Associations Between Everyday Discrimination and Sleep: Tests of Moderation by Ethnicity and Sense of Purpose

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L Hill ◽  
Nancy L Sin ◽  
Grant W Edmonds ◽  
Anthony L Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

Abstract Background Everyday discrimination holds pernicious effects across most aspects of health, including a pronounced stress response. However, work is needed on when discrimination predicts sleep outcomes, with respect to potential moderators of these associations. Purpose The current study sought to advance the past literature by examining the associations between everyday discrimination and sleep outcomes in an ethnically diverse sample, allowing tests of moderation by ethnic group. We also examined the role of sense of purpose, a potential resilience factor, as another moderator. Methods Participants in the Hawaii Longitudinal Study of Personality and Health (n = 758; 52.8% female; mage: 60 years, sd = 2.03) completed assessments for everyday discrimination, sleep duration, daytime dysfunction due to sleep, sleep quality, and sense of purpose. Results In the full sample, everyday discrimination was negatively associated with sleep duration, sleep quality, and sense of purpose, while positively associated with daytime dysfunction due to sleep. The associations were similar in magnitude across ethnic groups (Native Hawaiian, White/Caucasian, Japanese/Japanese-American), and were not moderated by sense of purpose, a potential resilience factor. Conclusions The ill-effects on health due to everyday discrimination may operate in part on its role in disrupting sleep, an issue that appears to similarly impact several groups. The current research extends these findings to underrepresented groups in the discrimination and sleep literature. Future research is needed to better disentangle the day-to-day associations between sleep and discrimination, and identify which sources of discrimination may be most problematic.

Associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African Americans over time in the Jackson Heart Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna A Johnson ◽  
Tené T Lewis ◽  
Na Guo ◽  
Chandra L Jackson ◽  
Mario Sims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Jackson Heart Study ◽  
Discrimination Group ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

Abstract Study Objectives African-Americans have a high burden of poor sleep, yet, psychosocial determinants (e.g., discrimination) are understudied. We investigated longitudinal associations between everyday discrimination and sleep quality and duration among African-Americans (N=3404) in the Jackson Heart Study. Methods At Exam 1 (2000-2004) and Exam 3 (2008-2013), participants completed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, rated their sleep quality (1=poor to 5=excellent), and self-reported hours of sleep. A subset of participants (N=762) underwent 7-day actigraphy to objectively assess sleep duration (Sleep Exam 2012-2016). Changes in discrimination were defined as low stable (reference), increasing, decreasing, and stable high. Within-person changes in sleep from Exam 1-to-3 were regressed on change in discrimination from Exam 1-to-3 while adjusting for age, sex, education, income, employment, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, social support and stress. Results At Exam 1, the mean age was 54.1 (12.0) years; 64% were female, mean sleep quality was 3.0 (1.1) and 54% were short sleepers. The distribution of the discrimination change trajectories, were 54.1% low stable, 13.5% increasing, 14.6% decreasing, and 17.7% were high stable. Participants who were in the increasing (vs. stable low) discrimination group had greater decrease in sleep quality. There was no association between change in discrimination and change in sleep duration. Among Sleep Exam participants, higher discrimination was cross-sectionally associated with shorter self-reported sleep duration, independent of stress. Conclusion Discrimination is a unique stressor for African-Americans; thus, future research should identify interventions to reduce the burden of discrimination on sleep quality.

scholarly journals Tocopherols and Tocotrienols—Bioactive Dietary Compounds; What Is Certain, What Is Doubt?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Kacper Szewczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chojnacka ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are natural compounds of plant origin, available in the nature. They are supplied in various amounts in a diet, mainly from vegetable oils, some oilseeds, and nuts. The main forms in the diet are α- and γ-tocopherol, due to the highest content in food products. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E with the highest tissue concentration. The α- forms of both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered as the most metabolically active. Currently, research results indicate also a greater antioxidant potential of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Moreover, the biological role of vitamin E metabolites have received increasing interest. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of tocopherol and tocotrienol bioactivity, with a particular focus on their bioavailability, distribution, and metabolism determinants in humans. Almost one hundred years after the start of research on α-tocopherol, its biological properties are still under investigation. For several decades, researchers’ interest in the biological importance of other forms of vitamin E has also been growing. Some of the functions, for instance the antioxidant functions of α- and γ-tocopherols, have been confirmed in humans, while others, such as the relationship with metabolic disorders, are still under investigation. Some studies, which analyzed the biological role and mechanisms of tocopherols and tocotrienols over the past few years described new and even unexpected cellular and molecular properties that will be the subject of future research.

