scholarly journals Isolation and Identification Cellulolytic Bacteria from Termite Gut Obtained from Indralaya Peatland area

2021 ◽  
Vol 926 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
D Oktiarni ◽  
Hermansyah ◽  
Hasanudin ◽  
Miksusanti ◽  
E Nofyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Determinative Bacteriology ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Termite Gut

Abstract The production of second-generation bioethanol as renewable energy has developed very rapidly and has become a promising alternative energy source. Bioethanol production using biomass can be obtained alternatively from cellulose in wood, sawdust, organic waste, and agricultural waste. This research used termites obtained from Indralaya peatland area as organisms that can decompose cellulose into glucose with the cellulase enzymes produced by bacteria in their digestive tract. Cellulases are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulose into glucose. The study aimed to isolate and identify of cellulolytic bacteria from termite gut obtained from Indralaya peatland area. The bacterial isolates were classified by using morphological and biochemical standard methods, and identification based on Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Cellulolytic bacteria of termite gut were isolated and cultured on CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) agar medium. The activity of cellulolytic bacterial was conducted based on halo area and cellulolytic index on CMC agar medium. Among 64 isolates of bacteria, 24 isolates were identified as cellulolytic bacteria. Futhermore, our isolates with higher cellulolytic index were identified as the Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Bacillus, and Brevibacterium genus.

scholarly journals Bio-oil and Fuel Gas Production from Agricultural Waste via Pyrolysis: A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) and Rice Husk

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
Tutuk Djoko Kusworo ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Athaya Fairuz Mahadita ◽  
Dila Firizqina ◽  
Dani Puji Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Bio Oil

Biomass-based energy from agricultural wastes is a promising alternative energy source since its abundant supply and renewable. Biomass is converted into gas and liquid fuel through biochemical or thermochemical treatments. In this work, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice husk are pyrolyzed to produce gas and liquid fuel. The reactor temperature and feed mass are varied to obtain the best operating condition in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor. The experimental results showed that the best operating temperature in pyrolysis process to produce bio-oils from OPEFB and rice husk was at 500 °C with 4.3 % (w/w) and 2.6 % (w/w) of bio-oil yields, respectively. The pyrolysis product distribution and their chemical composition are strongly affected by operating condition and the types of biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the primary pyrolysis products components consist of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones and aldehydes. Thermodynamic properties such as thermal conductivity of the biomass also influenced the product distribution of the biomass pyrolysis.

Removal of nutrients from Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste using filamentous algae.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Flores-Morales ◽  
Mónica Díaz ◽  
Patricia Arancibia-Avila ◽  
Michelle Muñoz-Carrasco ◽  
Pamela Jara-Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Filamentous Algae ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Algae Removal ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Waste Effluents

Abstract A feasibility analysis of tertiary treatment for Organic Liquid Agricultural Waste is presented using filamentous algae belonging to the genus Cladophora sp. as an alternative to chemical tertiary treatment. The main advantages of tertiary treatments that use biological systems are the low cost investment and the minimal dependence on environmental variables. In this work we demonstrate that filamentous algae reduces the nutrient load of nitrate (circa 75%) and phosphate (circa 86%) from the organic waste effluents coming from dairy farms after nine days of culture, with the added advantage being that after the treatment period, algae removal can be achieved by simple procedures. Currently, the organic wastewater is discarded into fields and local streams. However, the algae can acquire value as a by-product since it has various uses as compost, cellulose, and biogas. A disadvantage of this system is that clean water must be used to achieve enough water transparency to allow algae growth. Even so, the nutrient reduction system of the organic effluents proposed is friendly to the ecosystem, compared to tertiary treatments that use chemicals to precipitate and collect nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

scholarly journals Utilization of Polymer Concrete Composites for a Circular Economy: A Comparative Review for Assessment of Recycling and Waste Utilization

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2135
Author(s):  
Hatem Alhazmi ◽  
Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah ◽  
Muhammad Kashif Anwar ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Muhammad Kaleem Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Polymer Concrete ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Comparative Review

Polymer composites have been identified as the most innovative and selective materials known in the 21st century. Presently, polymer concrete composites (PCC) made from industrial or agricultural waste are becoming more popular as the demand for high-strength concrete for various applications is increasing. Polymer concrete composites not only provide high strength properties but also provide specific characteristics, such as high durability, decreased drying shrinkage, reduced permeability, and chemical or heat resistance. This paper provides a detailed review of the utilization of polymer composites in the construction industry based on the circular economy model. This paper provides an updated and detailed report on the effects of polymer composites in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials and a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on their utilization and the production of polymer composites. A detailed review of a variety of polymers, their qualities, performance, and classification, and various polymer composite production methods is given to select the best polymer composite materials for specific applications. PCCs have become a promising alternative for the reuse of waste materials due to their exceptional performance. Based on the findings of the studies evaluated, it can be concluded that more research is needed to provide a foundation for a regulatory structure for the acceptance of polymer composites.

