Soil Texture Distribution for East Wasit Province, Iraq

Abstract Soil texture affects many physical and chemical properties of soil. Knowledge of soil texture is essential for all water and soil studies. The aim of the research is to draw a map of the spatial distribution of soil texture in the region of eastern Wasit province and know the relationship of texture to the soil’s hydrological groups. Laboratory tests were conducted on 25 soil samples. With a depth of 50-75 cm, were selected from locations that represent the study area. According to the unified classification system, The results showed that the soil texture for the samples locations was 40% sand, 16% for both silt loam and sandy loam, 12% for loamy sand, 8% for both sandy clay loam and sandy loam. A soil texture classification map was produced for the study area. The first soil texture map for the area differs significantly from the World Food and Agriculture Organization soil texture classification map. It adopts signed tests of the site. The statistical analysis showed that the per cent sand’s standard deviation was 22.65%, silt 19.247%, and 6.416% clay. It turns out that 52% of the soil models from hydrologic group A, 24% from hydrologic group B and 24% from hydrologic group C, Arc GIS software was used to produce maps.

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Physical and chemical attributes of archaeological soils developed from shell middens in the Região dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832011000400004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 1100-1111 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Guilherme Resende Corrêa ◽

Carlos Ernesto G.R Schaefer ◽

Vander de Freitas Melo ◽

Kleberson Worslley de Souza ◽

João Carlos Ker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Brazilian Coast ◽

High Fertility ◽

Physical Analysis ◽

Shell Middens ◽

Organic C ◽

Chemical Attributes ◽

Região Dos Lagos ◽

Physical And Chemical

In prehistoric times, innumerous shell middens, called "sambaquis", consisting mainly of remains of marine organisms, were built along the Brazilian coast. Although the scientific community took interest in these anthropic formations, especially since the nineteenth century, their pedological context is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize and identify the physical and chemical changes induced by soil-forming processes, as well as to compare the morphology of shell midden soils with other, already described, anthropogenic soils of Brazil. Four soil profiles developed from shell middens in the Região dos Lagos - RJ were morphologically described and the physical and chemical properties determined. The chemical analysis showed that Ca, Mn, Mg, and particularly P and Zn are indicators of anthropic horizons of midden soils, as in the Amazon Dark Earths (Terras Pretas de Índio). After the deposition of P-rich material, P reaction and leaching can mask or disturb the evidence of in situ man-made strata, but mineralogical and chemical studies of phosphate forms can elucidate the apparent complexity. Lower phosphate-rich strata without direct anthropic inputs indicate P leaching and precipitation in secondary forms. The total and bioavailable contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, P, and organic C of midden soils were much higher than of regional soils without influence of ancient human settlements, demonstrating that the high fertility persisted for long periods, at some sites for more than 4000 years. The physical analysis showed that wind-blown sand contributed significantly to increase the sand fraction in the analyzed soils (texture classes sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and that the aeolian sand accumulation occurred simultaneously with the midden formation.

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IMPACT OF AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ON SOIL EROSION PROCESSES AND SOIL PROPERTIES ON HILLY LANDSCAPE IN WESTERN LITHUANIA

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management ◽

10.3846/16486897.2015.1054289 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 60-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gintaras JARAŠIŪNAS ◽

Irena KINDERIENĖ

Keyword(s):

Soil Erosion ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Erosion Processes ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land use systems on soil erosion rates, surface evolution processes and physico-chemical properties on a moraine hilly topography in Lithuania. The soil of the experimental site is Bathihypogleyi – Eutric Albeluvisols (abe–gld–w) whose texture is a sandy loam. After a 27-year use of different land conservation systems, three critical slope segments (slightly eroded, active erosion and accumulation) were formed. Soil physical properties of the soil texture and particle sizes distribution were examined. Chemical properties analysed for were soil ph, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N). We estimated the variation in thickness of the soil Ap horizon and soil physico-chemical properties prone to a sustained erosion process. During the study period (2010–2012) water erosion occurred under the grain– grass and grass–grain crop rotations, at rates of 1.38 and 0.11 m3 ha–1 yr–1, respectively. Soil exhumed due to erosion from elevated positions accumulated in the slope bottom. As a result, topographic transfiguration of hills and changes in soil properties occurred. However, the accumulation segments of slopes had significantly higher silt/clay ratios and SOC content. In the active erosion segments a lighter soil texture and lower soil ph were recorded. Only long-term grassland completely stopped soil erosion effects; therefore geomorphologic change and degradation of hills was estimated there as minimal.