scholarly journals Cognition and the evolution of camouflage

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1825) ◽  
pp. 20152890 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Skelhorn ◽  
Candy Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Camouflage Patterns ◽  
Predator Defence

Camouflage is one of the most widespread forms of anti-predator defence and prevents prey individuals from being detected or correctly recognized by would-be predators. Over the past decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in both the evolution of prey camouflage patterns, and in understanding animal cognition in a more ecological context. However, these fields rarely collide, and the role of cognition in the evolution of camouflage is poorly understood. Here, we review what we currently know about the role of both predator and prey cognition in the evolution of prey camouflage, outline why cognition may be an important selective pressure driving the evolution of camouflage and consider how studying the cognitive processes of animals may prove to be a useful tool to study the evolution of camouflage, and vice versa. In doing so, we highlight that we still have a lot to learn about the role of cognition in the evolution of camouflage and identify a number of avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Huimin Ren ◽  
Xiaohong Zhao ◽  
Wenjie Li ◽  
Jamshaid Hussain ◽  
Guoning Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Stress Perception ◽  
The Past

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during developmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts.

142 Prenatal Sleep Quality and Infant Sleep: A Longitudinal Study

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A58-A59
Author(s):  
Rebecca Burdayron ◽  
Marie-Helene Pennestri ◽  
Elizabeth Keys ◽  
Lianne Tomfohr-Madsen ◽  
Gerald Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Infant Sleep ◽  
Maternal Sleep ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Abstract Introduction Poor sleep quality is common during pregnancy and can increase the risk of adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes. Existing research on the association between prenatal sleep and infant sleep is scarce and has focused on other aspects of prenatal sleep such as sleep duration, chronotype, and insomnia symptoms. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the association between prenatal sleep quality and infant sleep outcomes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether maternal sleep quality during pregnancy was prospectively associated with infant sleep dimensions, independent of relevant covariates. Methods Participants were a subset of 272 mother-infant dyads enrolled in an ongoing cohort study. Maternal prenatal sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in early to mid- (M gestational age = 15.12 ± 3.56 weeks) and late- (M gestational age = 32.44 ± 0.99 weeks) pregnancy. Mothers completed the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. The following infant sleep parameters were assessed: sleep duration (day, night, 24-hour), number of night awakenings, and wake after sleep onset. Prenatal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at both pregnancy time points. Other covariates included maternal age at enrollment, infant age, parity, and co-sleeping status. Results Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models revealed that poorer maternal sleep quality during early-to-mid pregnancy did not significantly predict infant sleep parameters after adjustment for covariates (p > .05). However, in late pregnancy, poorer maternal sleep quality significantly predicted shorter 24-hour sleep duration and longer wake after sleep onset, but not daytime sleep duration, nighttime sleep duration, and number of night awakenings (p < .05). Conclusion Study findings advance our understanding of the prospective link between maternal prenatal sleep quality and infant sleep. Results indicate that maternal sleep quality during late gestation may play a role in the development of infant sleep patterns. These findings have important implications for intervention efforts targeting maternal sleep quality during pregnancy. Future research should use objective measures of sleep, such as actigraphy, to better elucidate the effects of prenatal sleep quality on infant sleep outcomes. Support (if any) The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)

scholarly journals Regulatory Role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) Modification in Osteosarcoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhang ◽  
Yanyan Wang ◽  
Liwei Ying ◽  
Sifeng Tao ◽  
Mingmin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Rna Modification ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, typically occurring in childhood or adolescence. Unfortunately, the clinical outcomes of patients with osteosarcoma are usually poor because of the aggressive nature of this disease and few treatment advances in the past four decades. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most extensive forms of RNA modification in eukaryotes found both in coding and non-coding RNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests that m6A-related factors are dysregulated in multiple osteosarcoma processes. In this review, we highlight m6A modification implicated in osteosarcoma, describing its pathophysiological role and molecular mechanism, as well as future research trends and potential clinical application in osteosarcoma.