scholarly journals The Prospective Use of Brazilian Marine Macroalgae in Schistosomiasis Control

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Erika M. Stein ◽  
Sara G. Tajú ◽  
Patrícia A. Miyasato ◽  
Rafaela P. de Freitas ◽  
Lenita de F. Tallarico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Correlation Tests

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects more than 250 million people. The treatment is limited to praziquantel and the control of the intermediate host with the highly toxic molluscicidal niclosamide. Marine algae are a poorly explored and promising alternative that can provide lead compounds, and the use of multivariate analysis could contribute to quicker discovery. As part of our search for new natural compounds with which to control schistosomiasis, we screened 45 crude extracts obtained from 37 Brazilian seaweed species for their molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata embryos and schistosomicidal activities against Schistosoma mansoni. Two sets of extracts were taxonomically grouped for metabolomic analysis. The extracts were analyzed by GC–MS, and the data were subjected to Pattern Hunter and Pearson correlation tests. Overall, 22 species (60%) showed activity in at least one of the two models. Multivariate analysis pointed towards 3 hits against B. glabrata veliger embryos in the Laurencia/Laurenciella set, 5 hits against B. glabrata blastula embryos, and 31 against S. mansoni in the Ochrophyta set. Preliminary annotations suggested some compounds such as triquinane alcohols, prenylated guaianes, dichotomanes, and xenianes. Despite the putative identification, this work presents potential candidates and can guide future isolation and identification.

THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN NATURAL ZOOGLOEAL COLONIES: I. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1671-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Unz ◽  
Norman C. Dondero
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Group I ◽  
Yeast Autolysate ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Produce Acid

Direct, single-cell isolations of bacteria, primarily from natural, branching, waste water zoogloeas, were made by micromanipulation. Isolations were also made by conventional methods. Direct isolates were classified, chiefly with regard to zoogloea formation, into two groups designated group I (zoogloea-forming) and group II (nonzoogloea-forming). Casitone – glycerol – yeast autolysate agar medium was best for the isolation of group I bacteria. Group I isolates reduced nitrate to gas, possessed urease and catalase, and gave positive oxidase reactions. They were generally able to hydrolyze gelatin but, with one exception, did not produce acid from carbohydrates, and none produced H2S, indole, or acetylmethylcarbinol or utilized Koser citrate. Group II strains were usually more diverse on differential tests and could be distinguished from group I strains. Group I strains were characterized as Zoogloea strains and were found to be the predominant bacteria in natural, branching, zoogloeal colonies.

PROSPECTS FOR OBTAINING GAS MOTOR FUEL FROM BIOGAS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (144) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Viktor S. Grigor’yev ◽  
◽  
Il’ya V. Romanov
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Gas Hydrates ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Mixed Gas

The ability of gas hydrates to concentrate gas into a solid chelate structure and the properties of self-preservation of gas hydrates at negative temperatures allows us to consider the possibility of developing a method for the utilization of biogas, environmentally safe storage and transportation of biomethane. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in substantiation the technological possibilities of obtaining synthetic mixed gas hydrates of biogas components, their storage and transportation based on the analysis of the existing regularities of the formation of gas hydrates in time, temperature and external pressure. (Materials and methods) The article presents the accumulated results of studies of the process of obtaining artificial hydrates of natural gas and methane- containing gas mixtures at various initial static pressures and temperatures. The object of research to substantiate the parameters of artificial creation of gas hydrates is biogas obtained during anaerobic thermophilic fermentation of organic waste at an existing experimental biogas plant. Mixed feed SK-8 with a humidity of 90-92 percent was used as an organic substrate of constant composition. The composition of biogas was studied using the Optima-7 Biogas gas analyzer. (Results and discussion) The article presents a process model and a technical appearance of an installation for producing gas motor fuel from the biogas of anaerobic digestion of organic waste of the agro-industrial complex. The hydrate formation time depends on the increase in the interfacial surface and the movement of gas bubbles relative to the liquid, which can be regulated by acting on the hydrate formation zone (shock wave, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, temperature). (Conclusions) The research results can be used in modeling processes in two-phase media during the formation of gas hydrates and the creation of installations for their production.

scholarly journals Skrining Bakteri Selulolitik Asal Saluran Pencernaan Rayap Untuk Mendekomposisi Tunggul Karet

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Silviana Arsyad ◽  
Suryo Wiyono ◽  
Elis Nina Herliyana
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Termite Gut ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Tree Stump

