scholarly journals Awareness and product knowledge of service stakeholders involved in the importation and distribution of HCFC-22 in Botswana

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bongayi Kudoma ◽  
Memory Tekere
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Related Service ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Phase Out

Abstract Environmental problems such as global warming, ozone depletion and climate change remain universal subjects of concern, with baneful effects on both the environment and human health. The consumption and venting of ozone depleting substances (ODS) into the atmosphere are the chief anthropogenic cause of ozone depletion. One such manmade ODS with high global warming potential Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). The MP targeted to phase-out HCFC-22 with obligatory cut-off timelines for its use by 2040 for developing nations. To comply with the HCFC-22 phase-out timelines, meant at embarking on national communications to disseminate information on HCFC-22 phase-out through key stakeholders’ involvement. The achievement of HCFC-22 phase-out strategy depends on participation of key stakeholders in the implementation process. the level of awareness and product knowledge of service stakeholders in the importation and distribution of HCFC-22 in Botswana. customs officers, officers and industrial consumers. Questionnaires and interviews were used to solicit key stakeholders’ views, opinions and perceptions on HCFC-22 phase-out awareness and product knowledge. Results revealed that 87% of the stakeholders are learned and knowledgeable in ODS related service provision. The level of HCFC-22 knowledge and awareness among stakeholders is moderate with distinguished inter-group differences. In particular, industrial consumers had the highest median level of HCFC-22 awareness than other stakeholders, indicating gaps in HCFC-22 phase-out awareness raising and training. About 67% of respondents had low levels of awareness of the HPMP and alternative technologies to HCFC-22. This proposes gaps in information dissemination to key stakeholders and this remains a crucial disparity between the country’s HPMP success lead and lag indicators. There is need to carefully select communication media used in line with the media consumption habits of target markets. Use of popular and commonly accessed social-media platforms would ensure that the HCFC-22 phase-out messages have high chance of reaching targeted stakeholders and the general population.

scholarly journals Phase-out of high GWP refrigerants in refrigeration systems: Status of process in Colombia

Respuestas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Juan José García Pabón
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Very High

This article is intended to draw attention of the community in general to the changes that have taken place in refrigeration and air conditioning industry of the HFC refrigerants currently used. The HFCs are not Ozone-depleting substances, but the some HFCs are greenhouse gases with very high potential for global warming (GWPs). Thus, more than 150 countries sign up the Kigali Amendment in 2016, establishing the decreasing of the production and consumption of the HFCs. This paper briefly describes the problems surrounding the HFCs and summarizes the fluids considered as alternatives for the main HFCs used in refrigeration systems presented in the scientific literature. In addition, the outlook and the current situation of the HFC withdrawal process in Colombia are analyzed.

scholarly journals Global Warming Potentials for the C<sub>1</sub>-C<sub>3</sub> Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Included in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios K. Papanastasiou ◽  
Allison Beltrone ◽  
Paul Marshall ◽  
James B. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Radical Reactivity ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Warming Potentials ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Phase Out

Abstract. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are ozone depleting substances and potent greenhouse gases that are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. However, the majority of the 274 HCFCs included in Annex C of the protocol do not have reported global warming potentials (GWPs) that are used to guide the phase-out of HCFCs and the future phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). In this study, GWPs for all C1-C3 HCFCs included in Annex C are reported based on estimated atmospheric lifetimes and theoretical methods used to calculate infrared absorption spectra. Atmospheric lifetimes were estimated from a structure activity relationship (SAR) for OH radical reactivity and estimated O(1D) reactivity and UV photolysis loss processes. The HCFCs display a wide range of lifetimes and GWPs dependent on their molecular structure and H-atom content of the individual HCFC. The results from this study provide reliable policy relevant GWP metrics for the HCFCs included in the Montreal Protocol in the absence of experimentally derived metrics.