Restaurant and foodservice research

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1203-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin DiPietro
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Restaurant Management ◽  
Foodservice Industry ◽  
Future Direction

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the foodservice and restaurant literature that has been published over the past 10 years in the top hospitality and tourism journals. This information will be used to identify the key trends and topics studied over the past decade, and help to identify the gaps that appear in the research to identify opportunities for advancing future research in the area of foodservice and restaurant management. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes the form of a critical review of the extant literature that has been done in the foodservice and restaurant industries. Literature from the past 10 years will be qualitatively assessed to determine trends and gaps in the research to help guide the direction for future research. Findings The findings show that the past 10 years have seen an increase in the number of and the quality of foodservice and restaurant management research articles. The topics have been diverse and the findings have explored the changing and evolving segments of the foodservice industry, restaurant operations, service quality in foodservice, restaurant finance, foodservice marketing, food safety and healthfulness and the increased role of technology in the industry. Research limitations/implications Given the number of research papers done over the past 10 years in the area of foodservice, it is possible that some research has been missed and that some specific topics within the breadth and depth of the foodservice industry could have lacked sufficient coverage in this one paper. The implications from this paper are that it can be used to inform academics and practitioners where there is room for more research, it could provide ideas for more in-depth discussion of a specific topic and it is a detailed start into assessing the research done of late. Originality/value This paper helps foodservice researchers in determining where past research has gone and gives future direction for meaningful research to be done in the foodservice area moving forward to inform academicians and practitioners in the industry.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lambert ◽  
Björn Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Historical Culture ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
Recurrent Patterns

This chapter summarises key findings of the volume: the variety of media employed in the production of the past; the usefulness of historical culture as a concept that enables comparisons across cultures and periods; and the insights it offers into wider intellectual, cultural and political debates within a community or culture. The chapter further suggests three potential avenues for future research: the role of women as producers and agents of historical culture; the nature and operation of cultural transfer in the production of historical culture; and the question whether recurrent patterns in the fashioning of the past can be detected across geographical, cultural and chronological boundaries.

University Startup Accelerators: Startup Launchpads or Vehicles for Entrepreneurial Learning?

2020 ◽  
pp. 251512742093175
Author(s):  
Lynn E. Metcalf ◽  
Thomas M. Katona ◽  
Jonathan L. York
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
The University ◽  
Insight Into

Over the past decade, universities have invested heavily in startup accelerator programs; however, their role in the university entrepreneurial ecosystem is ambiguous. Are university startup accelerators intended to educate or are they created to facilitate business starts and to contribute to regional economic development? In contrast, most private-sector startup accelerators serve a consistent and differentiated role in the entrepreneurial ecosystem—they provide programming and resources to startups to increase the probability of a return on investment. Understanding the role of university startup accelerators is an important precursor to evaluating their impact and whether or not the return is worth the considerable investment. In this study, we poll university accelerator directors to gain their perspective on the role(s) that university startup accelerators play and to identify how they are structured and operated. Our research reveals a fairly uniform structure and mode of operation. While facilitating business starts is a key role for some, it confirms education as the primary role for university startup accelerators. We outline appropriate means of assessing the learning that takes place in accelerator programs, offer insight into how these findings can help accelerator directors deliver on outcomes and demonstrate impact, and propose avenues for future research.

The role of mobile devices in 21st-century family communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Storch ◽  
Anna V. Ortiz Juarez-Paz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Family Communication ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
The Past

Use of media devices has evolved over the past 10–15 years and the resulting effects on family communication are of interest for this study. Through 26 semi-structured interviews, the authors sought to understand the role mobile devices play in family communication. Qualitative grounded theory analysis was used to find themes and interpret results (Creswell, 2013). One overarching paradoxical theme emerged from these data, family connect–family disconnect. In family connect, categories of across distance, reassurances, and boundaries are shared. Within family disconnect, distractions, misunderstandings, and negative emotional responses are conveyed. Future research avenues recommended are decision making related to mobile devices based on values and morals, in-depth social media and app usage, emoji emotional responses, individuals under 18 and between 18 and 30 years old, and a network analysis of one extended family.

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