The rubber tree stump is a source of white root fungus inoculums and as a source of infection that causes the death of rubber plant. The emergence of this disease is closely related to the cleanliness of the land such as leftover trees or stumps, shrubs and bushes which stacked or still in the ground. One of the symbionts organisms found in gut of termite and play a role in the decomposition of cellulose, are bacteria. Termite are social insects that are efficiently decompose lignocelluloses with the aid of their associated microbial symbionts located in termite gut. The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates are derived from gut of termite and getting an cellulolytic which showed the best ability in decomposing rubber tree stumps. The result termite samples from oil palm, rubber, and dry wood contain cellulolytic bacteria characterized by clear zones around bacterial colonies. Bacterial isolates showing the ability to degrade cellulose are 31 isolates and five isolates are safe for plants, animals, or mammals. The three bacterial isolates (NK 4, NS 4, and NS 5) used in the test on rubber tree stumps able to decompose rubber tree stump. Bacterial isolates were each obtained NK 4 13.52%, NS 4 18.40% and NS 5 17.88%.Keywords: bacteria cellulolytic, rubber tree stumps, termite

scholarly journals Pengolahan Limbah Kulit Durian dan Baterai Bekas Menjadi Salah Satu Sumber Energi Listrik yang Ramah Lingkungan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gifron ◽  
Nelmi Agustina ◽  
Doris Wela
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
The World ◽  
Parallel Circuit

Abstrak. Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dunia, selalu diiringi oleh masalah limbah yang berasal dari sampah, baik sampah organik maupun non organik. Berbagai usaha untuk mengatasi masalah limbah tersebut secara berkesinambungan terus dilakukan , baik itu sampah-sampah anorganik seperti, berbahan plastik, karet dan lain-lain. Bisa dimanfaatkan kembali melalui daur ulang menjadi barang-barang kebutuhan harian. Sedangkan untuk sampah organik selain dimanfaatkan untuk pupuk, juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pengisi baterai untuk menghasilkan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Terkhususnya untuk pemanfaatan limbah organik dalam pembuatan baterai telah dilakukan dengan beda potensial tertinggi yang dihasilkan adalah 1,67 volt. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi massa bahan pengisi baterai yang bersumber dari kulit durian yang yang diproses khususnya melalui pengeringan menggunakan oven serta dicampur dengan asam dan ada juga kulit durian yang dijemur selama 7 hari dengan massa kulit durian 3, 5, dan 10. Beda potensial baterai tertinggi yang didapatkan adalah 10 gram yaitu sebesar 1,67 volt. Selanjutnya baterai dengan massa 10 gram difabrikasi dalam jumlah tertentu yang digunakan untuk menyalakan LED. Baterai tersebut dirangkai baik secara seri maupun paralel untuk menghasilkan beda potensial yang bervariasi. Abstract. Along with the growing number of the world populations, there always followed by troubles waste derived from trash, organic waste, and non-organic waste. Many attempts to deal with an organic waste such as plastic waste, rubber, and etc, has been continued, so those waste can be recycled and reused for daily demand. On the other hand, organic waste can be used as fertilizer, and basic material for the battery that results an environmental friendly alternative energy. Especially to utilize the organic waste, the making of battery has been done that yields highest voltage, 1.67 volts. This research aims to modify the mass filler of the battery that obtained from durian skin which is processed by mixing it with acid and drying it using oven, there also other technique by drying the durian skin under the sun for about 7 days which varied masses of 3 gram, 5 gram, and 10 gram. The highest voltage that obtained is 1.67 volt using 10 gram durian skin. Further, the battery with 10 grams durian skin is then fabricated in a specified number to light up the LED. This battery placed either in serial or parallel circuit to obtain varied voltage.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Fat Waste with Saponification Pre-Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifki Wahyu Kurnianto ◽  
Wiratni Budhijanto ◽  
Rochim Bakti Cahyono
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
High Lipid Content ◽  
Dairy Fat ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Floating Layer

