive Content of Sugar Palm Stem (Arenga pinnata)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Rudi Hartono ◽  
Muhdi ◽  
John Parulian Nainggolan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of sugar palm. Physical properties include moisture content, density, and shrinkage from wet to dry oven chemical properties included of extractive solubility in cold and wet solutions. The samples were 15 years of age and originated from Sidikalang, Dairi district, North Sumatra. Three individual samples were taken and cut into 50 cm of length of three types of height namely base, middle, and end. The research was also conducted horizontally (edge, center, and at the core). The results of this study indicated that the average water content was 120.31-603.48%, the specific weight was 0.12-0.51 g/cm3, and the shrinkage from wet to dry oven was 28.06-77.69%. The extractive solubility in cold water was 11.66-87.22%, while in hot water was 10-90%. Based on the specific weight/density obtained, the outer part or edge of the palm sugar was included in the strength classes IV and V.

scholarly journals Effect of Extraction Methods and Storage Time on the Yield and Qualities of Neem Seed (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
J.B. Hussein ◽  
J.O.Y. Ilesanmi ◽  
H.A. Yahuza ◽  
I. Nkama
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Neem Seed Oil ◽  
And Storage

The effects of extraction methods and time of storage on the yield and qualities of neem seed oil were investigated. Three extraction methods: cold water, hot water, and n-hexane were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The yield, chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the fresh and stored oils were evaluated at every two-month interval using standard methods. The results showed that n-hexane gave the highest oil yield (62 %), followed by hot water (49 %), and cold water (42 %). The chemical properties ranged as follows; peroxide value: (7.02–25.56, 6.30–26.76 and 8.99–24.16 Meq/kg), saponification value: (133.95–245.26, 114.09–288.09 and 141.11–250.12 mg KOH/g oil), iodine value: (51.69–6.98, 56.73–7.88 and 54.87–9.51 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (18.01–55.99, 11.34–85.12 and 14.62–56.88 mg KOH/g oil) for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, triterpenoid, and steroid contents. Conclusively, the extraction methods and storage time affect the yield and qualities of the extracted neem seed oil, while the chemical and phytochemical results revealed that the extracted oils were good for both medical and industrial applications. Keywords:  Neem seeds, oils, extraction methods, storage time, chemical and phytochemical properties

scholarly journals Effect of analytical extraction methods and storage time on the quality of Moringa seed oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-533
Author(s):  
J.O.Y. Ilesanmi ◽  
J.B. Hussein ◽  
H.A. Yahuza ◽  
I. Nkama
Keyword(s):  
Storage Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Hexane Extraction ◽  
And Storage

The effect of extraction methods and storage time on the quality of moringa seed oil was investigated. Cold water, hot water, and n-hexane extraction methods were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the oils were determined using standard methods. The n-hexane had the highest yield of 56%, hot water 40%, and cold water 30%. The chemical properties ranged as follows: peroxide value: (12.98–22.50, 10.36–33.12 and 9.12–23.93 Meq/kg), saponification value: (189.01–160.23, 222.17–122.72 and 184.17–110.82 mgKOH/g), iodine value: (65.17–14.37, 60.49–16.25 and 59.46–16.84 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (14.58–74.14, 12.99–78.07 and 17.96–46.19 mgKOH/g), respectively for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Moringa olelifera seed oils are good sources of alternative oil for both commercial and industrial applications.

scholarly journals Chemical properties of modified mahogany wood by heat treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Dewi Susanti ◽  
Ragil Widyorini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Ph Values

Mahogany woods from community forests generally have relatively low qualities due to lack of maintenance activities and for their young harvesting stage. Heat treatment is known as wood modification method that could improve the quality of the wood. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction effect of temperature and method of heat treatment on the chemical properties of young mahogany wood. Materials used in this research were mahogany wood boards from community forest which were heat-treated using oven and steam methods performed at the temperature of 90°C, 120°C, and 150oC for 2 hours. In this research, some chemical changes were analyzed. Results of the research showed that the interaction of temperature and heat treatment method gave a significant decreasing on the pentosan amount, and hot-water extractive solubility, particularly the steaming at 150oC. The increasing temperature of heat treatment significantly decreased the content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pH values whereas it increased lignin content,  extractives (cold-water and alcohol-benzene extractives) and solubility in 1% NaOH. Steaming method provided lower levels in the content of holocellulose, ethanol-benzene extract, cold-water solubility, and pH values compared to the oven heating. However, the steaming method over 1200C should be considered as it would reduce the wood strengths.

scholarly journals Assessment of Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) Wood Biomass for Briquettes’ Production