Revised UV absorption spectra, ozone depletion potentials, and global warming potentials for the ozone-depleting substances CF2Br2, CF2ClBr, and CF2BrCF2Br

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios K. Papanastasiou ◽  
Nabilah Rontu Carlon ◽  
J. Andrew Neuman ◽  
Eric L. Fleming ◽  
Charles H. Jackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Uv Absorption ◽  
Uv Absorption Spectra ◽  
Global Warming Potentials ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances

scholarly journals Changing trends and emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and their hydrofluorocarbon replacements

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Simmonds ◽  
Matthew Rigby ◽  
Archibold McCulloch ◽  
Simon O'Doherty ◽  
Dickon Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Hfc 134A ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Ozone Depleting Substances ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Article 5 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. High frequency, in situ global observations of HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-141b (CH3CCl2F), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2) and HCFC-124 (CHClFCF3) and their main HFC replacements HFC-134a (CH2FCF3), HFC-125 (CHF2CF3), HFC-143a (CH3CF3), and HFC-32 (CH2F2) have been used to determine their changing global growth rates and emissions in response to the Montreal Protocol and its recent amendments. The 2007 adjustment to the Montreal Protocol required the accelerated phase-out of HCFCs with global production and consumption capped in 2013, to mitigate their environmental impact as both ozone depleting substances and important greenhouse gases. We find that this change has coincided with a reduction in global emissions of the four HCFCs with aggregated global emissions in 2015 of 444 ± 75 Gg/yr, in CO2 equivalent units (CO2 e) 0.75 ± 0.1 Gt/yr, compared with 483 ± 70 Gg/yr (0.82 ± 0.1 Gt/yr CO2 e) in 2010. (All quoted uncertainties in this paper are 1 sigma). About 80 % of the total HCFC atmospheric burden in 2015 is HCFC-22, where global HCFC emissions appear to have been relatively constant in spite of the 2013 cap on global production and consumption. We attribute this to a probable increase in production and consumption of HCFC-22 in Montreal Protocol Article 5 (developing) countries and the continuing release of HCFC-22 from the large banks which dominate HCFC global emissions. Conversely, the four HFCs all show increasing annual growth rates with aggregated global HFCs emissions in 2015 of 329 ± 70 Gg/yr (0.65 ± 0.12 Gt/yr CO2 e) compared to 2010 with 240 ± 50 Gg/yr (0.47 ± 0.08 Gt/yr CO2 e). As HCFCs are replaced by HFCs we investigate the impact of the shift to refrigerant blends which have lower global warming potentials (GWPs). We also note that emissions of HFC-125 and HFC-32 appear to have increased more rapidly during the 2011–2015 5-yr period compared to 2006–2010.

scholarly journals The Race of Mankind: Global Warming In the 21rst Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Erik Lane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Third World ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
First World

The implementation process of the global accord on climate change has to start now in order to be implementable. The decentralized process if implementation should take the lessons from the theory of policy implementation into account (Pressman & Wildavsky, 1984; Wildavsky, 1987). The dependency upon various forms of coal (wood, stone) and fossil fuels is so large in the Third World that only massive financial assistance from the First World can mean a difference for the COP21 objectives. And many advanced countries (except Uruguay) also need to make great changes to comply with COP21.

scholarly journals The use of Twitter and Facebook Social Media in Communicating & Disseminating Weather and Climate Information by Kenya Meteorological Department

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Misiani Zachary ◽  
Lun Yin ◽  
Mwai Zacharia ◽  
Xiaohan Zhang ◽  
Yanyan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Climate Information ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Today, traditional media is still a significant part of disseminating weather and climate information, still they have not been able to reach out to all users of the target audience alone. On the other hand, social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, etc. are used as a tool of communicating weather and climate information to various users in a well-organized manner like never before. Using a scientific research methodology of case study, the research was designed to explore how the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) is using Twitter and Facebook accounts for weather and climate information dissemination to various users.