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Effect of integrated nutrient management on physical and chemical properties of soil

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/asd.v35i1.9312 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suman Meena ◽

Narendra Swaroop ◽

Joy Dawson

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Management ◽

Particle Density ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Pore Space ◽

Block Design ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Physical And Chemical

A field experiment was conducted during <italic>Kharif</italic> season 2014 at the Research farm of Soil Science Allahabad School of Agriculture, laid out in randomized block design on sandy loam soil, containing sand 62.71%, silt 23.10% and clay 14.19% (Inceptisols). It was observed that for post harvest soil properties in treatment N20+ FYM @ 10 t ha−1 and <italic>Rhizobium</italic> P40K40 were improved significantly due to integrated use of inputs. Organic carbon-0.75%, available nitrogen- 333.23 kg ha−1, phosphorus- 34.58 kg ha−1, potassium -205.83 kg ha−1, pore space -50.80 %, pH -6.80 were found to be significant and bulk density -1.07 Mgm−3, particle density -2.62 Mgm−3, EC at 27°C -0.24 dSm−1 were found to be non-significantly improved in this treatment.

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Soil changes in ley-arable experiments

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600011503 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 229-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. J. Low ◽

F. J. Piper ◽

P. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Good Physical Condition ◽

Slow Decline ◽

London Clay ◽

One Year ◽

Water Tension ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Total Soil Nitrogen

The effects of four five-course and six four-course rotations on some physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam overlying London Clay are reported.Periods under ley increased the water stability of the air-dry soil aggregates, the resistance of moist soil aggregates to simulated raindrops, the rate of drainage under 60 cm. of water tension as measured in the laboratory, decreased the draw-bar pull during ploughing and the force required to crush air-dry aggregates. These effects increased with the number of years under grass.After 2 years of arable cultivation the effect of a 3-year ley on water-stable aggregation was still apparent whereas the effect of a 2-year ley had largely disappeared, and those of a 1-year ley had completely disappeared.A 2-year ley in a five-course ley-arable rotation was sufficient to maintain the total soil nitrogen at about 0·16%. With one year of ley in a four-course rotation a slow decline in nitrogen was found when the initial level was about 0·21%.The rate of CO2 formation in soils of the arable break was proportional to the number of years they had been under ley; the longer the period the greater the volume of CO2 produced.Evidence is presented that fertilizer nitrogen is used most efficiently by cereals growing in soil in good physical condition. This is usually best following a period under grass.

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Organic Matter Application Improves Posttransplant Root Growth of Three Native Woody Shrubs

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.44.2.377 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 377-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julie Guckenberger Price ◽

Amy N. Wright ◽

Kenneth M. Tilt ◽

Robert L. Boyd

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Root Growth ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nondestructive Method ◽

Root Tip ◽

Native Soil ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Physical And Chemical

The need for reliable planting techniques that encourage posttransplant root growth in adverse conditions has prompted research into planting above soil grade (above-grade). Container-grown Morella cerifera (L.) Small (syn. Myrica cerifera L.) (wax myrtle), Illicium floridanum Ellis (Florida anise tree), and Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel) plants were planted in Horhizotrons (root observation chambers) in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, on 1 Mar. 2006, 6 June 2006, and 3 Jan. 2007, respectively. The experiment was repeated with all three species being planted 18 June 2007. Horhizotrons contained four glass quadrants extending away from the root ball providing a nondestructive method for measuring root growth of the same plant into different rhizosphere conditions. Each quadrant was filled with a native sandy loam soil in the lower 10 cm. The upper 10 cm of the quadrants were filled randomly with: 1) milled pine bark (PB); 2) peat (P); 3) cotton gin compost (CGC); or 4) more native soil with no organic matter (NOM). Horizontal root lengths (HRL, length measured parallel to the ground from the root ball to the root tip) of the five longest roots visible along each side of a quadrant were measured weekly for M. cerifera and I. floridanum and biweekly for K. latifolia. These measurements represented lateral growth and penetration of roots into surrounding substrates on transplanting. When roots of a species neared the end of the quadrant, the experiment was ended for that species. M. cerifera had the fastest rate of lateral root growth followed by I. floridanum and then by K. latifolia. In most cases, roots grew initially into the organic matter rather than the soil when organic matter was present. In general, HRL and root dry weight (RDW) of I. floridanum and K. latifolia were greatest in PB and P, whereas for M. cerifera, these were greatest in P. Differences in root growth among substrates were not as pronounced for M. cerifera as for the other species, perhaps as a result of its rapid increase in HRL. Increased root growth in PB and P may be attributed to the ideal physical and chemical properties of these substrates. Results suggest that planting above soil grade with organic matter may increase posttransplant root growth compared with planting at grade with no organic matter.

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Some selected physical and chemical attributes of a Ustalf under different tillage practices at Dutse, Jigawa State Nigeria.