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanova ◽  
Amilkar Mendoza Hernández ◽  
Jiří Bradna ◽  
Eloy Fernández Cusimamani ◽  
Juan García Montoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Residual biomass from guava (Psidium guajava L.), a common and widespread fruit tree native to Latin America, has been analyzed in the present research in order to determine the biomass quality and its potential use for energy purposes. Obtained biomass was grinded and compacted into the form of fuel briquettes. Determinations of solid biofuel parameters, i.e., physical, mechanical and chemical properties such as calorific value, moisture, ash content, volatile matter, mechanical durability, contents of the main chemical elements and heavy metals were performed according to international standards. As a result, not inconsiderable traces of heavy metals were found, with a concentration of zinc 4.57 mg kg−1 as the highest. Guava’s moisture content (9.8%) comfortably fulfilled the minimum standard requirements and the net calorific value as received (17.11 MJ kg−1) met the average value of a wood. However, measured sulphur content (0.063%) as well as ash content (3.74%) exceeded the maximum allowed limits for the graded wood briquettes and, therefore, guava wood briquettes should be rather categorized as non-woody A class briquettes. The results of the study can contribute significantly to the knowledge of guava wood properties and its potential as renewable solid fuel since there is little published data about it.

scholarly journals The main chemical properties of hot and cold mineral waters in Bayankhongor, Mongolia

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
D Oyuntsetseg ◽  
E Uugangerel ◽  
A Minjigmaa ◽  
A Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Water ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Gobi Desert ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Water Classification

In the current study, hot and cold mineral springs and sub mineral waters in the Bayankhongor province were examined for their chemical characteristics and identified cold mineral waters classification according to mineral water classification of Mongolia. The hot spring waters belong to Na+-HCO3- and Na+-SO42- types. The cold mineral spring of Lkham belongs to Ca2+-HCO3- type. All sub mineral waters are generally located in the two areas (northern part or mountain forest area and the southern part or Gobi desert area). TDS concentrations of cold springs of the southern part in the study area were higher than northern part’s cold springs. The total dissolved silica content of cold spring was ranged from 4.5mg/L to 26 mg/L which did not correspond to requirements of mineral water standard of Mongolia. Thus, these cold springs are belonging to sub mineral water classification. The sub mineral waters were characterized into four types such as a Ca2+-SO42-, Na+-SO42-, Na+-HCO3 and Ca2+ - HCO3 by their chemical composition in the study area. The values for the quartz, chalcedony geothermometer and the Na/K geothermometer were quite different. The silica-enthalpy mixing model predicts a subsurface reservoir temperature between 124 and 197°C and most of the hot waters have been  probably mixed with cold water. The result shows that an averaged value of calculated temperature ranges from 77°C to 119°C which indicates that studied area has low temperature geothermal resources. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.324 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p56-62

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Different Number of Fins in Circular Tube

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kamil Abdul Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Finned Tube ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Copper Tube ◽  
Smooth Tube ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Flow Heat

Abstract-The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer by using different number of circular fins (8, 10, 12, 16, and 20) in double tube counter flow heat exchanger experimentally. The fins are made of copper with dimensions 66 mm OD, 22 mm ID and 1 mm thickness. Each fin has three of 14 mm diameter perforations located at 120o from each to another. The fins are fixed on a straight smooth copper tube of 1 m length, 19.9 mm ID and 22.2 mm OD. The tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of 100 mm ID. The cold water is pumped around the finned copper tube, inside the PVC, at mass flow rates range (0.01019 - 0.0219) kg/s. The Reynold's number of hot water ranges (640 - 1921). The experiment results are obtained using six double tube heat exchanger (1 smooth tube and the other 5 are finned one). The results, illustrated that the heat transfer coefficient proportionally with the number of fin. The results also showed that the enhancement ratio of heat transfer for finned tube is higher than for smooth tube with (9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 13.1) times for number of fins (8, 10, 12, 16 and 20) respectively.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical properties of an innovative gluten-free, low-carbohydrate and high protein-bread enriched with pea protein powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wójcik ◽  
Renata Różyło ◽  
Regine Schönlechner ◽  
Mary Violet Berger
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Pea Protein ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Index Value

AbstractThe study aimed to determine the effect of pea protein powder on the pasting behavior and physico-chemical properties including the composition of amino and fatty acids of gluten-free bread with low-carbohydrate content. The control bread recipe was based on buckwheat flour (50 g) and flaxseed flour (50 g) as main flours. Additionally, the improving additives for this control bread such as psyllium husk (4 g), potato fiber (2 g), and guar gum (2 g) were used. The mixture of base flour was supplemented with the addition of pea protein powder (PPP) in the amount ranging from 5 to 25%. The results of Visco analyzes measured by RVA apparatus showed that the addition of 10% PPP to the control bread did not significantly differentiate peak viscosity and pasting temperature which was at the level 3115 cP and 3149 cP and 50 °C, respectively. Supplementation of low-carbohydrate bread with 10% of PPP was acceptable and significantly increased the content of all analyzed amino acids, as well as the amount of α-linolenic acid concerning the control bread. The lowest value of chemical score was observed for leucine. The EAAI (essential amino acid index) value increased from 34 to 40 when the optimal protein supplement was added. The developed gluten-free, low-carbohydrate, and high protein bread was characterized by contents of carbohydrate of 16.9%, protein of 17.1%, fiber of 13.7%, fat of 3.3% and its calorific value was 194 kcal/100 g.

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