Anaerobic digestion has been an attractive field of research in the era of energy crisis. Biogas, which is the product of anaerobic digestion, provides alternative energy, while at the same time it also prevents pollution due to organic waste accumulation. Among various organic wastes, dairy fat waste is a potential substrate for anaerobic digestion. Fat waste has high theoretical biogas potential because of its high lipid content. However, anaerobic digestion of organic waste with high lipid content is quite challenging. The main obstacle in anaerobic digestion of fat waste is its tendency to form insoluble floating layer on top of the liquid phase. This phenomenon hinders the access of hydrolytic bacteria to the substrate. Saponification is one of the methods to increase the solubility of the floating layer and hence to improve the availability of substrate for the bacteria. Saponification changes the lipid content into soap which has both polar and non-polar functional groups and the polar side will increase the solubility of the substrate in water. This study evaluated the effect of different dosage of base added as the reactant during saponification pre-treatment on the productivity of anaerobic digestion of dairy fat waste. The kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process was analyzed by mean of mathematical model. The variations of the alkaline dosages studied for saponification pre-treatment were 0.04 mol base/g sCOD; 0.02 mol base/g sCOD; and no pre-treatment for control reactor. This study proved that saponification increased the solubility of dairy fat waste. This result was confirmed by the hydrolysis constant value (kH) of 0.00782/day for reactor with saponification, which was twenty times of magnitude higher than the kH value of 0.00032/day in the reactor without saponification. However, the exposure to high pH during the saponification pre-treatment might somewhat inhibit indigenous acidogenic bacteria in the waste which results in lower methane yield in the reactors with saponification to be compared to the control reactor. A B S T R A KPeruraian anaerobik merupakan salah satu bidang riset yang sangat menarik perhatian dalam era krisis energi. Biogas tidak hanya menyediakan energi alternatif, tetapi juga dapat mencegah pencemaran akibat limbah organik. Limbah lemak susu adalah substrat yang potensial untuk proses peruraian anaerobik karena memiliki potensi biogas teoritis yang tinggi akibat kandungan lemaknya yang tinggi. Namun, peruraian anaerobik dari limbah organik dengan kandungan lemak yang tinggi memiliki tantangan tersendiri. Hambatan utama dalam peruraian anaerobik dari limbah lemak susu adalah kecenderungan untuk membentuk lapisan padatan yang tidak larut dan mengapung di bagian atas fase cair. Fenomena ini menghambat akses bakteri hidrolisis terhadap substrat. Saponifikasi adalah salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kelarutan lapisan padatan tersebut, sehingga meningkatkan ketersediaan substrat untuk bakteri. Saponifikasi akan mengubah kandungan lemak menjadi sabun yang memiliki gugus fungsi polar maupun non-polar. Gugus fungsi yang bersifat polar akan meningkatkan kelarutan substrat dalam air. Studi ini mengevaluasi pengaruh dari berbagai dosis larutan basa yang ditambahkan sebagai reaktan selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi terhadap peruraian anaerobik limbah lemak susu. Kinetika proses peruraian anaerobik dianalisis dengan menggunakan model matematika. Variasi dosis yang diamati pengaruhnya untuk perlakuan awal saponifikasi adalah 0,04 mol basa/g sCOD; 0,02 mol basa/g sCOD; dan nol (tanpa perlakuan awal saponifikasi). Dari penelitian ini, terbukti bahwa saponifikasi berhasil meningkatkan kelarutan limbah lemak susu dan juga ditunjukkan oleh nilai konstanta hidrolisis (kH) 0,00782/hari lebih tinggi dua puluh kali lipat dibandingkan dengan nilai kH 0,00032/hari pada reaktor tanpa saponifikasi. Akan tetapi, penelitian ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri asidogenik bawaan substrat terhambat kinerjanya oleh paparan pH yang tinggi selama perlakuan awal saponifikasi berlangsung sehingga hasil gas metan yang diperoleh lebih rendah daripada reaktor kontrol.

scholarly journals The Impact of Temporal Complexity Reduction on a 100% Renewable European Energy System with Hydrogen Infrastructure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilara Gulcin Caglayan ◽  
Heidi Ursula Heinrichs ◽  
Detlef Stolten ◽  
Martin Robinius
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Renewable Energy System ◽  
Hydrogen Infrastructure ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
The Impact

The transition towards a renewable energy system is essential in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The increase in the share of variable renewable energy sources (VRES), which mainly comprise wind and solar energy, necessitates storage technologies by which the intermittency of VRES can be compensated for. Although hydrogen has been envisioned to play a significant role as a promising alternative energy carrier in a future European VRES-based energy concept, the optimal design of this system remains uncertain. In this analysis, a hydrogen infrastructure is posited that would meet the electricity and hydrogen demand for a 100% renewable energy-based European energy system in the context of 2050. The overall system design is optimized by minimizing the total annual cost. Onshore and offshore wind energy, open-field photovoltaics (PV), rooftop PV and hydro energy, as well as biomass, are the technologies employed for electricity generation. The electricity generated is then either transmitted through the electrical grid or converted into hydrogen by means of electrolyzers and then distributed through hydrogen pipelines. Battery, hydrogen vessels and salt caverns are considered as potential storage technologies. In the case of a lull, stored hydrogen can be re-electrified to generate electricity to meet demand during that time period. For each location, eligible technologies are introduced, as well as their maximum capacity and hourly demand profiles, in order to build the optimization model. In addition, a generation time series for VRES has been exogenously derived for the model. The generation profiles of wind energy have been investigated in detail by considering future turbine designs with high spatial resolution. In terms of salt cavern storage, the technical potential for hydrogen storage is defined in the system as the maximum allowable capacity per region. Whether or not a technology is installed in a region, the hourly operation of these technologies, as well as the cost of each technology, are obtained within the optimization results. It is revealed that a 100 percent renewable energy system is feasible and would meet both electricity demand and hydrogen demand in Europe.

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