10.36265/njss.2019.290109 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 62-69

Author(s):

Nabayi A. ◽

Girei A.H. ◽

Usman S. ◽

Abubakar M.S. ◽

Haruna F.D. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Exchangeable Acidity ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Lower Porosity ◽

Chemical Attributes ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Physical And Chemical

Different tillage practices are being employed by the farmers of Jigawa state, and as such, there is a need to determine its influence on some physical and chemical properties, so that farmers will base their choices on scientific facts rather than assumptions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three tillage practices (TP) on soil properties in Federal University Dutse, Teachings and Research farm, Jigawa State. The TP adopted are conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and zero-tillage (ZT). Samples were collected at a depth of 0 -20 cm for the chemical and other physical properties determination, while core samplers were used for bulk density (Bd) determination. All data collected were analyzed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant tillage effect on the parameters measured at 5% level of significance and the means were separated using Least Significance Difference (LSD). The results showed that the soil texture of the study area was sandy loam. ZT differed significantly from other TP with higher Bd value of 1.51 Mg m-3, lower porosity (42.7%), and lower moisture content (10.3). ZT also had higher organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), exchangeable acidity (0.48 cmol+ kg-1) and bases and most importantly higher CEC (7.5 cmol (+) kg-1) which differed significantly from other tillage practices and the lowest of the most parameters were found in RT. Conclusively, ZT is the best TP to be used by the farmers because of the im- proved physical and chemical parameters and been not only economically sus- tainable but also socially and environmentally friendly.

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Harmonization of the Standardization of Reference Substances for the Analysis of Pesticide Products

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/68.5.907 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 907-910

Author(s):

Konrad Pavel

Keyword(s):

Reference Materials ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

Reference Substance ◽

Working Standard ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

Primary Reference

Abstract Quantitative analysis of pesticide products is often based on analytical procedures that require substances of precisely known purity as reference materials. In addition, samples of "pure" active ingredient (AI) are needed for registration purposes, in part for the determination of some physical-chemical properties, and also for submission to the authorities. Pure AIs from several pesticides are available commercially or from particular institutes. Some pure pesticides, especially those of newly developed products, must be provided by the manufacturer. Substances like these have a variety of names, such as pure AI, pure pesticide, reference material, pure standard, or analytical grade sample. It is suggested that internationally uniform names be given to highly purified substances and to other samples that are used as reference materials for determination and certification of purity and other quality criteria. DAPA recommends that 2 kinds of reference materials be distinguished: primary reference substance and working standard, and offers draft guidelines for standardization and draft certification forms for reference materials. Finally, it is proposed that CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council) or FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) publish corresponding papers.

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The Effect of Cover Crops on Certain Physical and Chemical Properties of Onslow Fine Sandy Loam

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1947.036159950011000c0008x ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 11 (C) ◽

pp. 47-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. H. McVickar ◽

E. T. Batten ◽

Ed Shulkcum ◽

J. D. Pendleton ◽

J. J. Skinner

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Fine Sandy Loam ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

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Assessment of Degradation Status of Soils in Selected Areas of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.59.17 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 17-25

Author(s):

Esther Abosede Ewetola ◽

Folasade Mary Owoade ◽

Olayinka Olakunle Olatunji

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Surface Sampling ◽

Study Sites ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

The assessment of degradation status of soils in selected areas of Ogbomoso, Oyo state wascarried out. The soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated using mini pits and surface sampling. The laboratory results obtained were compared with the standard indicators and criteria for land degradation assessment according to FAO, 1979. The results revealed that most of the cultivated parts of the study sites were very highly degraded compared to the soil under vegetative fallow which were moderately degraded. The textural class of the soil ranged from loamy sand to sandy loam. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1.54 to 3.4 cm hr-1 corresponding low to moderate permeability. Bulk density ranged from 1.53 to 1.60 g cm-3. Organic matter was very low in all the study sites. Available phosphorus was low in all the locations. Total nitrogen was predominantly low in most of the cultivated and fallow soils. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) of the sites depicted that most of the soils were slightly sodic. Summarily, the soil physical and chemical properties status when compared with the FAO standard show that the area either cultivated or fallow is under degradation. In order to optimize crop production in these areas, there may be need to introduce soil conservation strategies. The practice may include use of crop residues, green manure or poultry manure to boost soil fertility. Also regular monitoring of the fertility status of the soils is required.

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Smart and Safe packaging

10.23889/suthesis.58765 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Hugo Spieser

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

World Population ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food And Agriculture Organization ◽

The World ◽

Important Challenge ◽

High Employment ◽

Post War

In the second half of the 20th century, post-war Europe saw major economic growth due to national reconstructions associated with high employment, industrial mass production and demographic boom. As a consequence, generalised globalisation raised an intensified international flux of goods, services and information. Advancing technology and ever-increasing worldwide goods consumption has led to the age of plastics. Their relatively easy processability and strong physico-chemical properties such as optical, mechanical or barrier properties make them the perfect candidate for many applications in building and construction, automotive, agriculture, electronics, household leisure and sports, appliances, medical furniture and packaging. In 2018, the production of plastic in Europe reached 64.4 million tons and the packaging sector represents the largest sector demands1. The market value of the packaging sector was valued at high as 917 billion US dollar in 2019 and is still rising at an annual growth of 2.8%2.In the packaging industry, the largest part concerns food packaging3 and the overall increasing number and movement of food products however also causes an increasing amount of worldwide food waste. Around one third of the globally produced food is wasted according to the estimations of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations4. This represents 1.2 billion tons per year which seems outrageous as the FAO also estimated in 2018 that around 800 million people were chronically undernourished in the world. Food waste is a important challenge for mankind as the world population is expected to reach 10 billion people in 2050 and feeding all of them is a great challenge.

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