scholarly journals Subcritical and Supercritical Operation of Innovative Thermal Mechanical Refrigeration System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sleiti ◽  
Wahib Al-Ammari ◽  
Mohammed Al-Khawaja ◽  
Maxim Glushenkov ◽  
Alexander Kronberg
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Heat System ◽  
Global Warming Potentials ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Around 17% of the globally generated energy is consumed for residential, commercial, and transportation refrigeration. The current cooling technologies utilize refrigerants with high Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Potentials. Furthermore, the current technologies are expensive alongside with toxicity and flammability hazards. On the other side, energy produced by combustion of fossil fuels results in substantial amounts of waste heat. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new refrigeration technologies that utilize waste heat as a source of energy with ecofriendly refrigerants with zero ozone depletion potential and zero global warming potential. In addition, this thermal mechanical refrigeration (TMR) technology improves the energy efficiency of the source of waste heat system and minimizes the emissions of the carbon dioxide (CO2). In this study, a novel thermo-mechanical refrigeration system is proposed. It operates with low-grade energy sources (such as waste heat) at temperature range of 60 oC to 100 oC. Furthermore, it has the advantage of working with low-frequency driver-compressor unit, which eliminates noise and increases its lifetime. Moreover, the TMR system is adaptable to commercial, transportation, and residential refrigeration applications.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Social Media Information and Misinformation: a Geospatial Analysis of Inter-regional Tweet Disparities in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond Takyi Hinneh ◽  
Alex Barimah Owusu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
False Information ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Abstract BackgroundIn an era of the global pandemic and social media dominance, trying to control the narrative on COVID-19 has been a challenging task for most governments particularly with news about the disease on various social media platforms. There have even been instances where people have sent false information about the number of confirmed cases, precautionary measures, drugs that boost the immune system which can threaten the lives of some users who are accessing this false information and misconceptions.Method This study analyzed spatial differences in Twitter misinformation on COVID-19 across 16 regions of Ghana by scraping 1,167 tweets from Twitter using API access. A total of 514 tweets were analyzed. The data were categorized into three namely; accurate information, misinformation, and other information. ResultsThe study results show that 72% of the tweets were accurate, 14% were misinformation and 14% represented other information. Among the regions, Greater Accra had the highest number of accurate information (45 tweets), and the Upper West Region recording the highest number of misinformation (12 tweets).ConclusionSpatial monitoring and management of information dissemination are useful for target setting and achievement of direct results in terms of diffusing misinformation and propagating accurate information. We, therefore, recommend official usage of Twitter for COVID-19 information dissemination as this usage will help offset possible misinformation from unformed individuals.

On the Global Dimension of Environmental Challenges

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Paul Wapner
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Physical Consequences

While human beings have always been able to visualize and seemingly care about the entire globe, it is only recently that the world has come to know genuinely global problems. Global warming, ozone depletion, and threats to biological diversity represent the first, bona fide global challenges, because they threaten the fundamental organic infrastructure that supports life on earth. If they come to pass, they will have universal physical consequences, in contrast to the more circumscribed consequences of non-global issues. This understanding conflicts with much contemporary thinking, which tends to see all problems—from poverty and hunger to war and human rights abuses—as global in character and thus in need of globalist responses. Proper understanding of what constitutes a genuinely global challenge will work against this tendency, and thus encourage addressing problems at the most appropriate level of governance. This article tries to provide such an understanding. It delineates the global dimension of global warming, ozone depletion, and threats to biological diversity and—after differentiating local, regional, and global issues—argues against addressing all common, transboundary challenges at the global level.

scholarly journals Stakeholder Participation in Natura 2000 Management Program: Case Study of Slovenia

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Laktić ◽  
Špela Pezdevšek Malovrh
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Participatory Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Implementation Problems

The Natura 2000 network, which is one of the largest networks of protected areas in the world, is the core pillar in the European Union’s biodiversity conservation policy. To achieve the national enforcement of Natura 2000 and to overcome implementation problems, effective policy measures are needed, and participation among different stakeholders is required. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the process of formulation of the Natura 2000 Management Program (2015–2020) in Slovenia based on a set of criteria and indicators for the evaluation of a participatory process, and to present the differences between the stakeholders’ evaluations according to their role in the implementation process. For that purpose, stakeholders were divided into two groups—stakeholders from project partner’s institution, and others. The research was done in two steps: First, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 representatives of the key stakeholders’ institutions or organizations that were involved in the formulation of the Natura 2000 Management Program were carried out; in the second, a survey with 266 stakeholders involved in the formulation and decision-making process was conducted. Overall, the results show that the participatory process was well organized, independent and fair; however, not all of the requisite conditions for successful participation were fulfilled, as was shown with the sub-criteria of transparency. The only difference between the groups exists in the evaluations of the sub-criteria transparency of the process. The group of stakeholders from the project’s partner institutions were more satisfied with the transparency of the process, as the average value was 3.36, compared to the others where the average value of satisfaction was 2.80. This indicates the need for an improved, novel, and innovative approach that leads to multi-level governance.

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